>}■

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

LIBRARY OF

Henry Guernsey Hubbard

AND

Eugene Amandus Schwarz

DONATED IN 1902

ACCESSION NO.y.l .lM^Ps)..

THE COLEOPTERA

THE BRITISH ISLANDS.

LONDON :
PKINTED BY GILBEET AND HTVINCTON, HMITKP,

ST. John's squake.

QL

THE

^ COLEOPTERA

THE BEITISH ISLANDS

--/ DESCRIPJIVE ACCOUNT OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND

SPECIES INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,

WITH NOTES AS 10 LOCALITIES, HABITATS, ETC.

REV. AV. W. FOWLER, M.A., RL.S.

Seckht.vbt to thk Entomological Society of London, and Editor (pok Coleoptf-uv) of
THE "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. "

VOL. I.
aDEIMIAGA— HYDUOPIIILID.K

LONDON:
L. UEEVE AND CO., "i, IIKNIMKTTA STREET, COVEXT UARDEX.

1887.

PEEFAGE.

The fcillowing work was originally takon in hand in order to provide
a .want that has been much felt by J>ritish Coleopterists, namely, a short
account of our indigenous ' Coleoptera, with some reference to their
localities and habits, and, where possible, to their life history : since it
was begun it has somewhat increased in scope, as it was found impos-
sible to reduce it witliin short limits, and at the same time not detract
from its usefulness. At the outset I was promised valuable assistance by
the late Dr. Power, Mr. Champion, Dr. Sharp, Rev. A. IMatthews, Mr.
jVFason, and other leading Coleopterists, who have most kindly placed
the requisite material at my disposal, and in many ways helped me. I
must also express my great obligations to Mr. Bates for his valuable
assistance in the classification of the Carabidre, and to M. Bedel for
his kindness in placing his structural plates of Dijtiscua and Pterostir]ia>i
at my disposal, as also to the Rev. A. Matthews for the two structural
figures which he has drawn iov me, which are most valuable as coming
from one M'ho has of late years bestowed esj^ecial study on the
external skeleton of Coleoptera.

I have endeavoured to make an especial point of the distribution of
our British species, and have been much interested in this part of tlie
Avork by finding how very few beetles are really common in the sense of
being generally distributed, and, on the other hand, how very few are
really rare ; the majority of the so-called scarce species are locally abun-
dant, and may be found in numbers if their habits are discovereil. It
is obvious that the question of distribution is one that can only be
settled by the aid and co-operation of many collectors, and I therefore
tak(! this piiportunity of saying that T shall be very grateful for any lists of
local captur(!s, more especially in Wale's or Ireland : the latter country
has been very little worked for Coleoptera, but I have ncvertlielcss
obtained much valuable information from Haliday's Belfast list, McXalVs
Dublin list, and Dr. Power's list of species taken near Waterford, and
also from the Rev, W. F. Johnson of Armagh, who is doing very good
work at the Irish Coleoptera : tlie Scotch localities are admirably worked
out in Dr. Sharp's catalogue published in the Scottish Naturalist. ^Vith
regard to the English localities, I have had the advantage of the use of Afr.
Cliampion's most complete Kent and Surrey list (which is especially

VI PREFACE.

valuable as giving accounts of habitats as well as localities); and of the '
various local lists that have from time to time been published, among
which Mr. Eold's list of the Coleoptera of Northumberland and Durham,
and Mr. W. Garneys' Repton list may particularly be noticed. Besides
these I have received valuable help from Mr. W. G. Blatch (to whom I
am very much indebted for his exhaustive list of Midland localities),
Dr. J. W. Ellis, Mr. J.Chappell, Mr. Butler, Mr. Collett, Mr. Pteston, Mr.
T. Wood, Mr. J. J. Walker, Mr. C. G. Hall, Mr. A. C. Horner, Rev. W.
C. Hey, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, Rev. H. S. Gorham, and others who
have kindly helped me, and are still continuing to do so.

In doiibtful cases I have taken considerable pains to verify references,
and I believe that nearly all the localities given are correct ones.

With regard to the books consulted I feel that it is hardly necessary
to give a full list ; I should, however, like to mention Bedel's " Faune
des Coleopteres du bassin de la Seine ; " Horn's " Carabidae ; " Horn and
Leconte's "Classification of the Coleoptera of North America ; " DaAvson's
" Geodephaga Britannica ; " Sharp's " Dytiscidse ; " the " Naturgesichte
der Insecten Deutschlands " by Erichson, Schaum and others ; Thom-
son's " Skandinaviens Coleoptera;" the works of Fairmaire and Laboul-
bene, and Mulsant and Key; Schiodte's "De Metamorphosi Eleuthera-
torum," and various monographs and treatises, such as Sharp on the
British Homalota?, &c. : in several genera I have found the characters
given in Cox's Manual of British Coleoptera very useful.

The question of nomenclature is at present in such a confused and
transitionary position that I have preferred to follow the old and well-
known system rather than adopt the changes that have been so largely
introduced into the European catalogue : I have therefore altered very
few names, but have in most cases appended the newly revived names
as synonyms, and referred to them in the index, so that few mistakes
can arise. It appears to me that nothing but utter confusion can result^
from the present passion for the law of absolute priority, and in this I
am borne out by Dr. Sharp's recent paper, " On some proposed Transfers
of Names of Genera " (Transactions Ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. ii. 181),
which was written in answer to a pamphlet by ]\I. des Gozis, entitled,
" Recherche de I'Espece typique de quelques anciens genres." Under the
new system Necroijil torus hecomes Silj^ha, and Silpha NecropTiorus ; Pro-
crustes becomes Carahus, Carahus is changed to Tachypus, and Tacliypus
requiring a new name is called Asaphidion ; even Melolontha is found
to relate to Clijthra, and our common cockchafer becomes Ludihrius
vulgaris ; the genus Homalota, moreover, is found to comprise but one
single, species. These instances will show the utter confusion that
would arise, and I certainly do not feel justified in adopting these radical
changes, the utility of which is so very doubtful, and which in many
cases are evidently erroneous, as we often have no means of judging
from the very meagre descriptions of the old authors what the insect was
that they really described and named.

In considering the arrangement of the work, it appeared to me the

PREFACE. VU

best plan first to tabulate the species at the head of each genus, and tlien
to describe thian separately afterwards : at tlie same time the tabular
arrangement is often more or less artificial, and by no means satisfactory
in all cases ; it must, therefore, be always taken in conjunction with the
descriptions, and not apart from them : in some genera (e.g. MijUcena)
where the differences are obviously comparative, and hardly capable of
being expressed in succinct terms, I have not hesitated to omit the
tables altogether, and in others (e.g. Ili/drnjjorus) I have given them
with great reserve.

I should like to observe that any student who intends to study
Coleoptera should first acquire a knowledge of the general forms of the
particular families, tribes, and groups by reference to a good collec-
tion or to figures ; it is impossiljle to obtain this from mere descriptions,
which are only of real practical use after this superficial knowledge has
been obtained. It" is quite erroneous to suppose that any beetle can be
named straight ofl" from a book by a dichotomous system, by any
person who does not possess some general knowledge of its position in
the order.

In a work like the present, in which so many details have to be
examined into and verified, and many thousand references to localities
collected and tabulated, it is impossible to avoid some errors and in-
accuracies ; I have, however, endeavoured to be as accurate as possible,
and shall be very much obliged if any person who peruses it Avill
kindly inform me of any errors, Avith a view to their correction. I may
perhaps be allowed in conclusion to add that it has been written at odd
times, often amidst constant interruptions, and during the intervals of
close ordinary work. I hope, however, that it may, at all events, prove
of some help towards encouraging the study of our native Coleoptera.

The School Housk, Lincoln,
JVov. 1880.

GLOSSARY.

Ab- in composition indicates away from, departure from, as ahiiormal,

departing from the usual rule.
Ahorted. Incomplete, undeveloped.

Acicular. Terminated in a sharp point like a needle (arns).
Aciculat6. Covered with small scratches which appear as if made by a .

needle's point.
Aculeate. Produced to a point ; as applied to one group of Hymenoptera

it means furnished with a sting.
Acuminate. Terminated in a point.

Ag(jliitinate. Fastened closely together so as to form one piece.
Alntaceous. Covered with minute cracks like mud or like the human

skin.
Amhulatorial, Amhulatorij. Relating to walking, or progress on land,

sometimes opposed to cursorial, and sometimes to natatorial.
Anal. Pertaining to the apex or extreme end of the abdomen.
Anmdate. Ringed (of colour).
Ante- in composition means before, in front of; e.g. aideocular, situated

in front of the eye •
Ajwx.' The extremity. — Apical. Relating to the extremity.
Apod. Without legs ; of certain larva?, e.g. Cercyon.
Appendiculate. Furnished with appendices, e.g. extra lines or furrows

at the end of other lines and furrows.
Approxirncde. Brought near to one another.
Apiteroiis. Wingless.

Armature. Corneous parts of the organs of generation.
Articulated. Jointed. — Articulation. Joint.
Asperate. Roughened, of scidpture.
Asijmmetrical. With one side of tlie body different from the other

side.
Attemicded . Gradually diminishod or narrowed.
Base. The root or bottom, the part on which 'an organ stands, or from

which it takes its rise : for the various uses of the terms apex and

base as applied to different parts of the body in the Coleoptera, see

Introdnctidn, p. xxix.
Basal. Pertaining to tlio base.

X GLOSSARY.

Bl- in composition signifies in two parts, or a doubling ; e.g. hijid, cleft

into two divisions ; bisetose, furnished with two sette.
Buccal. ■ Eelating to the mouth or sides of the mouth.
Calcar. A spur, strong spine, or pointed process.
Cullus or Callosity. A slight projection or elevation. — Callose. Furnished

with such a projection or elevation.
Canaliculate. Furnished with one or more channelled furrows.
Capillary. Slender and hair-like (of antennse).
Carina. A keel, or longitudinal elevated line. — Carinate or Carinatcd.

Furnished with a carina.
Gastaneous. Chestnut-coloured.
Catenulate, Cateniform. Chain-like.
Ciccdrix. A large, deep, scar-like impression.
Ciliate. Furnished with cilia or fringes of hairs more or less parallel,

like the eyelid.
Clava. The club or knob of the antenna3 (especially evident in the

Clavicornia). — Glavate or Claviform. ClublDed or club-shaped.
Common. Extending over two neighbouring portions of the body, e.g.

" elytra with a common spot."
Concolorous. Uniform in colour, in comparison of parts ; e.g. " elytra

daclv with apex yellowish " as opposed to " elytra concolorous."
Confluent. Running one into another, of colour-patterns, or punc-
tuation.
Conical. Shaped like a cone, tapering from base to apex.
Conncde. Soldered together.
Covrophagous. Feeding on excrement.
Cordate, Cordiform. Heart-shaped.
Coriaceous. Leathery ; of the consistence of leather.
Corneous. Horny ; of the consistence of horn.
Costate. Furnished with elevated costae or longitudinal ribs.
Costifonn. In the shape of a costa or raised rib.
Co.C(d, Eelating to the coxae ; the coxal or cotyloid cavities are the

cavities in which the coxae articulate.
Crcnate, Grenulate. Furnished with a series of very blunt teeth which

take the form of segments of small circles.
Crepuscidar. Coming out of hiding-places to feed, &c., during the

twilight.
Cretaceous. Chalky.
Cruciform. Cross-shaped.
Cuptde. Small cup-shaped organs -with wliich the anterior tarsi of

certain males (especially among the Dytiscidae) are furnished ; they

are used as suckers for adhering.
Cursorial. Adapted for running.
Cuspidate. Sharply pointed.
Cyathiform. Cup-shaped.
Deflexed. Bent down.
Dehiscent. Gaping apart towards apex.

GLOSSARY. • XI

Dentate. Toothed, furnished with tooth-like prominences. — Denticulate

(diminutive of jireceding). Furnished with small teeth : these terms

are often used loosely.
Dejvensed. Flattened as if by jiressure from above, often used as in

opposition to compremeA, flattened by lateral pressure.
Digitate. See Palmate.
Dimorphic or Dimorpliovs. Presenting tAvo distinct types in the same

sex (e.g. females of ?Iydroporus,.DytiscuS) &c.).
Disc. The middle, the central portion.
Discoidal. Pertaining to the disc.
Divaricate. Used of two parts that are contiguous at base and very

strongly dehiscent at apex.
Emarginate. With a piece cut out of the margin, notched.
Entire. Without excision, emargination, or projection.
Exjjlanate. Widened out, expanded.

Fades. General' aspect of a species, genus, or group of insects.
Farinose. Presenting a mealy appearance.
Fascia. A coloured band.
Ferruginous. Eust-red.
Filiform. Thread-shaped; of antenna3, elongate and of abnut the same

thickness throughout.
Flahellate, Flahelliform. Fan-shaped ; of antenna}, Avith the upper joints

prolonged into long branches.
Fossorial. Ada])ted for digging.
Fovea. A large round depression on the surface. — Foveate or Foveolaie.

Furnished with such depressions.
Funiculus. The joints of the antenufe betAveen the scape (first elongate

joint) and the club ; especially applied to the Curculionidie.
Fuscous. EroAvn, or tawny-brown.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle, and gradually nar-
rowed in front and behind to a more or less pronounced point.
Geniculate. Elbowed or kneed, abruptly bent upwards or downwards.
Gibbous, Gibbose. Hump-backed, very convex.
Glabrous. Smooth, hairless, and Avithout punctures or raised sculpture ;

quite glabrous surfaces in Coleoptera are usually shining.
Granulate. With small, rounded-off elevations.
Granulation. Applied to the eyes, the grauulation of Avhich is said to be

fine or coarse accordingly as the facets are more or less numerous and

pronounced.
Gressorial. Adapted for Avalking.
Gular. Pertaining to the throat.
Heteromerous. With the posterior tarsi couiposed of less joints than the

anterior and intermediate ones.
Hirsute. Set Avith thick long hairs.
Flispid. ■ Set Avith short erect bristles.

Jfumerus. The shoulder. — Humoral. Relating to the shoiddev.
Hijbrid. The offspring of two difiereut species.

Xll GLOSSARY.

Imbricate. Overlai^ping one another like tiles on a roof.
Imjnmcfafe. Without punctuation.
Incrassate. Thickened. ■

Infascate. Darkened ; more or less fuscous in colour.
Insertion. Point of attachment of movable parts, e.g. antennae.
Interstices. The spaces between striae or rows of punctures : the term is
properly applied to the elytra only, the interspaces on. thorax, &c., being
called intervals., Ijut the term interstice is often rather loosely used.
Iridescent. Exhibiting prismatic colours, changing in different lights.
Juxta- in composition indicates near, as jw*cfa-or:'?i/ar, situated near the

eye.
Lamina. A flat plate. — Laminate or Lamellate. Plated.
Lateral. Pertaining to the side.
Linear. Narrow, elongate, and parallel-sided ; applied to a whole insect,

or a particular portion.
Lineated, Lineate. With longitudinal stripes.
Lobes. Parts of an organ separated one from another by a more or loss

deep division.
Lnnulate. Crescent-shaped. — Lunule. A crescent-shaped spot.
Macidate. Spotted.
Margin. The outer edge. — Margined . Furnished with a more or less

distinctly pronounced outer edge.
Median. Central.

Membranous. Of the consistency of membrane.
Moniliforvi. Necklace-shaped, as if formed of beads ; of antcnmu.
Macronate. Prolonged in a sharp point.
Mutic. Without point or spine.
Natatorial. Adapted for swimming.
Necro2)hagous. Feeding on dead and decaying matter.
Noi^raal. Usual or natural : this term is used very loosely, but it is
often very useful, and its meaning in comparison is always easily
understood from the context;
Obconical. In a reversed cone, with the thickest part in front : often
used of joints of the antennae, especially where these latter (as in
Homalota, &c.) become gradually thicker towards apex.
Obsolete. Almost effaced, or only slightly marked.
Ocellated, Ocellate. Furnished with round spots surrounded by a ring of

a lighter colour.
Ocelli. Small extra eyes usually situated on the top of the head.
Ochraceous. Brownish-yellow.
Onisciforra. Shaped like an Oniscus or wood-louse.
Oniichinm. The last joint of the tarsi which bears the onijriies or claws.
Orbital. Eelating to the upper border of the eye, as siipra-orhital,

situated above this upper border.
Oval, Ovate, Ovoid. Egg-shaped.

Palmate. Widened and divided like the hand : if the divisions are
slender and elongate, the term digitate is used.

GLOSSARV. xm

Patella. A little bowl or cup. — Patdliforin. Cup or liowl-shaped.

Pectinate. Toothed like a comb.

Pedunrle. A piece supporting an organ, or joining one organ to anotlier

like a neck. — Pedunculate. Furnished with such a supporting piece.
Pentamerous. With five joints.
PemiUimate. Last but one.
Perfuliate. Formed of joints separated and as it were strung togetlier

by a common thread or narrow support running through them.
Pliytophagous. Feeding on plants.
Pilose. Hairy. — Verticillate-pilose. Of antenuce, with hairs set round

the vertex of each joint.
Pitchy. Blackish-brown : a somewhat loose colour term. •
Plicate. Furnished with a fold or folds.
Polymorphous. Of various forms.
Pores. Large isolated punctures.

Produrtile. Capable of being lengthened out or produced.
Propygidium. Penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen (visible in
, certain Histerida?, etc., to which the term is applied : it is not used of

the Brachelytra).
Pubescent. Furnished with puljescence or downy hairs.
Puncture. A small depression on the surface, usually round.
Punctate. Furnished with punctures.
Punctctte-striate. With rows of punctures imitating and taking tin;

place of striae, opposed to striatc-punctate, with punctured striae ; the

former term is, however, sometimes used loosely by some writers for

the latter.
Pygidium. Last dorsal segment of abdomen.
Pyriform. Pear-shaptnl.
Quadrate. Square.
Quadri- in composition indicates four times, e.g. quadrhnaculate, witli

four spots.
Itaiitorial. Adapted for seizing and devouring prey.
RejU'xed. Bent up, opposed to defle.ced, bent doA\-n.
licmiform. Oar-shaped.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Reticulata. . Covered with a network of scratches or cross striae.
Rostrum. Prolongation of the head between the eyes, especially applied

to theCurculionidiG. — Rostrate. In the form of a l)oak or rostrum.
Rufous. Eeddish.

Rugose. Wrinkled. — Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled.
Saltatorial. Adapted for leaping.
iicansorial. Adapted for climlnng.
Sc-ape. The term applied to the hrst joint of the antenn;e when it is

considerably develo])ed.
Scrohes. Lateral furrows on the rostrum, holding the liase of the

antejina? when at rest : this and the jircccdiug term arr chietly

employed in speaking of Curculionida\

XIV CLOSSARV.

Sc7di')turo. Modifications of surface in the way of punctuation, .striae,

elevations, &c., as opposed to structure, which has reference to the

shape and construction of the various parts of the hody.
Scutfllary. Pertaining to, or near the scutellum.
Securiform. Hatchet-shaped.
Serrate, Serriform. With teeth like a saw.
Seta. A long outstanding bristle or stiff hair.
Setaceous. Gradually tapering to the tip, like a bristle.
Setiform. Shaped like a bristle.

Setose, Setigerous, Setiferoiis. Set with or bearing setae.
Sliagreened. Covered with closely-set small roughnesses or unevennesses

like shark's skin : the term is used sometimes of very fine sculpture

with no pronounced punctuation (as in the case of the hind body of

many species of Oxijpoda, &c.).
Simple. With no unusual addition or modification, e.g. without spines,

dilatation, emargination, &c.
Sinuate. Slightly waved.

Spatulate. Narrow at base and enlarged towards extremity.
Spiracle or Stiijma. Openings for respiration on tlie surface of the

body.
Squarnose, Squamate, Squamulose, Sq^iamulate. Covered with larger or

smaller sg^uamm or scales.
Stria. Animpressed line ; sometimes, but rarely, used of an elevated line.
Striate. Furnished with striae.
Stridulation. I^Toise produced by the friction of one surface against

another. — Stridulaiori/. Connected with stridulation.
Strigose. Scratched.
Striole. An aljridged or rudimentary stria. — Striolate. Furnished with

such small stria?.
Style. A pointed process.
Snh- in composition indicates ahiiost or slightly, as suhlinear, subparallcl,

sidtquadrate, &c.
Suhtdate. Terminating in a fine and sharji pioint, like an awl.
Sulcate. Furrowed. — Sidciform. Shaped like a furrow.
Stdural. Pertaining to the suture of elytra.
Suture. The line on which the elytra join: the term is also .applied to

the point of junction of any two free parts.
Testaceous. Yellowish, usually with a dusky tinge : not a bright yellow,

although the term is very loosely used, and is applied to almost all

yellowish or light-reddish yellow .shades.
Tetramerous. With four joints.
Tomentose. Cottony.
Transverse. Broader than long.
Trapezoidal. In the shape of a trapezium or irregular four-sided

rectangular figure.
Tri- in composition indicates three times, as friciisjnd, divided into

three points.

GLOSSARY. XV

Truncate. Abruptly cut right across in a straight line.

Tubercle. A small abrupt elevation of varying form.

Unicolorous. Of the same colour throughout.

UnisetosG. Bearing one seta.

Variolose. Covered with impressions or pits like tlie markings left on

the face by small-pox.
Vermiculate. Covered with irregular, sinuate, worm-like little striae.
Versicolorous. Of various colours.
Vertex. Upper surface of the head behind the eyes.
Vesicant, Vedcatory. Raising a blister (applied to Mijlabris, Cantharis

&c.).
Villuse. Covered with long raised closely-set hairs.
Xt/lophayous. Wood-feeding.

INTEODUCTION.

The order Coleoptera may^be roughly charticterized as follows : — jSIoutk
mandibulate ; prothorax free and not agglutinate as in the Hymenoptera,
Diptera, and Lepidoptera ; anterior wings (elytra) horny or leathery,
more often the former, as a rule united down the back by a straight
suture ; posterior wings membranous, longitudinally and transversely
folded beneath the elytra ; occasionally the posterior wings are rudi-
mentary, and in such cases the elytra are often soldered together along
the suture ; this often appears to be a result of the circumstances under
which tlic insect lives, as occasionally a species is found Avith wings in
one locality and without them in another.

Fitr. 1.

Fiff. 2.

Pupa of 15oi! I'lijiM of Hoc
(Front). (Protilf).

Pupoo of Diptera.

1. Pupa of I)rotie-% still

in larva skin.

2. Ditto, vvitli larva-skin

rcuiovnd.

3. Ditto of Antliomyia.

4. Ditto of Mv'ctobia.

Pupa of Dy.

tiscus.

Pupaof Spliinx-

Motli.

motamorphosos of the Coleoptera are complete with the exception
lupa, in which, although it is inactive, the parts of the perfect

The
of the
insect are alwa}s distinctly traceable

a

XVUl IXTRODUCTIOX.

The position of the Coleoptera among the Insecta has been much
disputed : many authors place them at the head of the class, considering
that their development is of a higher character than that of the other
orders ; if, however, we are to consider the metamorphoses the Lepid-
optera must precede them, and some writers are of opinion that the
Diptera and Hymenoptera should also be ranked before them : the
question after all is not a very important one, and it is almost impossible
to settle it with any certainty.

The insects belonging to the old order Strepsiptera (Stylops, &c.)
have been for some time rightly ranked with the Coleoptera as abnormal
members of the order ; their true position, however, in relation to the
other Coleoptera can hardly be considered established. Professor West-
wood in his "Modern Classification of Insects," voL i., p. 34 (1839),
says that the number of species of Coleoptera with -which Entomo-
logists are actually acquainted cannot be less than 35,000, and prophesies
that, when the number of species of foreim climes shall have been
collected, the number will be doubled, if not trebled : this prophecy has
been strikingly verified, for upwards of 100,000 species at least must be
now known, and numbers of new species are constantly being found in
all quarters of the globe.

The question of the classification of the various sections and families
is a most difficult one, and will not be here touched upon ; it is intended,
however, to discuss the 'classification adopted in this work at its con-
clusion, and various points will be alluded to under the different divisions
and families. The constant discovery of new synthetic forms that often
upset all preconceived ideas of classification of particular groups or
genera makes it impossible to establish any real or definite system, and
in fact our knowledge of the Coleoptera, their relations to one another,
and the proper positions that they ought severally to hold, may be said
to be as yet in its infancy ; except for a few broad lines that are
followed by all, their classification appears to be more or less artificial,
and too often a matter of taste and convenience, rather than of scientific
accuracy.

Distribution of the Coleoptera in tinip. — Two or three supposed
specimens of Coleoptera have been recorded from the rocks of the
]'ala?.ozoic period, but these have been proved lately not to be Coleoptera
at all ; the earliest known insect is a Blatta which was found in the
Middle Silurian strata, in France, in December, 1884; up to this time
the oldest known representatives of the Insecta consisted of six wings
obtained by Mr. C. F. Hartt in 18G2, from the Devonian shales of !N"ew
Brunswick ; two scorpions, however, have been found in the Upper
Silurian, and these, as insect-eaters, prove the existence of insects at the
period during which the strata were being formed. It is possible that
the Coleoptera existed at the end of the Palaeozoic period, but it
appears to be most probable that they did not appear until the com-
mencement of the Seer ndary period ; the earliest known undoubted
species are described by Ilecr from the Swiss Trias, the oldest formation

INTRODUCTION. XIX

of the Secondary period, and consist of three species (GJaj^i/njroiJtera
pterophylli, Curculionites j^^'odromns, and ChrysoinpJites Rothenhachi) :
the earliest recorded British species are from the Lias, and consist of a
good many species of Carahidre, Bapresfidce, Dijtisddce, Mdolon-
tlddce, &c. : throughout tlie Oohtic and Cretaceous rocks they are found
in greater or less numbers, and in the strata of the Tertiary period, as we
should expect, they become more and more common ; from two quarries
in the Upper Miocene near Lake Constance Heer took 2456 specimens
of Coleoptera, belonging to 518 species : we should naturally expect that
the Coleoptera would be preserved better than any other insects because;
of the hardness of their integument, and such in fact is the case : it
seems, therefore, all the more certain that they did not appear in the
Paheozoic periud. Those students who desire to examine into this very
interesting question are atlvised to consult the works of Mr. Scudder antl
M. Brogniart, and the valuable papers of Mi\ H. Goss in the " Proceed-
ings of the Geologist's Association," vols, v., vi., and ix.

Internal Structure.

The internal structure is discussed very fully in Burmeister's " Manual
of Entomology ;" it is not, however, necessary here to do more tlian
touch upon a few points.

The organs of nidvitidn consist of the intestinal canal and its appen-
dages; this canal is terminated at one end by the mouth and at the
other by a vent or anus, which latter is invariably present in all perfect
insects, although in certain orders it is occasionally absent in the larval
state ; the hinder portions of the intestinal canal {duodenum, colon,
ccecum, &c.) need not here be discussed, but a few words may perhaps be
said upon its anterior appendages : the mouth opens upon a phar/pix,
which is the distended commencement of the cesophagus : the oesophagus
extends from the pharynx to the stomach, and in all orders (except the
Lcpidoptera, in Avhich it is forked) it passes through the entire cavity of
the thorax as a simple tube ; the third division of the intestinal canal is
the proventricidiis, a small narrow and tubular cavity, furnished within
Avith folds, teeth, spines, or projecting horny ridges ; it may, as Bur-
meister remarks, be considered as the mouth of the stomach, in front of
which it is directly situated : it is found in all mandibulate insects
Avhich feed upon hard substances or require their food to be triturated
previously to digestion : it is therefore present in all the carnivorous and
wood-feeding Coleoptera, l)Ut is not extended through the Avhole order,
and is not found in the suctorial orders of insects such as the Lcpid-
optera : it is more distinctly muscular than the rest of the intestinal
canal, and evidently answers to the gizzard of the gallinaceous birds.

The stomach of the Coleoptera is rather variable in its formation : it
is of very simple structure, as might be expected from the nature of
their food, in the L-imcllicornia and Phytophaga, but in the Carnivorous
series it is much more coinph^x, being slu)rt and separated from the

a 2

XX INTRODUCTION.

proventriculus, which is always present, by a distinct constriction, ami
having the Avhole or greater part of the upper surface covered with long,
thin flocks, which originate from the inner nincous membrane of the
stomach, and are evidently secreting organs, whose secretion makes more
soluble the heavily digestible animal matter (v. Burmeister, 1. c. p. 132).
The divisions of the intestinal canal which follow the stomach are usually
simple, and do not present many changes of form, although they vary
considerably in length.

The nervous system is formed of a series of ganglia or nervous centres
united by one or two cords of nerve ; these ganglia difler in number, but
as a general rule "the ventral cord has .as many ganglia as there are
freely movable divisions of the body :" the larvte of the Lepidoptera
and carnivorous Coleoptera possess as many ganglia as segments ; in the
Diptera in which the three segments of the thorax are united and agglu-
tinate we find only one thoracic ganglion, and further in those larvae in
Avliich tlie bodies are thick and fat and possess no distinct segments
(e.g. iu the Lamellicornia) there is no distinct ganglion, but a simple
cord from which the nerves pass off on each side ; in the perfect beetle
there are less ganglia than in the larva, and there are less in species
belonging to some families than in those belonging to others.

The circulatory system consists of a heart, or an organ answering to a
h(!art, divided into several chambers arranged longitudinall}', and opening-
one into the other, by means of the alternate contraction and dilatation
of which a white cold clear fluid corresponding to blood is circulated
through the so-called blood-vessels, which appear to be closely connected
Avith. the trachete of the respirati ry system.

The respiratory system is made up of the external spiracles or stiyniata,
and the internal tracliece : the former are apertures on the surface of the
body by means of which air is taken in, and the latter are the tubes by
which it is distributed throughout the system ; there are two large con-
necting trachete from which smaller branches ramify ,in every direction
over the body : in the Coleoptera we may say, roughly speaking, that
each segment of the body has a spiracle, or perhaps more correctly that
one is to be found on the boundaries of every two segments ; their shape
and position in some families, e.g. the Dytiscidte, afford good characters for
the distinction of genera. Gills or branch ke are very rarely found in the
Coleoptera ; they occur, however, in certain larvae (e.g. Gyrlnus, Cnemi-
dotus, Hydrous carahoides, Berosus, &c.) in the form of processes, fringed
or otherwise, arising from the sides of the segments : all those insects
which are not provided with gills have to rise frequently to the surface
of the Avater to obtain the requisite supply of air which they in most
cases draw more especially through the spiracles situated at the posterior
end of the body.

TJie organs of generation are variously modified, and consist of a male
intromittent organ and a female receptacular organ and ovipositor ; the
sexes are always separate : in some groups a most important specific
character is afforded by the cedeagus, whicli some writers most erroneously

INTROnUCTIOX. XXI

confound with the male intromittent organ ; it is really (as Dr. Sharp,
who has studied the character more than any other author, informs me) a
segment of the body withdrawn into the interior and variously and
profounclly modified for the purposes of fertilization ; in some cases it
appears to consist of more than one segment ; in the Dytiscidai it is
arranged so as perfectly to keep out water during coupling ; it is not
])ropcrly speaking part of the organs of generation, but is a highly
modified secondary sexual apparatus, which has nothing homo-
logous with it in the Vertehrata ; it is of extreme variety in the
Coleoptera, and appears not to be absolutely confined to the male, for
where the number of external segments in the male and female is the
same, there will be found in the female an internal (usually chiefly
membranous) segment homologous with the male cedeagus : in the
Sta]^bylinidpe the segment preceding the oedcagus is also more or less
modi lied or retractile.

Occasionally the modifications of the organs of generation are very
curious : the female of Cehrio r/ir/as, for instance, usually lives below the
surface of the ground, above which, at the period of coupling, it protrudes
a long horny tube, the extremity containing the organs of generation ; at
this time the males may be found searching eagerly for the females ;
after coupling the same organ is employed to introdiice the eggs to a
proper depth under ground (v. "Westwood, Classif. i. 245).

The difference in structure of the sexes with a view to generation,
especially as regards the development of the tarsi, femora, &c., in male,
and the sculpture of the upper surface of the female are in many cases of
the greatest interest ; the antenn;e also are often largely modified as in
certain Elateridae, INfeloe, &c. ; these diflerences, however, belong ratlier
to external structure, and will be more fully alluded to under the several
genera.

External Structure.

As it is chiefly on the external structure that descriptions of Coleop-
tera are at present founded, it is of the first importance that till students
of the order should make themselves thoroughly acquainted with it and
Avith the terms employed in describing it ; the details, therefoi'c, of the
complicated external skeleton, mouth parts or trophi, antenna*, legs, &c.,
must l)e fully explained in any work like the present, and will therefore
for convenience sake lie treated of under three separate headings.

1st. The head, including the mouth organs, antenmie, and eyes ; 2nd.
Tlu>. thorax, including its appendages, the wings, and the legs ; and
3rd. The abdomen or hind-body, by which latter term it is generally
now known in descriptions of the Staphylinidte.

The Head.

The head varies very greatly in form : as a rule the hinder portion is

not nnrrowpil and is sim|)ly inserted into tlic fniut of the tliorax, to wliicli

IXTRODUCTIOX.

Fig. 3.

it is joined by membrane ; sometimes, however, it is contracted behind
and lengthened, and is occasionally behind the constriction expanded
into a semi-globular knob or condyle, which acts as a sort of ball and
socket joint and admits of free movement in every direction (as in some
genera of the Truncatipennes, the Brenthidee, &c.); in front of the head
there is usually a suture stretching right across between, or in front of,
the antenna3 ; this is called the clypaal suture, and the part it cuts off
from the head is called the di/jiaus ; if, as often is the case, an apparent
suture is seen in front of the clypeus it is due to the junction of the
lahrum or upper lip which will be spoken of under the mouth organs :
the clypeus is sometimes called the ejnstoma ; according to some authors
when large it is styled the clijpeus, and when small the epistoma, but
this latter term is used very loosely and seems by some writers to be
applied to the lahrum or to the lahrum and clypeus combined, thus
including, as its name implies, all the parts over the mouth.- The
insertion of the antennas relatively to the clypeus is in some groups a
very important character ; thus in the Cicindelidse the clypeus extends
on both sides in front of the insertion of the antennse, whereas in the
Carabidse it does not extend so far towards their sides as the insertion :
this will be perhaps better understood by comparing the shape of the
head of Cicindela as given in the accompanying woodcut with the shape
of the head of Pterostichus (Plate A, Fig. I.). '

In the Rhynchophora, as a rule, and in
other groups very rarely, the head is pro-
longed in front, so that the prolonged portion
is as long as the rest of the head, or even as
long as the whole body (as in Balanimis);
this prolongation is called the rostrum ; the
mandibles and maxilliB are situated at the
end of the rostrum, and not at its base, as
seems rather a common idea : the rostrum,
therefore, is a true portion of the head, and
in no sense a trunk ; on each side of the
rostrum there is usually a groove which
varies in size, and into which the insect
retracts the scape or long first joint of the
antennae when at rest : these are called
scrohes, and are very useful characters in the
determination of the Rhynchophora ; the
outer side of the mandibles is in some
families (e.g. the Carabidte) concave, form-
ing an elongate groove : these grooves are
called the mandihular scrohes. The anterior part of the head is called
the forehead or front, the central portion the vertex, and the posterior
portion the occiput ; as, however, the head is usually more or less sunk
in the thorax, and the occipiit more or less hidden, the whole portion
from the eyes to the front margni of the thorax is often roughly spoken
of as the vertex.

a. Head of Cicindela (magnified)
with jaws closed, b. Ditto, with
jawsopen. I. Labrum. c. Clypeus.

I\TI{ODUCTIOX,

Fig. 4.

Small portion of
ej'e bisl'ly niag-
nitied.

Fit

The eyes are very variable ; rarely as in Anillus, and in many cave
insects, they are wanting ; they are made up of a large
number of small lenses, which vary very much in
number and size : in some groups, as for instance
Languria, their formation affords good specific cha-
racters, the eyes being said to be finely or coarsely
granulated, accordingly as the number and so the indi-
vidual size of the lenses is greater or smaller : in some
families additional eyes are found consisting of one or
two simple lenses ; these are termed ocelli, and are
situated on the vertex behind the true eyes ; they occur in the Homa-
liina, &c. Occasionally the eyes are partially or almost entirely divided
by a corneous ridge as in Dorcus and Th7'oscus, or they may be entirely
divided, so that there are two eyes on the upper surface of the head and
two on the under surface as in Gyrinus and
AmpTiio2)s. The head is often furnished with
long erect setai arising from pores or special
punctures ; their function is probably the same
as the whiskers of the feline tribe of animals,
as they seem especially developed in those
beetles that are carnivorous and nocturnal in
their habits, e.g. the Carabidaj. Dr. Horn in
his valuable paper on this family has made
great use of those that are found on the
surface of the head near the eyes in the
classification of the Harpalinte, those genera that possess one such seta
being classed under his group H. unisetosoi, and those that possess two
under his other great group H. lmetoi>ie.

In some families the head is furnished with largo horns and other
appendages, which are especially found in the male, and arise chieliy
from the clypeus : these are particularly noticeal)le in the Lamellicornia ;
with the exception, however, of Copris and one or two other species none
of our indigenous beetles possess them in a marked degree.

Tlie antennce are joiiited appendages which are usually inserted in
fi'ont of, more rarely between, the eyes : in the Ithynchophora they arise
from the rostrum either further from or nearer to the base; they are
extremely variable in shape ; a very full description of the various forms
which they present is to be found in Leconte and Horn's " Classification
of the Coleoptera of North America," Preface, pp. xii and xiii ; those
forms that chiefly require notice are as follows : —

1. Filiform or thread-like, in which the joints are elongate and cylin-
drical^ and the apical ones not or scarcely enlarged ; if they become more
slender toAvards the tip they are called setaceous : such antenmc are one
of the chief characteristics of the Carahichu and Dytlscida'.

2. C/avifonn or clavale, in which the apical joints are enlarged and
form a more or less distinct knobbed club ; sometimes the club is
gnulual, in other cases sudden and abrupt : in tlic latter case the
antenn;e are said to be capilate.

Side view of head of Gyrinus.

INTRODUCTION.

3. Serriform or serraie, in -which the joints arc more or less triangular
and compressed, and present a serrate edge on their anterior margin (as
in various Elateridre, &c.): as a rule the serriform antennse present no
appearance of a club, but at the extreme end of the series there occur
forms (e.g. Cleru>t, Corynetes, &c.), in which by insensible gradations
they have passed into the fully clavate form ; if the joints of the serrate
antennae are much prolonged anteriorly they are said to be pecUnafe (as
in Corymhites), if much prolonged on both sides, bipedinate : when
the prolongations are very long they are said to be JlabelJate or fan-like
(as in Pyrochroa), and when this form of joint is flexible and presents
a feathery appearance they are called plumose (as in certain exotic
Malacodermata).

4. Lamelliform or JameUate : this

Fk. 6.

really a form of the clavate
anteima, in which the clava
takes the shape of large plates
which oppose flat surfaces to
one another, and so form a
one-sided club which can be
opened or shut by the insect
at pleasure : this is shown in
Lucanus, and more especially
in Melolo7itha ; the club of Lu-
ccmus is comparatively small,
and is termed ajissate club.

5. Monilifurm : this is really
a transitional form between
the filiform and clavate an-
tennae : the joints of the an-
tennae do not differ greatly in
size, but are separately rounded,
and present the appearance of
a string of beads (as in many
of the Chrysomelidse).

There are many other modi-
fications, but the ones referred
to are the most noteworthy,
and on them have been founded
several great divisions of the
Coleoptera {Cluvicornia, Sern-
co7-7iia, LamelUcornia, &c.) :
these divisions are practically
useful, but it must be remem-
bered that they are more or less artificial, and in many instances are
found to pass by gradations the one into the other.

The antei^inse of the Ehynchophora are very peculiar, and consist, as a
rule, of a very long first joint called the sca2:)e, with which the other
joints form an angle : the antennje usually end in a clul), and in this case

1. Filiform.

2. Capitate.

3. Perfoliate club.

4. Geniculate.

5 Lamellate.

6. Fissate club.

7. Serrate.

8. Pectinate.

INTRODUCTIOX.

XXV

the joints l)ot\veen the scape and the chih are termed the funicuhts : all
such elbowed antennae are termed (leniculate : the elongate first joint or
scape, although not in so marked a degree as in the Khynchophora, is
found in other Coleoptera, e.g. Cri/ptobium among the Staphylinidae, &c.

The trnphi or mouth orr/ans. — The Coleoptera belong to the mandi-
bulate as opposed to the haustellate insects, that is to say they are
furnished with horizontally moving jaws for seizing and masticating
their food ; the haustellate insects, on the other hand, like the Lepid-
optera, obtain their food by suction by means of a tube or trunk : if
we examine the underside of the head of any beetle Ave shall find that
nearer to or further from the front there is a suture : this suture is
called the mental suture, or more generally the gular stiture ; this last
term, however, is erroneous, as the gular sutures proper lie at the sides
between the opening of the mouth and the mental suture ; if with a needle
(ground down to an edge on a fine hone and fixed by sealing-wax into a
piece of wood such as a match stem) we divide this mental suture, and
in the case of a larger insect the gular sutures proper as well, we shall be
able to separate and examine in detail all the mouth organs : it is very
necessary that all students of Coleoptera should be al:)le to dissect these,
at all events to a certain extent ; for, although classification by the
external skeleton and other characters is more and more taking the place
of classification by the trophi, yet at present these still play a very con-
siderable part in the classification of the Coleoptera, and they must
always be considered as at all events of very great secondary importance ;
unless they are dissected out, it is impossible to examine them properly,
and therefore unless a student is able to dissect he will not be able in
many instances to rightly determine the genera, much less the species :
a little practice is all that is required : as a rule, wdreu the mental suture is
severed, the mentum, labium and maxillajmay
at once be removed in one piece ; the man-
dibles may be examined without removal :
if, therefore, the mouth parts are carefully
dissected and the insect again remounted,
it will to all intents and purposes be still
perfect.

Above the mouth there is usually visible a
small piece which is called the lahrum or up-
per lip ; it is usually, but not always, more or
less membranous ; it either projects wholly
or partially beyond the clypeus, or it may be
completely hidden behind the cl^'peus and
be connate with it ; useful characters are
sometimes found in its shape, whether emar-
ginate, truncate, projecting, &c. IJelow the
labrum come the large jaws or mauLUhJcs,
which are the most powerful of the mouth
organs ; they vary much in shape accordin

7.

of D. marginalis, upper

(7. Labruni. 5. Clypeus. e,d. M;in-

dibles. e. Kyes. f. Baseof :iiitcii-

ua3 g. Voitox. h. Occiput.

to the food of the insect :

IXTRODUCTIOX.

in the Carnivorous beetles they are usually sharply pointed and furnislied
with a cutting edge in order to enable them to seize and hold fast and cut
up their struggling prey ; in the plant-feeding beetles they are broad and
blunt, and more adapted for trituration than cutting ; the cavities at the
sides of the mandibles (in the Carabidse, &c.) have been before referred
to as termed the mandibular scrohes : these scrobes are often furnished
with single long setae, which seem to have much the same office to
perform as the siipra-orbital setae above referred to, and probably bear
some analogy to the whiskers of the feline tribe. Below the mandibles

there is a second pair of hori-
Fig. 8. zontally moving jaws called the

maxilhe ; these, taken in conjunc-
tion with the pa/2?e or antennal-
like processes that arise from
them, are of very great importance
in classification : the maxillae, as a
rule, are made up of the following
portions : — 1. The cardo or hinge,
Avhere the whole maxilla arti-
culates with the head ; 2. The
sHjyps or stalk articulated with the
cardo at a greater or less angle ;

3. The palirifer or squama, the
support of the maxillary palpus,
the more correct term for which
would be the squama 'palpifera ;

4. The lacinia or blade, which
may be regarded as the inner lobe
of the maxillae ; 5. The outer lube,
which in the Adephaga is usually
jointed (except in Cullistus and
one or two other genera) and
palpiforra, and is sometimes, as in
Dineutes, entirely absent ; 6. The

maxillary palpus, which is usually shaped like an antenna, and is
generally 4-jointed, rarely 3 -jointed, and in Alcochara alone 5-jointed ;
these maxillary palpi vary very much in form and length : in the
Pselaphidai they are very large and curiously shaped ; in the Hydrophi-
lidae they are very long, being in fact much longer than the antennae ;
in the Curculionidae they are short, thick, and rigid. The floor of the
mouth is formed by the mentum : this is very variable in shape ; it is
usually more or less emarginate, and is occasionally furnished on each
sitle of the eniargination with a membranous border : these borders are
called the epilobes of the mentum.

In front of the mentum is situated the ligida, which is sometimes
corneous, sometimes membranous, sometimes partly corneous and partly
membranous : it varies extremely in shape, and usually carries on each

Uncler side of head of D. marginnlis.

a. Mentum. 5. Linguiior ligula. c. Labinl
palpi, d d. Maxillary palpi (dissected out).
d^. Outer lobe. d'. Maxillary pal])us. cP.
Laciuia or blade (forming the inner lobe of
the palpi), d^. Palpifer or squama, d^.
Stipes or stalk, (i^. Cardo or hinge, e. Eyes.
/. Base of anteunaj. g. Throat, h. Mental
suture.

IXTRODUCTIUN.

FiK. 9.

side a membranous appendage ; these ajipendages are termed jMraf/Iossur.

in many genera tliey are very conspicuous, projecting far beyond the

ligiila, but in some cases they are soldered to

the sides of the hgula, and occasionally are

not visible at all ; from supports situated at

the base of the ligula, between the liguJa

and mentum, arise the lahial jx^h^i '• these

are usually 3-jointed, rarely 2-jointed, and

occasionally, as in Myllcena, &c., setiform,

not presenting the appearance of palpi at all.

The mentum and ligula make up the labium :

the terms ligula and labium, however, are

used very loosely by many authors, Avho

consider them as distinct from the mentum

altogether, and speak of the labium as the

basal portion of the organ in front of the

mentum, the ligula proper being made up of

the front portion, wdrich in some cases, e.g. Aulalia, is much extended,

and appears to be distinct,' but is not really so.

The comparative size of the joints of the labial palpi, and the number
of setse borne by them and by the anterior margin of the ligula are very
useful as affording generic characters in some cases.

Labium of Pterostichus niger.

I, Mentum. h. Ligula. c c. Pa-

raglossas. d d. Labial palpi.

The Thorax.

Throughout this work the term " thorax " is used roughly for con-
venience sake for the upper portion of the body between the head and
the base of the elytra, the part in fact which
in common language is usually called the
thorax ; as a matter of fact, however, the
thorax is made up of three parts, the prothorax,
mesothorax, and metathorax ; the upper sur-
faces of these are called respectively the pro-
notum, mesonotum, and nietanotum, and the
under surfaces the pn'osteriinm, mtisosternum,
and metasternum : the so-called " thorax " is

Pronotum of thorax of
D. marginalis.

really the pronotum; the only portion of the a. Anterior margin. S. Pos-
mesonotum visible from above is the scutellum, tenor margin
which usiially appears as a triangular or semi-
circular plate between the two elytra at base,
but is sometimt's wanting ; the metanotum is
altogetlier hidden by the elytra.

Tixe 2>'''odernum bears the front pair of h^gs ; it is often produced in a
longer or shorter, sharper or blunter process between them posteriorly :
this ^^ prosternal 2yroccss" as it is called, is often of great use in classi-
fication; the mesonotum and mesosternum, which make up the meso-
thorax, bear respectively the anterior pair of M'ings or elytra and

c c. Lati'ral
margins, d. Dorsal, central,
or median line, e e. Ante-
rior angles. //. Posterior
angles, g g. Disc.

INTRODUCTIOX.

the second pair of legs;
Fig. 11.

while the metanotum and mefasternum bear
respectively the posterior membranous pair
of wings, and the hind legs : each of the
three under portions of the thorax, the pro-,
meso- and meta-sternum, is composed of
three parts, the central portion called the
sternum and two lateral pieces, the anterior
of Avhich is called the ejnsternum, and the
posterior the epimeroii ; these latter are very
variable in size, and are seldom all visible
any

Prosternum of thorax of
D. marginalis.
a. Sternum (ending in ]iro-
sternal process), b S.Episterua.
c c. Epimera. d. Coxa. e. Tro-
chanter, f. Femur, g. Tibia.
h. Tarsus (5-jointed).

m any one
sect ; both
epi.sterna
epimera of

m-
the

and
the

Fig. 12.

meso- and meta-
sternum are often
more or less hid-
den behind the
reflexed portions

of the elytra called the e^pipleurm : those of

the prosternum are also often hard to trace,

the episterna especially being very small and

sometimes invisible.

The legs are six in number, and are

attached to the body by a joint called the

coxa, Avhich forms with the coxal cavity a

ball and socket joint ; these coxal cavities,

sometimes called acetalmla, are either en-
tirely closed in front or behind by the

corneous substance of one or other of the

sterna, or are j^artially closed by one and

partially by another ; in the former case

they are said to be closed behind, in the ^- Mesothorax oi^D.marginalis

latter to be open behind : this character is

of great importance in some families, as is

also the relation of the position of the

epimera to the coxal cavities : on the outer

side of the anterior and middle coxee an

additional piece, not connected witli the legs,

may be observed; sometimes it is soldered

to the coxaj, sometimes independently mova-
ble : this i^iece is called the trochantin, but

a better name for it would be the jiaracoxa,

as the term trochantin is sometimes used

by continental writers as synonymous with

trochanter ; the latter term, however, has nothing to do with the former,

the trochanter being a small and somewhat variable piece which is joined

seen vertie;illy.
/. Mesouotum (bearing elytra).
g^. Base of elytron, g". Apex of
ditto, g^. Lateral margin of
ditto. g"^. Suture of ditto.
g''. Disc of ditto, h. Winglet or
alula (covering or a continua-
tion of the mesothoracic spi-
racle), a b c. Sternum, epi-
sterna, and epimera of meso-
sternum (bearing middle legs).

d. Coxa. e. Trochanter.

B. Mesothorax seen from above.

a. Scutellum.

INTRODUCTION'. XXIX

to the femora or tliiglis close to the coxa, and forms an integral portion of
the legs ; following the femora come i\\Qtibiie, at the extremity of which
are usually found two movable spines or spurs, which vary very con-
siderably in length, and one of which or even both may be absent ;
attached to the tibipe come the tarsi, which are never composed of more
than five joints or less than two ;* hence we have the old divisions of
Pentauiera, Tetramera, Trimera, &c. ; often the number of joints is
different in the different feet as in the large class Heteromera, the species
belonging to which have the anterior and intermediate pairs made up of
five joints, and the posterior of four only : in the Staphylinidse the
variation of the number of tarsal joints affords a very valuable character
for the classification of genera; some genera, e.g. R]tizopha<ius, are
heteromerous in one sex only ; the tarsal joints vary very greatly in form,
and are very differently dilated in the sexes of the same species ; this
dilatation and the clothing of the uiuler surface of the joints (whether
jmbescent, squamose, ite.) aff'ord a most valuable character for the classi-
fication of the Carabidie ; the last tarsal joint bears the claws, and is
called the omjchium ; the penultimate joint or last but one is often
bilobed, especially in the plant and tree-frequenting beetles ; the claws
are of very different shapes, and may be simj^le, toothed, serrated,
or pectinate, or furnished with membranous appendages at their
base.

The different formations of the legs as a whole will l^e fTU'thcr alluded
to during the course of the work ; the most noticeable deviations from
the ordinary form are the natatorial or swimming legs of the Dytiscida",
t\iQ fogsorial or digging legs of the Scaritidse, Geotrupidee, &c., and the
^altatorial or jumping legs of the Halticidse, in which latter the femora
are very strongly thickened.

The Abdomkn.

All that portion of the body situated behind the metasternuiu is called
the abdomen or hind body, and consists of a series of rings divided into
two portions, the dorsal segments (more or less covered by the elytra)
and the ventral segments, which are united to the former on the dorsal
surface, usually by membrane ; these segments are properly nine in
number, but, as a rule, oid}^ five or six can be distinguished : of these
segments the last dorsal segment is called the j;//r/«V?ewwi, and the last but
one the propi/i/idium ; in the Nitidididie and liistcritlaj two or three of
the apical dorsal segments are visiljle ; in the large family of the Sta-
phylinid;e the upi)er surface of tlie abdomen is almost entirely
uncovered.

As the terms apex and base are very often used in descriptions every
student should thoroughly understand how they are employed in the case
of different parts of the body, or else much confusion will arise : in the

* One or two exotic gunciti appeal- to be moiiouierou!:, but it is somewhat doubtful
if they retilly are so ; very larely the claws and even the anterior tarsi are wantiiiy.

XXX INTRODUCTION.

thorax the apex is the portion next the head, the base the portion next
the elj'tra ; in the elytra the case is reversed, the apex being the posterior
portion and the base the part that meets the base of the thorax ; the
base of the femora is the part next tlie coxas, the apex the part adjoining
the tibia3 ; in the segments of the abdomen the apex is the part nearest
the apex of the elytra, the base the part nearest the base of the elytra ;
with regard to the tibi« there is considerable confusion ; some authors
regard the apex of the tibia as the part that meets the apex of the femur,
the base being the portion nearest the tarsus ; others, however, take the
opposite view. Dr. Sharp writes to me as follows : " There is a very
simple means of regulating the use of the terms base and apex, and I
always adhere to it myself. All the parts of the body are considered
with relation to one point, the centre, to which they are supposed to be
directly or indirectly attached ; the part nearest this point is the base,
the part the most distant the apex : " in the following work Dr. Sharp's
rule has been adhered to, except with regard to the tibiae in the case of
some genera the descriptions of which were printed before I hac\
discussed the question with him.

EXPLANATION OF STEUCTUEAIj
PLATES.

PLATE

A.

Fig. I. PterosfirJms ruhjarix,

L. (

indanarius, 111.) [mat

side.

1. Labrum.

12.

Scutellum.

2. Labial palpus.

13.

Iksal fold of elytra.

3. Maxilla.

14.

Scutellary stria.

4. ]\Iaxillaiy palpus.

15.

Suture of elytra.

5. Mandible.

16.

Sutural angle.

6. Antenna.

17.

Femur.

7. Front of head.

18.

Tibia.

8. Supra-orbital setiB.

19.

Spurs of til)ia.

9. Pronotuni, ordinarily

called

20.

Tarsus.

" thorax."

21.

Onychiuni and claws,

10. Anterior lateral pore.

22.

Stigma.

1 1 . Angular pore.

23'.

P^'gidium.

upper

Fig. II. Diagram of an imaginary beetle displaying the various
portions of the under skeleton, some of which are always either absent
or obsolete.

1 . Gular region.

2. Collum.

3. Prosternum. a. episternum ; h. epimeron.

4. Mesosternum. c. episternum. d. epimeron. <: paracoxa or
trochantin (shown l)y a fine line drawn through it).

5. Metasternum, /. episternum. g. epimeron.

The paracoxa or trochantin is present in some genera, but not in
others : the epimera of the prosternum are always small, and often
incons})icuous or obsolete.

Fig. III. Under- skeleton of Gyrinus.

1. Prosterniim. a. episternum. h. epimeron.

2. Mesosternum. c. episternum. d. epimeron.

3. Metasternum. e. episternum. /. epimeron.

On the first segment of the abdomen the rudiments of the suture of
another segment are more or less distinctly visible.

Fig. IV. Dyfiscus marginalis, L. {male) : under side.

1. Ist ventral segment of abdomen. 4. 4th ventral segment of abdomen

2. 2nd „ ^ „ 5. 5th

3. 3rd ,. „ G. Gill

PLATES.

Prostenium terminating in

prosternal process.
Episternum of prosternuni.
Episternnm of mesosternuni.
Epimeron of mesosternuni.
Metasternum.

12. Wing of metasternum.

13. Episternum of metasternum.
Coxal cavities.
Coxas (posterior pair very

largely developed for the
Figs.!
M. Bedel

8.

9.
10.
11.

14.
15.

support
legs).
IG. Trochanter.

17. Femur.

18. Tibia.

19. Dilated tarsus, or

cupules of male.

20. Oar-shaped tarsus.

21. Coxal process.
Epipleura of elytra

of the swimminc

palette, and

Matthews.

22.

23. Genital armature.

and IV. are from a plate kindly placed at my disposal by

Figs. II. and III. have been drawn for me by the Rev. A.

PLATE

B.

I. Larva of Cldcenius vestitus, Payk.

1.

Antenna. 7.

Mesothorax.

2

Mandible. 8.

Metathorax.

3!

Maxillary and labial palpi. 9.

Abdominal segments.

4.

Ocelli. 10.

Muscular impression.

5.

Leg. 11.

11. Cerci.

6.

Prothorax. 1 2.

Anal appendage.

The corneous plates on the segments are called the scuta, and are
termed respectively the dorsal and abdominal sada.

II. Larva of Gi/rmus viarinuSy Gyll.

III. Larva of Halij/lus fnlvus, F.

IV. Pupa of Sjjhceridium scarahceoides, F.

1. Cephalic region.

2. Thoracic region.

3. Abdominal region, e. cerci.

4. One of the " styli motorii."

Fig. V. Under skeleton of Cychrus. 1. Epimeron of mesothorax.
2. Ante-coxal piece (see p. 1). 3. Episternum of metathorax. 4.
Anterior coxa.

Fig. VI. Under skeleton of Pferostichus (numbered as preceding).

Fig. VII. ,, ,, Mormolyce „ ,,

Fig. A'^III. „ „ Dytiscus. 1. Epimeron of mesothorax.

2. Metasternum, showing absence of ante-coxal piece. 3. Episternum
of metathorax. 4. Anterior coxa.

Fig. IX. Under skeleton of Haliplus showing the broad plates that
cover a great portion of the abdomen : the parts indicated by dotted
lines are covered and concealed by the plates : 1. Ante-coxal piece.
2. Abdominal plates. 3. Anterior coxa.

Fig. X. Under skeleton of Pelobms (numbered as Figs. 5, 6, 7).

Figures I., If., and III. are after Schiodte, the rest after Horn.

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THE CAWeRiOGt SCILNIHC IdSlRUMENT COMPANY.

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L REEVE i CO LOKDON

COLEOPTEEA.

ADEPHAGA.

( CARNirORA—FILICOBNIA. )

The classification of this series has always been attended with con-
siderahle difficulty, and cannot yet be said to be settled. The best method
appears to be that adopted by Dr. G. H. Horn, in his essay on the genera
of Carabidte, published in the Transactions of the American Entomological
Society for 1881.* Dr. Sharp (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1882, i. Gl)
suggests certain alterations in the system ; the most important of these
are included in the table given below. The series contains only a few
families, the members of which are, as a rule, active ; in habits they are
predaceous and carnivorous. Part of them are terrestrial and part
aquatic, and in conformity with their habitat many authors divide them
into two groups, styled respectively Geodephaga and Hydradephaga. It
is, however, better to treat them as a whole. For further particulars the
student of the group would do well to consult the papers above referred
to, the section Carabidas by Mr. Bates lately published in the " Biologia
Central!- Americana," and the work of Dr. Sharp " On Aquatic
Carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidaj " published in the Transactions of
the Royal Dublin Society for 1882,

In the following table the comparatively recently discovered JsTorth
American family, Amphizoidce, is included as forming a strong con-
necting link and transition between the ordinarily received sections of the
series.

I. Mctasternum with an ante-coxal piece, separated by a well-marked

suture, reaching from one side to the other, and extended
triangularly between the hind co.\a3.
i. AntenuEc eleven-jointed; posterior coxaj free and simple;
habits terrestrial.

1. Clypeus extending laterally on both sides in front of and

beyond the insertion of the antenna) Cicindelidj;.

2. Clypeus not extending so far towards the sides as the

insertion of the antenna' Cababid^.

ii. Antennae ten-jointed ; posterior coxa) fixed and furnished with
large plates, covering a great portion of the abdomen ; habits
aquatic HALirLlD.E.

II. Mctasternum with a very short ante-coxal piece, the suture in-
distinct, not prolonged posterioi-ly between the hind coxso ; habits
aquatic.

* This observation applies only to Dr. Horn's general arrangement of the families
of the Adcphaga, and not to his detailed classification of the Caraljidic.

B

2 ADEPHAGA. [Cicindelidce.

(1. Legs not adapted for swimming; anterior coxaj globular , Amphizoid^
2. Legs adapted for swimming ; anterior coxae conical . • . Pelobiid^.
in. Metasternum prolonged behind in a triangular process, the
ante-coxal piece entirely wanting ; habits aquatic.

1. Antennae slender, filiform ; abdomen with six segments ;

eyes two Dttiscid^.

2. Antennae irregular, very short; abdomen with seven seg-
ments, the first two closely united ; eyes four Gybinid^.

The above table is perhaps the best classification of the Adephaga that
can be adopted in the present state of our knowledge. As, however, a
moire simple division may be of advantage to the general student, the
following table is added. In this the Pelobiidce are classed for con-
venience sake with the Dytiscidte.

I. Intermediate legs adapted for walking ; two eyes only present,
L Upper joints of the antennae pubescent.

1. Clypeus extending laterally on both sides in front of the

insertion of the antennae Cicindelid^,

2. Clypeus not extending so far towards the sides as the

insertion of the antenna; Caeabid^.

ii. Antennae entirely glabrous, without pubescence.

1. Antennae ten-jointed ; posterior coxae furnished with large

plates, covering a great portion of the abdomen Haliplid-s:.

2. Antennae eleven-jointed ; posterior coxae without plates . . DYTiscioa;.

II. Intermediate legs oar-shaped, adapted for swimming ; four
eyes present, two on the upper surface of the head, and two on

the under surface Gteinid^.

CICINDELID^.

Head large, eyes prominent ; maxillae with the outer lobe two-jointed,
tihe inner usually terminated by an articulated hook ; antennre eleven-
jointed, inserted on the forehead above the base of the mandibles ;
clypeus extending laterally in front of the insertion of the antenna? ;
elytra covering abdomen ; abdomen with the three anterior segments
connate, with six ventral segments visible in the female, and seven, as a
rule, in the male; legs slender, formed for running; posterior coxse
dilated internally, not reaching the sides of the body ; all the tarsi five-
jointed. This family is represented in Europe by two genera, Tetracha,
which is nocturnal and crepuscular in its habits, and Cicindela, which
frequents the hottest and most sunny places ; the nocturnal Manticorina
{Manticora, Omus, &c.) also belong to it. The species belonging to this
family found in temperate climates are all terrestrial in their habits, but
many species occurring within the tropics alight on the leaves of trees.

CZCINDEIiA, Linne.

The species belonging to this genus are the most predaceous of the
Coleoptera, and the most active ; they are also among the handsomest
and most brightly coloured. From the ferocity of their nature, as well
as from the spots and stripes with which they are ornamented, they
have been called Tiger beetles. They inhabit for the most part hot sandy

Cicmdela.] adephaga. 3

districts; they run and fly with great swiftness in the sunshine on the
open ground or among grass. About four hundred species have been
described, of which only four have Ijeen found in Britain.

Tlie larva of Cicindela hybrida is fully described and figured by Schiodte (De
Metamorpbosi Eleutberatorum Observationcs, Part iii., p. 160, Pi. xii. 1).
It is pale testaceous with the head and thorax fuscous with a green and purple
metallic tinge, and with the ferraora, tibia3, and tarsi fuscous ; the head is large and
produced in front of the eyes, and the prothorax is narrow and crescent-shaped with
the anterior angles produced ; the abdominal shields are separated except on the ninth
segment, and there are no cerci ; on the fifth segment wliich is raised there are two
bent hooks, and the anal segment is cylindrical and furnished with short spinose cilia.

The larva of C. campestris much resembles this, but is more robust. It is figured
by Westwood (Classif. i., p. 50), who says that these larva; burrow oylindric
retreats in the earth to the depth of a foot or more, employing their legs and jaws in
loosening the particles of sand and earth which they carry to the surface on their
broad saucer-like head, ascending by the assistance of the two hooks which they bear
upon their back. Having completed the burrow, they station themselves by means
of their legs and dorsal hooks at its mouth, their large flattened head and first segment
fitting the hole. Here they lie in wait for such insects as may be crawling about,
and seize and drag them to the bottom of the burrow, to which also they retreat on
the first approach of danger.

Our species may be readily distinguished as follows : —

I. Labrum and head unicolorous, elytra with larger punctures

near suture C. stlyatica, L.

II. Labrum whitish yellow, elytra without larger punctures near

suture.
i. Thorax transverse ; form not cylindrical.

1. Elytra ^varying from light green to dark green or almost
black with five marginal white spots and one white spot
just behind centre of disc, the latter surrounded with a

darker shade C. campesteis, L.

2. Elytra dark bronze brown with three irregular white
bands, the middle one simply waved, forehead gibbous

in front C. HYBRIDA, Z.

3. Elytra dark bronze brown with three irregular white
bauds, the middle one bent downward from centre to-
wards apex of elytra; forehead not gibbous in front ... V. marilima, Dpj.

ii. Thorax elongate; form cylindrical C. GERMANICA, L.

C. sylvatica, L. Bronze-brown with a purplisli tinge ; laltruni
large, concolorous with head, with a distinct tooth in the middle of
anterior margin, and with a strong longitudinal keel on disc ; thorax
rather finely rugose ; elytra long oval, longer in proportion than in
the succeeding species, variolose, thickly punctured, with a spot at
shoulder, another oblique marking before middle, a round spot
before apex, and an irregular band just behind niidiUc, Avhite or very
liglit testaceous ; none of these except the humeral spot touch the
margin ; underside of legs and body clothed with white hairs, the
former metallic. L. 14-lG mm.

Local, but common where it occurs; sandy heaths; Claygatc, Woking, Chobham,
Weybridge; Bournemouth; also near Cambridge.

C. campestris, L. Colour varying from bright grass green to
ixlmost black ; base of antenna', anterior and posterior margins of tho-

B 2

4 ADEPUAGA. [Cirindela.

rax, margins of elytra and chief part of legs brilliant coppery red ; elytra
ovate, much wider than thorax, finely shagreened with five white
markings on each ; under surface of abdomen shining green, of thorax and
breast coppery red except in middle ; legs pilose, tarsi green ; in the
female there is nearly alwaj's a small black spot near suture towards
base, which is obsolete in the male. L. 11-15 mm.

Commou and generally distributed in sandy places, especially in spring and early
summer, througliout the kingdom. The var.funehris is almost black, and is found
very rarely in the Clyde district of Scotland (Loch Long, &c.) ; in the Isle of Wight
there is a dark dirty green variety, which is common in April. In the last European
catalogue (Heyden, Reitter, and Weise, 1883) seventeen named varieties are men-
tioned.

C. hybrida, L. Brownish or greenish bronze with purplish re-
flection ; thorax quadrate, scarcely narrowed behind, sides clothed with
long white hairs ; elytra more coarsely shagreened than in C. campestris,
granulated, with three irregular white bands on each at shoulder, apex,
and in middle, the latter simply waved ; underside purplish green
with the breast and sides of thorax coppery red ; legs metallic (red,
green, and purple), very pubescent, tarsi greenish or purplish. L. 12-15
mm.

Local ; Wallasey and Crosby sandhills, Cheshire and Lancashire ; Swansea, Crymlyn
Burrows ; also found in North Wales ; coast of Bristol Channel ; Yarmouth j one speci-
men only has been recorded from Scotland, Glenfarg, Tay district.

V. maritima, Dej. Very like the type, but smaller and mbi'e slender as a rule,
and rather more variable in colour. It is easily distinguished by the white central
band on elytra being strongly detlcxed and produced towards apex. L. 12 mm.

Local; sandy coasts; Devonshire; Dorset; Hants; South Wales; Burnham,
Somerset; Burnham Market, Norfolk; Cleethoi'pes, Lincolnshire j Birkenhead and
Wallasey.

C. g-ermanica, L. {Cylindrodera germanica, Westwood). Elon-
gate, almost cylindrical, bright green, bluish green, olivaceous, or black ;
thorax long, narrow, and cylindrical ; elytra narrowed in front, widest
towards apex, with three rather variable white spots on each, one at the
humeral angle, a larger one about middle near to but not touching
margin, and a third, crescent- shaped, stretching along margin of apex ;
underside green or purplish-green, sides of thorax and breast coppery ;
legs greenish, tibise testaceous. L. 10 mm.

Black Gang Chine, Isle of Wight ; also recorded by Dawson from Dorset, and by
Stephens from Darenth Wood, and from Devonshire. This sj)ecies is found among
grass, and flies very rarely, and then close to the ground ; it runs, however, with very
great rapidity. It is very local and rare, and, in fact, Black Gang Chine appears to be
the only locality iu which it is now taken.

CARABID-ffi.

Head usually narrower than thorax ; maxillai with the outer lobe
almost always two-jointed, the inner usually curved, acute, set Avith
cilia, or spines ; antenna3 inserted behind the base of the mandibles,
clypeus not extending laterally in front of insertion of antennae ; abdomen
with the three anterior segments connate or soldered together, usually
with six ventral segments visible in both sexes, occasionally seven or

Carahidd'.] adephaga. 5

eii^ht (Brachinina) ; legs slender, formed for running, posterior cox.tb
dilated internally, hardly ever reaching the sides of the body.*

This family is oue of the most numerous of the Coleoptera in point of species, iind
one of the most predaccous ; a few species, e.g. Zabrus gibbus and Amara spinipcs,
are, in part at least, vegetable feeders.

I. Mesothoracic cpimera I'eaching the middle coxal cavities which

are not entirely enclosed by the sterna Carabine.

II. Mesothoracic epimera not reaching the middle coxal cavities

which are entirely closed by the sterna Haepalin^.

CARABIN2E.
i. Anterior coxal cavities open behind.

1. Mandibles without setigerous puncture Carabina.

2. Mandibles with setigerous puncture Nebriina.

ii. Anterior coxal cavities closed behind.

1. Antenniu free at base ; legs not fossorial.

A. Mandibles without setigerous puncture; anterior tibiaj

feebly emarginate; head with two supra-orbital seta) . ElaPHRINA.

B. Mandibles without setigerous puncture ; anterior tibiaj
strongly emarginate ; bead with one supra-orbital

seta LORICERINA.

2. Antenna; inserted under a frontal plate; legs fossorial . . Scakitina.

CARABIXA.

I. Posterior coxa; separated ; labrum prolonged and bifurcated,

))resentiug a rostrate appearance Ctchrus, Fair.

II. Posterior coxa; contiguous; labrum not prolonged, simply emarginate.

1. Mandibles smooth ; ^nd joint of antenna; longer, 3rd

joint cylindrical Carabtjs, Linn.

2. Mandibles striated; 2ud joint of antenna; short, 3rd joint

compressed Calosoma, Weber.

CYCKRVS, Fabricius.
The genus Cychrus comprises a considerable number of insects of dark
colour, and somewhat peculiar appearance, owing to the rostrate appear-
ance of the head ; some species, however, are more brightly coloureil,
and arc metallic. The European species are not as numerous as the
North American. According to M. Bedel they attack land molluscs by
introducing their long head into the mouth of the shells. Some .of
tlie species have the power of stridulating by rubbing the abdomen
against the elytra. We possess bitt one species as British.

The larva of Cychrus rostrahis is figured by Westwood (Classif. i., p. (57, Fig. 2,
3), and more correctly by Sehiodte (Part iii., PI. xviii. 1). It is very distinct, being
shorter and much broader in proportion than is usual in the Caralnda;, the term
onisciform (or like a wood-louse) well expressing its shape ; it is of a eastaneous
colour with margins lighter; the head is narrow in proportion to the thorax, which
is much narrower in front than behind; the anal segment is very short with the
binder angles prominent.

C. rostratus, L. Colour deep l)lack ; head very narrow and elongate ;
thorax truncate in front, with sides rounded, widest about f middle,
and thence contracted to base ; base with deep transverse impression ;

* The only exception to this rule at present known is found in the tribe Trachy-
pachina.

+ In this point the species is somewhat variable, being sometimes widest before
middle, althouiih usuallv widest in middle.

6 ADEPHAGA. [Cl/chr?lS.

elytra wide, oval, and convex, granulated ; legs elongate. Occasionally
the elytra present traces of three interrupted lines. L. 16 mm.

Widely distributed, though seldom met with in abundance in any one spot. Found
under refuse in woods, and in sand and gravel pits ; not common in Scotland, Low-
lands only ; Ireland, near Belfast, Armagh, and Carlingford.

CARABUS, Linne.

The genus Carabus is one of the largest of the family of Carabidte, and
comprises over 300 species, which have a very wide range in both the
Old and New Worlds. For the most part they are large, and many of
them are exceedingly beautiful, owing to the brilliancy of their metallic
colouring. They are found luider stones and bark, in moss or rotten
wood, and are, as a riile, nocturnal in their habits. The commoner
species are often found crushed in roads and pathways in the morning.
They are exceedingly predaceous, and feed on other insects, molluscs,
and even earth-worms. In common with other Carabida^, they have the
power of ejecting an acrid and caustic fluid from the anus for purposes of
defence. The genus is, as a rule, apterous, and the elytra are very often
soldered together. The common C. grcamlatus, however, has the elytra
free, and possesses long rudimentary wings, which reach beyond the hind
coxce.

The larva; of Carahus intricatus, violaceus, and cancellatus are figured by
Schiodte (Part iii., PI. xvii., 1, 5, 9). They are rather elongate, with the segments
of thorax and abdomen of about equal breadth, those of latter becoming narrower
towards apex, and the prothorax being somewhat narrowed in front. The larva
of (J. intricatus differs considerably from the other two, the head being larger, and the
abdominal segments broader and gradually wider behind. The cerci also, although
short, are much longer than in the other species. This fact would seem to indicate
that C j«/riert^«.? rightly belongs to another genus (C^<E<ocara6«*, Thorns.). West-
wood describes and figures the larva of C. auronitens (Classif., vol. i., p. 67). The
pupa, he says, is of an ordinary form, with the abdominal segments rounded at the
sides, and furnished on each side with a bunch of hairs ; the anal segment is
terminated by two conical appendages. These larva; are very voracious.
I. Elytra with no distinct raised ribs.

i. Elytra very strongly rugose longitudinall}', without rows

of large punctures ; thorax at least as long as broad . C. INTEICatus, L.

ii. Elytra rather strongly rugose or granulate, with three
somewhat obscure rows of large punctures; thorax
broader than long C. catenuiattjs. Scop.

iii. Elytra finely rugose, granulate, or striated.

1. Elytra with rows of round shallow pores or

impressions.

A. Colour bronze. Length 20-24 mm C. nemobaiis, Miill.

B. Colour black. Length 14-16 mm C. convexcs, F.

2. Elytra without larger pores or impressions.

A. Elytra without metallic side border ; thorax

strongly transverse C. GLABEATUS, Payk.

B. Elytra with metallic (usually blue or red) side
border ; thorax variable, slightly or not at all

transverse C. vioxacetts, L.

II. Elytra with three distinctly raised ribs.

i. Interstices between ribs filled with regular rows of
large round metallic impressions C. CLAinEATUS, L.

Carahus.] adephaga. 7

ii. Interstices without impressions.

1. Interstices very finely wrinkled, almost smooth ;

legs red C. AUEATUS, L.

2. Interstices more coarsely wrinkled ; legs black . . C. nitens, L.
III. Elytra with three rows of oblong raised granules

separated from each other by a single plain ridge, or by

rows of three more or less raised lines.

i. Ridges single and plain C. GEANCLatUS, L.

ii. Kidges replaced by three plainly raised lines which

may be traced almost to apex C. MONILIS, F.

iii. Ridges replaced by three rather obsolete raised lines

which are confused and evanescent towards apex . . C. aetensis, F,

C. intricatus, L. Blue or violet-blue ; head large, forehead
rugose ; tliorax long, sinuate before base, transversely rugose, with a
deep central furrow ; elytra long, sides dilated behind middle, strongly
sinuate before apex; legs black, long and slender. L. 24-28 mm.

In woods under moss and lichens on trunks of old oaks and other trees, or under
bark. Apparently confined to the south-west district bordering on Dartmoor in
Devonshire ; Tavistock, Holdsvvorthy, Ashburton, Bickleigh Vale. About 60 or 70
specimens were taken in this district by Mr. Reading, of Plymouth, some years ago.
One specimen, probably accidental, has occurred in a stable at Croydon.

C. catenulatus, Scop. Black, margins of thorax and elytra
bluish or reddish-violet ; head obsoletely punctured and strigose ;
thorax with lateral margins broad and strongly elevated throughout,
dorsal line very shallow ; elytra rugose with sixteen or seventeen
elevated interrupted lines on each ; underside of body and legs black.
L. 20-24 lines.

Common and widely distributed in England and Scotland, both in lowland and
mountainous districts. Local in Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin.

C. nemoralis, Midi, {hortensis, Panz.). Head black, much
narrower than thorax ; antennae fuscous with base black ; thorax
bronze or purplish black with lighter metallic margins ; elytra rather
broad, oblong ovate, brassy, coppery, or green, with three series of large
metallic }>unctures, the rest of the body rugose ; underside and legs black.
L. 20-24 mm.

Common and widely distributed in England and Ireland. Abundant in Scotland,
Lowlands only.

C. convexus, F. Somewhat like C. glahratus, but much smaller,
deep black witli the margins of thorax and elytra more or less cyaneous ;
head with a deep inipr(;ssion oil each side ; thorax nearly (quadrate,
plainly but rather shallowly rugose witli fine central furrow ; elytra
short, ovate, closely and regularly striated, witli narrow elevated inter-
stices; underside black. L. 14-lG mm.

Very doubtful as British. Mr. IMatthews has a specimeti said to have been taken by
Holme in Winstanley Park, Lancashire, in -Sept. 1836, but its authenticity appears
very doubtful. Tiiere is, however, no specimen existing that is more authentic, and
the be.st plan would be to strike the species provisionally off the British list.

C. grlabratus, I'ayk. Entirely black, smooth ; head with a

8 ADEPHAGA. [Cavahus.

fovea on each side beliind antennaj ; thorax transverse, rugose, with
central furrow almost obsolete ; elytra oblong-ovate, very convex, finely
rugose longitudinally ; underside of body shining black, sides rugose;
legs black. L. 22-24 mm.

A mouutain species. North Wales, Snowdon, Cader Idris. Hills above Langdale,
Westmoreland. Scotland, Rannoch, Braemar, Mull, &c. Ireland, near Belfast, Lough
Bray. Always a local and scarce insect.

C. violaceus, L. Elongate ; head black ; thorax varying in
size, sometimes distinctly transverse, sometimes as long as broad, with
rather 'obsolete central furrow ; disc transversely rugose, black with
lateral margins cyaneous or violaceous ; elytra elongate, narrow at
shoulders, broader behind, finely rugose or granulate, black with margins
bright red, blue, purple, or coppery ; underside and legs black. L. 24
mm.

Common in England and Scotland; apparently local in Ireland; Armagh, Antrim.
The insects that have been introduced as C. purpuraseeiis, F., are a variety of this
species.

The var. exasperatus found in the Isle of Portland, New Forest, &c., is very distinct.
The granulation of the elytra is much coarser, and they exhibit traces of raised lines
more or less distinct. Mr. Mason, of Burton-on-Trent, and Mr. J. J. Walker have
lately taken examples of this variety in the old locality.

C. clathratus, L. Head black with an oblong furrow on each
side ; thorax sliort with a plain central furrow, disc brassy black ;
elytra wide and convex, greenish or brassy or sometimes blackish, with
three ribs on each ; interstices with deep round red or golden im-
pressions; underside and legs black. L. 22-28 mm.

Said to have occurred in Norfolk in 1809 (Steph.). Scotland local, but rather
widely distributed Lowlands and Highlands, Clyde, Argyle, Dee, Sutherland ;
abundant in Mull, Hebrides, &c. Ireland, Enniskerry ; Teelin Bay, Donegal ; West-
port.

C. auratus, L. Colour brilliant metallic green with a golden
jeflection ; mouth and first four joints of antennte yeUow or reddish
yellow ; thorax broad, very transverse ; elytra strongly emarginate just
before apex, with three raised ridges on each, interstices almost smooth ;
legs red, femora often darker. L. 20-22 mm.

Very abundant in France, where it does great service in destroying the grubs of the
cockchafer. Very doubtfully indigenous in Britain. Examples are often taken in and
near the London markets, that have evidently been imported with vegetables, &c. A
small colony was found in 1863 by Dr. Power aud Mr. Brewer, between Hythe and
Sandgate, under circumstances that seemed to prove them natives, but as Mr. Walton
had some years befoi'e turned a batch loose at Dover, in the hope of their establishing
themselves, they may have owed their origin to these. Recorded also from Lough
Bray in Ireland, but very doubtful, and also from the banks of a tributary of the Clyde,
near Glasgow. (Vide Ent. Ann., 1864, 32.)

C> nitens, L. The smallest but perhaps the handsomest of the
British Carabi ; head and thorax as a rule brilliant copper^^-red, some-
times greenish; elytra shining metallic green with Ijright coppery

Cwahll!^.] ADEPIIAGA. 9

margins, and .suture and three raised ribs on each black or of:>scur(>ly
brassy ; underside and legs black. L. 14-16 mm.

New Forest (Brockenhurst, (tc), Bournemouth, Poole ; Yorkshire ; North Liiuolii-
shire; Cannock Chase; Charnwood Forest; Durham. Scothmd local, Arran, Ayrshire.
Ireland, near Belfast. Usually found on heaths and commons.

C g-ranulatus, L. (cancellatus, Stepli. Cat.). Eathcr depressed,
fuscous brassy, greenish, or almost black, occasionally slightly violaceous ;
head narrow, finely punctured ; thorax transverse with central furrow
distinct ; elytra almost parallel-sided until towards apex, each with
three elevated lines divid(;d by rows of large oblong granules ; underside
and legs black, L. 16-20 mm.

Marshy places, in rotten willows, or under pond refuse; common and widely dis-
tributed throughout the kingdom.

Next to this species comes C. cancellatus. III. {granulatus, StepTi. Cat.) (fig.
Steph. 111. PI. iv. 1), distinguished by its larger size, more convex elytra, brighter
colouring, larger granules on elytra, and by having the femora and first joint of
antenna; red. Although recorded as British, it is a very doubtful species, and requires
further coutirmatiou.

C. monilis, F. Green, coppery, or occasionally entirely vio-
laceous or even blackish ; thorax with sides very little rounded and
plain central furrow ; elytra with three rows of granules separated from
one another by three raised lines ; underside and legs shining black.
L. 22-26 mm

Common and generally distributed in the middle and south of England ; also
recorded from the northern counties. Scotland, only once recorded by Murray as
from Granton, near Edinburgh. Ireland, near Dublin and Armagh.

The var. consitus differs from the type in having the central of the three lines that
separate the rows of granules on the elytra more strongly raised, and the two others
obsolete. It is rather rare, but has occurred at Dover, Chatham, Tonbridge, and other
places.

C. arvensis, F. Smaller than the preceding species ; colour very
variable, greenish, reddish, coppery, violaceous, or dark brassy ; thorax
narrower than in the preceding species, with the sides more contracted
l:)ehind middle ; elytra with three rows of granules on each separated
by three raised lines, which are much less elevated and more obsolete
than in C. monilis ; underside and legs black. L. 16-20 mm.

Local, but not uncommon in spring on sandy heaths. Wimbledon Common, New
Forest, Dean Forest, Bourucniouth, Derbyshire Moors, Charnwood Forest, Snowdon,
Lake District. Scotland common. Highlands; local near Glasgow. Irclaml, near
Belfast ; Kathniullan, co. Donegal.

CAZ.OSOIVIA, Weber.

This genus cumprises a considerable number of species, which are
widely distributed throughout the world. In Europe, however, the
number of species of Carahus far exceeds that of Calofoma. In North
^Vmerica the reverse is the case, although the disproportion between the

10 ADEPHAGA. [Cal0S077ia.

genera is not nearly so marked. The species are easily distinguished by
their peculiar facies, which is due to their short transverse thorax and
very broad and comparatively short elytra. They possess ample wings.
Some species live in the open country, but as a rule they are found on
trees in woods where they hunt their food, which consists largely of the
larvas of Lepidoptera. There is nothing remarkable about the larva3,
which much resemble in form those of Carabus ; that of C. sycophanta
is black, subdepressed, and fleshy, with the upper surface of each
segment and the head more scaly ; the last segment bears two horny
spines. In France they feed voraciously on the larvae of the Proces-
sionary caterpillar, the ravages of which they are very useful in checking.
They will also devour one another.

Lateral border of thorax obliterated before base ; male with

the first four joints of the anterior tarsi pubescent beneath . C. inquisitor, L.

Lateral border of thorax prolonged to base ; male with the first
three joints of anterior tarsi pubescent beneath C. sycophanta, L.

C inquisitor, L. Head coppery, sometimes greenish, produced
in front ; thorax very short, dilated at sides, and contracted towards
base, coppery with greenish margins, rugose, with central furrow, and
two large foveas at base ; elytra broad, dilated behind, coppery with
brilliant green margins, regularly striate longitudinally, and irregularly
striate horizontally, presenting the appearance of being divided into a
number of small raised squares ; each elytron with three series of pores ;
underside greenish and coppery ; legs black. L. 1 6-20 mm.

On oaks in woods, sometimes at sugar ; Dean Forest ; Buddon Wood and Seal
Wood, Leicestershire; New Forest; Bagley Wood, Oxou ; Darenth Wood ; recorded
by Stephens from Norwood and Dulwich ; Ireland, Powerscourt ; not recorded from
Scotland.

C> sycophanta, L. Head small, blue black, extended in front ;
thorax very short, strongly rounded at sides and contracted towards
base, dark green with a bluish or violaceous tinge, with shallow central
line and shallow fovese at base ; elytra rich golden green with coppery
reflections, very broad, somewhat acuminate towards apex, deeply
striated, interstices with transverse scratches, with three series of large
impressions on the third, seventh, and eleventh striai ; underside of a
dark bluish colour ; legs black. L. 22-28 mm.

This beautiful species is not really a native, but only an occasional visitant ; it has
been found rather often on the south-east coast at Deal, Dover, Folkestone, Heme Bay,
and Gravesend; it has also occurred in the Isle of Wight and at Plymouth; one
example was recorded from the Irish coast in 1815, but this is very doubtful. My
specimen was taken at Hastings in 1858, running on the pathway, by a collector living
in the place.

NEBRIINA.

I. Sutural stria of elytra widely separated from second; head

with eyes very large, forehead and clypeus sulcate . . . NOTIOPHILUS, Dum.

II. Inner striae of elytra equidistant ; head normal, forehead

and clypeus simple.

i

Nebriincc] AUErilAGA. 11

i. Miiiulibles dilated at the sides into u horizontal plate,

niaxilhc at base furnislied with spine-bearing processes . Leistits, FroJd.
ii. Mandibles stout, not dilated at the sides, maxilla; merely
setose at base.

1. Anterior tarsi of male feebly dilated "N EBRi A, Latr.

2. Anterior tarsi of male broadly dilated Pelopuila, Dej.

NOTZOPHZZiUS, Dumeril.

The genus Noliophilus iiichules a number of small, briglit lironzc
insects, remarkable for their large eyes, sulcate heads, and the smooth space
near the suture of the elytra ; they run very swiftly. Two or three of
the species are among our commonest insects, and may be seen from
early spring to late autumn running on the roads or pathways in the
open country or in damp places in woods. M. Bedel (Faune des Colc-
opteres du bassin de la Seine, p. 18) raises this genus to the rank of a
trilje.

The larva of Notiopldlus biguttafus is figured by Schiodte (iii. PI. xiii. 12). The head
is long and large and produced in front, with very long and powerful mandibles ; the
anterior part of the clypeus is produced into a bifurcate horn ; the prothorax is sub-
quadrate, somewhat narrower than the head; the rest of the segments are of about
equal breadth, becoming gradually narrower behind until the ninth, which is much
narrowed, and bears two long pilose cerci ; the upper surface is somewhat scabrose, and
the corneous portions are finely reticulate and furnished scantily with short setie.
These larvie are very active ; according to Schiodte the larva of N. higuttatus may ofteu
be seen running on the trunks of trees in the sunshine; that of 2s. aquaticus lives in
damp places near lakes and rivers, and in general appearance much resembles a small
FcBderus.

I. Apex of elytra obscurely yellow.

i. Sides of thorax sinuate towards base ; elytra with
one pore only on the middle third.

1. Form broader ; punctuation stronger . . . . N. BIGUTTATUS, F.

2. Form narrower ; punctuation weaker . . . . N. SUBSTElATtrs, Wat.
ii. Sides of thorax straight ; elytra with two pores on

the middle third N. QTJADRIGUTTATUS, Dej.

II. Apex of elytra without trace of yellow colour.

i. Tibia; entirely dark bronze N. AQUATICUS, L.

ii. Tibiiu testaceous.

1. Apex of elytra shining ; femora entirely dark

bronze N. palusteis. Duff.

2. Apex of elytra dull ; femora broadly reddish . N. eufipks. Curt.

N. big-uttatus, Fab, Shining bronze above, greenish black
beneath, rather more depressed and parallel than the other species,
except N. suhdriatus ; antennae with tirst four joints reddish ; thorax
short with the sides very slightly rounded immediately below the an-
terior angles, and then oblicpiely sloped towards the base, which is
broader than in the other species ; elytra broad, sides parallel, with stri;e
continued to apex, each with three impressions between the second and
third stritt>, one of Avhich is at the base, another at apex, and the third
near the middle ; legs bronze black, tibiae more or less testaceous.
L. 4o-5 mm.

Abundant everywhere throughout the kingdom.

12 ADEPHAGx\. [Nofiophilus.

N. Bubstrlatus, Viat. (bif/utfafus, var. y., Daws.). Resembles the
preceding, but is smaller and narrower with the punctuation much feebler,
the punctured striee being sometimes nearly obsolete, or even entirely
obliterated before apex ; the interstices between the suture and the
first, and between the second and seventh striae are exceedingly finely
shagreened, which gives an opaqueness to those parts contrasting strongly
with the broad glabrous space between the first and second striae ;
the colour invariably is lighter and more brassy. L. 4 mm.

Local, but widely distributed, and probably very often overlooked ; Croydon and
otber places in tbe London district ; Deal; Kepton; Lincoln; Devonshire; Scotland,
local Lowlands, Kircaldy, &c.

N. quadrig'uttatus, Dej. Resembles N. hujuttatiis, oi vftiich it
is commonly considered to be a variety, but differs by having two pores
on the middle third of the elytra instead of one, placed near one another ;
this, however, is not always a constant distinction, for specimens have
been recorded which have two jwres on one side and one on the other ;
the thorax, however, has the sides almost straight to base, and is more
strongly sculptured than in N. bigidtatiis, which has the sides of the
thorax more or less plainly sinuate. L. 4^ mm.

Rare. Sandy places. West Wickham ; Tunbridge Wells ; Redbill ; Reigato.

It is yet a question whether this may not be an uncommon variety oi N. bigultatus,
as the latter has the thorax rather variable in shape ; it seems, however, to have as
good a claim to specific rank as N. suhstriatus.

N. aquaticus, L. Brassy, occasionally dark bluish-black ; an-
tenna3 black with basal joints red beneath ; thorax broadest in front
with sides very slightly rounded and sinuate ; elytra oblong, much wider
than thorax, sides somewhat parallel ; striae well marked, gradually be-
coming feebler behind middle, two only being carried to apex ; between
the third and fourth there is a deep pore a little before middle, and
there is also a smaller one at apex. Legs entirely dark bronze. L.
4| mm.

Common and widely distributed.

N. palustris, Duft. Closely resembles the preceding, with which
it was united by Gyllenhal and Dejean ; it is, however, shorter and
narrower ; the antennce have the three basal joints entirely testaceous ;
the thorax is shorter with the sides more rounded in front and more
contracted behind, and the lateral margins and base less depressed ; the
elytra are shorter and very distinctly narrowed in front, and the tibiis are
testaceous. L. 4 mm.

Rather local, though by no means uncommon in England ; local in Scotland,
Lowlands ; Ireland, common near Dublin. Usually common where it occurs.

N. rufipes, Curt. Rather more coppery than the other species of
the genus ; thorax rather strongly contracted behind ; elytra very smooth,
slightly ochreous and dull at apex ; stria? of elytra well marked,
continued to apex ; between the second and third strite there is a deep

NofirqJiilus.] ADEPHAGA. 13

pore, and anotlior near apex ; antenna; and legs pale fcrraginous, base of
former li;^^hter than the remainder. L. 4^ mm.

lliire. London district : Higligatc, Lewisham, Shirley, Cireenwich Park, Darontb,
Graveseud ; Coombe Wood ; Reigatc ; Tonbridge ; Waltou-oii-Naze ; Colchester. ;
Haustauton.

IiEISTUS, Frohlich.

The species of Leishis as a nile inliabit cold and mountainous coun-
tries, although some are found in warmer latitudes ; they are found at
tlio roots of trees and under stones and bark, and are often taken by
sweeping in damp places ; their most notable characteristic is the
jieculiar formation of the maxilla? and ligula, the latter being prominent,
narrowed at the top, and then trifurcate. We possess about a quarter of
tho European species.

The larvffi of Leistus rttfomarfjinatus, rufescens, and ferrugineus, and the pupa of
L. rvfescens, arc figured by Schiiidte (iii., PI. xv. Fig. 1, 2, 7, 10). The bead is large
witli long and slender mandibles, and is joined to the thorax by a narrow neek ;
the clypeus is produced into a strong bifurcate horn, bearing spinous processes; the
prothorax is longer than broad, narrowed in front ; the dorsal shields of the meso-
and mcta-thorax are very convex with large muscular impressions, those of the
abdominal segments flatter with a small round impression on each side; the anal
process varies in the species, being larger in L. rufescens than L. spinibarbis ; the cerci
and legs are long and ratlier slender ; the colour varies in the several species, bein"-
pale, with the shields more or less dark, with or without a metallic reflection.

I. Upper side metallic (bluish or greenish).
i. Lateral margins of thorax broad.

1. Extreme edge of lateral margins of thorax red . . L. spixibaebis, F.

2. Lateral margins of thorax entirely red L. montanus, Step//.

ii. Lateral margins of thorax narrow L. fulvibakbis, D/-/.

n. Upper side not metallic (reddish or pitchy).

i. Head and thorax concolorous L. FERRroiNEUS, L.

ii. Head black L. rufescens, F.

Xi. spinibarbis, F. Droad and rallier flat ; colour bright blue,
sometimes Avith a greenish tinge ; thorax Avith the sides dilated and
rounded in front, contracted behind, Avith a distinct impressed central
line, disc smooth, margins all punctured ; elytra Avide, rounded at apex,
Avith deep punctured strise ; underside black, legs black, tarsi red ; in
immature examples the legs and margins of thorax am entirely red.
L. 8 mm.

Widely distributed throughout the country, in the northern as well as the
midland and southern districts; not recorded in the Scotch list; Ireland, near
Belfast.

Ii. montanus, Steph. Very like the common L. fulviharlns, but
known at once by its more elongate structure, and especially 1iy tlie form
of the thorax (fig. I)aAv.<on, Geod. Brit, i.. Fig. 5), Avhich is narrower,
more depressed and elongated ; tlic lateral margins .are Avider and are
entirely red ; the elytra are brighter Ijlue, longer in pi'ojiortion, Avith
sides more parallel, and more linely .^^triated and punctured; legs red,
dusky at apex of femora. L. 7 mm.

14 ADEPHAGA. [Leistus.

A rare species, attached to mountainous districts. Lake district, Cumberland, &c. ;
Skiddaw ; Cheviots ; Scotland, Highlands, Tweed, Forth, Moray, Tay ; Ireland,
Croagh Patrick, Mangerton, &c.

Xi. fulvibarbis, Dej. Dark blue, sometimes almost black ; thorax
short, very strongly rounded at sides and contracted towards base with
side margins narrow and but slightly raised ; elytra rather wide with
very deep and strongly punctured striae ; legs red, base of femora often
darker. L, 6|-7| mm.

Very common in England ; Scotland, local. Lowlands ; Ireland, near Dublin and
Belfast.

Ii. ferrug-ineus, L. {spmiJahris, Panz.). Upper side entirely
lighter or darker red-brown ; thorax short, very strongly rounded at sides
and contracted to base, with posterior angles sharp right angles ; elytra
long oval with deep and strongly punctured striae, which become shallower
at sides, but are always traceable ; legs testaceous. L. 6 mm.

Rather common in England; Scotland, only recorded as Scotch by A. Murray,
"not uncommon at Pressmenan, Lammermuir Hills ;" Ireland, apparently very local.

Xi. rufescens, F. {terminatus, Panz.). Eather darker than the
preceding ; sometimes with thorax and elytra entirely dark piceous ;
easily distinguished from L. ferruginens by its black head and the blunter
angles of the thorax ; the elytra are rather wider than in that species,
and the stria3 are feebler and almost obsolete at the sides ; legs testaceous.
L. 6 mm.

This species seems more attached to damp places at the roots of grass than the
preceding, and is very often taken by sweeping ; it is local but not uncommon
throughout the country; Scotland, scarce, Lowlands ; Ireland, very local, Armagh,
Antrim.

NEBRIA, Latreille.

This genus comprises the old genus HeJohia, Curtis, and at one time
included Pelophila, Dej., as well ; the species are very numerous, and are
Avidely distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. The
species of Nehria proper are for the most part inhabitants of the sea
coast, while the species of Helohia (represented in our fauna by N. hrevi-
collis and N. G ijUenTialii) are inland insects : this does not, however,
always hold good. They vary considerably in structure, but for the most
part are remarkable for their short thorax, which has the sides strongly
contracted towards base as in Leistus.

As a rule the species belonging to the sub-genus Helohia are dark-coloured ; some,
however, e.g. N. catenulata and iV". metallica, are very brightly tinted with iridescent
metallic colours.

The larva of N. hrevicoUis is figured by Schiodte (Part iii., PL xiv. 1), and it is
also described by Blisson (Ann. Fr. 1848, 73). It is dark brown or luteous above
and straw-coloured below; the head is somewhat orbicular, not as broad as prothorax,
to which it is joined by a rather long and distinct neck ; the prothorax is transverse,
and bears a large finely margined shield which nearly covers its whole surface ; the
dorsal abdominal shields are not margined; the ninth abdominal segment is very
short, almost hidden, and the anal appendage is long and cylindrical ; the ccrci are

Nf'hria.] adephaga. 15

long', with long outstanding hairs, and ftiruished with minute setigorous tubercles ;
tarsal claws very unecjual ; the hirva is very active, and is found in damp and shady
places.

I. Thorax entirely or partially reddish or testaceous.

i. Head testaceous ; elytra testaceous with wavy dark

niiirkings N. COMPLANATA, L.

ii. Head black; elytra black with testaceous margins . N. livida, 7'\

II. Thorax black.

i. Antennaj and palpi red N. beevicollis, F.

ii. Antennse and palpi blackish N. Gtllenhalii, Schaum.

N. complanata, L. Eroad, and entirely pale ochreons j^ellow,
with inside of mandibles and two very irregular ])and3 on elytra black ;
thorax narrow, moderately contracted at base with acute posterior angles,
with a transverse impression in front and behind, united by a faint dorsal
line ; elytra oblong, rather flat, testaceous with deep stride not very evi-
dently punctured ; legs testaceous, femora sometimes slightly darker. L.
18-20 mm.

On sandy coasts under refuse, &c. Devonshire, Barnstaple. Bideford, Wool-
ocombe sands near Ilfraconibe ; Wales, Swansea (rather common), Tenby (very rare) ;
also recorded from Lincolnshire coast, but I have never hoard of one being captured
in this county ; Ireland, one dead specimen found on the Arklow sands l)y Mr.
Furlong and recorded by Mr. Haliday. Also lately taken by Mr. W. de Vismes Kane
at Courtown, co. Wexford. The Welsh specimens are of a lighter colour than the
Devonshire ones.

N. livida, F. Smaller, narrower and more elongate than the
preceding ; head black, mouth-parts and antenn?e testaceous. Thorax
testaceous, with the anterior and posterior margins black, very trans-
verse, rather strongly contracted at base, anterior angles produced,
posterior angles obtuse but well marked, lateral margins broadly re-
flexed and punctured ; elytra oblong, depressed, black with testaceous
margins, with sides almost parallel, and deep, punctate strise ; legs and
extreme apex of abdomen testaceous. L. 14-lG mm.

Very local. Cromer ; Scarborougli, Bridlington, and Filey ; it occurs in abundance
in the crevices of the clay cliffs on the Yorkshire coast at the two first of these three
localities. I have never found more than one or two under refuse on the shore, and
these were evidently stray specimens. It has also been taken at Cannock Chase,
Staffordshire, by Mr. Garneys and Mr. J. Harris; this is a very remarkable locality
for this usually maritime insect.

N. brevicollis, F. {cursor, Miill.). leather flat, black, antennrc
red; lliorax shurt, strongly contracted behind, with broad and coarsely
punctured margins ; elytra rather liroad and parallel-sided witli deep
and strongly punctured strise ; legs red, femora sometimes pitchy black.
L. 9-12 mm.

Very abundant and widely distributed; one of our commonest British inscc'.s.

N. G-yllenhalil, Sch. (Jii/perhnrea, Gyll.). Smaller and narrower
than the preceding with the antenntie dark ; the underside of the
breast is finely punctured, wliereas in N. hrrriroUis this part is coarsely
punctured ; the legs as a rule are l)lack, but occasionally they are en-
tirely red ; elytra oblong with shoulders narrower and more rcundoil

16 ADEPHAQA. [Nebna.

than in the preceding species : occasionally varieties occur with the
elytra entirely rust red. L. 8|-9f mm.

A very common mouiitaiu species, frequenting the banks of streams and rivulets
and damp places among stones. Derbyshire ; Lake District; Wales; Scotland, High-
lands ; Ireland (mountainous districts) ; the variety with red legs is said to be
common on ISnowdon.

FEXiOFKIZiA, Dejean.

This genus comprises very few species, which are mostly confined to
Northern Asia ; it forms the transition from the Nebriina to the Ela-
phrina, the structure of the mouth closely resembling that of Nehria,
while its general form connects it closely with Bletliisa.

P. borealis, Payk. Brassy black or brassy ; palpi and antennro
black ; thorax short, sides strongly rounded and contracted to base,
posterior angles acute, anterior and posterior margins strongly punctured,
central furrow distinct ; elytra much broader than thorax, with sides
slightly rounded, striae shallow, often almost obsolete at sides, the third
interstice with four or five very large round impressions, and the fifth
with two to five, the number varying in different specimens or even on
different elytra of the same insect. Legs black, sometimes more or less
ferruginous. L. 8-11 mm.

Under stones or running in the sun by the side of lakes, &c. ; not recorded from
England or Wales. Scotland, Orkney Islands. Ireland, rather widely distributed, and
common where it occurs ; Killaruey ; near Belfast ; Lough Neagh. I have just (Oct.
1885) received a large series from Lowry's Lough, near Armagh, from Rev. W. P.
Johnson ; the Irish examples are more brassy than the Scotch.

ELAPHRINA.

I. Side margins of elytra continued as far as scutellum ; thorax

with lateral margins wide Blethisa, Bon.

II. Side margins of elytra not continued at base; thorax with

very narrow lateral margins Elaphrus, F.

BIiETKISA, Bonclli.

The genus Blethisa comprises about a dozen species confined to the
northern hemisphere.

B. multipunctata, L. Brownish or greenish brassy ; thorax
broader than the head, a little broader than long, subquadrate, very
slightly narrowed towards base, posterior angles acute, base broad and
with a deep punctured fovea on each side, side margins very wide ;
elytra broad, rather parallel-sided, with greenish margins, stride rather
irregular, finely punctured, interstices convex, the third and fifth in-
terrupted with from three to five large shining impressions ; legs brassy
black. L. 11 mm.

Local and rather rare, but widely distributed ; in marshy places or on the banks of
streams and rivers under stones, &c., or running in the sun. Cambridgeshire Fens;

Bleth/'m.] adepiiaoa. 17

Askhnin Bog, York; Rppton ; Lincoln; Carlisle; rare in the London district;
Essex ; Slapton Ley, Devonshire. Scotluud local, Lowlands ; also taken at Braeinar.
Ireland, near Belfast.

EZiAPKRUS, Fahricius.

Tlie species of this genus (aLout tliiity in number) are confined to
the northern lieniisphere. In the sliape of their liead, largo prominent
eyes, general contour, and the rapidity of their movements they bear
a close resemblance to the Cicindelid?e ; they are found in damp places,
on the mud at the margins of streams and rivers, running with great
swiftness in the sunshine.

The larva of Elaphrus cupreus is figured by Schicidte (iii., PI. xiii.. Fig. 2). It is
linear, slightly fusiform, with a subquadrate head fastened to the thorax by a very
broad neck; the clypiais is serrate and has the centre sharply elevated into a short,
sharp, conical horn ; the shields of the thorax and of all the dorsal segments of abdo-
men are margined, shortly pilot-e, and furnished with erect set:e; the cylindrical anal
appendage is twice as long as the ninth segment, and the cerci arc comparatively
short and thick, a little bent, and somewhat branched, furnished with long outstandino-
hairs ; the larva is white with the head and dorsal shields of thorax and abdomen
metallic; the legs are yellowish, with sti'ong claw.s of equal length.

I. Tibiae testaceous.

i. Male with three first joints of anterior tarsi dilated;

elytra with one polished raised granule near suture

especially conspicuous E. RiPAEitTS, L,

ii. Male with four first joints of anterior tarsi dilated;

elytra with four polished raised granules near suture

about equally conspicuous E. cupretjs, Du/f.

II. TibiiD dark.

i. Sculpture of elytra distinct. L. 7 mm E. ttlioinosus, /•''.

ii. Sculpture of elytra iudistinct. L. 9 mm E. Lappoxicus, Gj/IL

E. riparius, L. Upper side coppery with a strong metallic
green tinge ; antennae greenish at base, the upper joints fuscous and
pubescent ; thorax narrowed in front and behind, densely punctured,
witli a dorsal line dividing and usually forming a Y in front ; elytra In-oad,
very densely punctured with four rows of shallow oeellato fovea; ; near
the suture is a conspicuous polished granule, and traces of smaller ones
towards apex ; tarsi and femora metallic green, tibiae testaceous. L. 6-7
mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout England ; abundant in the Lowlands
of Scotland, but not recorded from the Uighlands. Ireland, near Dublin and Belfast.

E. cupreus, Duft. Brownish brassy with a j)urplish tinge on the
elytra ; antcnu;e l)lack, l)asal joints with a metallic tinge ; thorax rather
long, somewhat coarsely punctured, with strong Y-shaped furrow on
centre of disc, posterior angles very acute and prominent ; elytra broad,
Avith four rows of shallow, coarsely punctured, occUate fovea?, usually
of a purple colour, with a longitudinal raised granule between each pair,

C

18 ADEPHAGA. [Elaplirus.

those at the side being indistinct ; femora and tarsi metallic, tibiae
testaceous. L. 8 mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

E. uligrinosus, Fabr. Very like the preceding, but easily dis-
tinguished by its black tibiae and greenish colour ; the thorax is shorter
and narrower in front, with the sides much more strongly dilated and
rounded in the middle, and the punctuation much more distinct ; the
elytra have the large ocellate foveae, as a rule, shallower and smaller.
L. 7|-8 mm.

Local and rather rare ; Cambridgeshire Fens ; Swansea ; Devonshire ; Weston,
Oxfordshire ; Repton ; near Croydon ; Coombe Wood. Scotland, scarce ; Tay, Dee,
Sohvay; has occurred in some numbers at Rannoch.

E. Ziapponicus, Gyll. Very variable in colour, brassy green,
coppery red, bluish, crimson, or darkly coloured ; head longitudinally
rugose behind, antennae black with the base metallic ; thorax rather long
with the sides not strongly rounded and only moderately contracted be-
hind, posterior angles only slightly prominent, dorsal furrow rather
obsolete in some specimens, strongly marked in others ; elytra oblong
ovate, longer than in any of the preceding species, sculpture and markings
on the same plan, but much less pronounced, and often very indistinct ;
legs entirely dark, more or less metallic. L. 9 mm.

Rare ; a mountain species ; found chiefly in the Scotch Highlands, Tay, Dee, Hebri-
des; taken on the Catlaw and Clova Mountains in Forfarshire, at Braemar, &c.; has
also occurred on Skiddaw (J. T. Harris).

The genus Omophron, once reputed as British, appears to bear a close
relationship in many points to the Elaphrina, notably in the structure
of its mouth organs, and in the similarity of some of its habits. In
general form it much resembles a Haliplus, and this, coupled with its habitat
in wet sand near the margins of streams or ponds, has led many people
to consider it as a connecting link between the Carabidae and Dytiscidae :
on a close examination of its structure, however, its proper position
appears to be near EJaphrus. Erichson, followed by Gemminger and
V. Harold (Munich Catalogue, i. p. 42), Horn, and others, places it at
the head of the Carabide series. Gyllenhal placed it near Loricera.
The larva is very peculiar, resembling a young GnjUotalpa, and being
remarkable for its very large convex prothorax, and long stout legs.

LORICERINA.

The Loricerina are closely connected with the Nebriina and Elaphrina,
and on the other side show in many points an affinity to the Panagaeina.

ZiORICERA, Latreille.

This genus comprises a small number of species, which, with one or
two exceptions, are confined to the northern hemisphere. Our single

Lorirera.'] adephaga. 19

species, which is also the only one found in Europe, is remarkable for the
long hairs ])orne by the second to the. sixth joints of the antenuce.

The larva of Loricera pilicornis (figured by Schiodte, iii., PI. xiv., Fig. 8) is one of
the most remarkable of the Carabideous larvae; the bead is round, rather broader
than long, with large mandibles and very peculiar maxillary palpi, the stipites being,
as Schiodte observes, "stupendaj magnitudinis;" this term also applies to the cerci,
which are as long as all the abdominal segments together ; the muscular impressions of
the mcso- and meta-thorax are very conspicuous : the membranous portions of the body
are white, while the corneous portions (which arc much softer than is usual), together
with the cerci, are black ; the larva is very active ; the pupa, also figured by Schiodte,
is as abnormal as the larva.

Ii. pilicornis, F. Brassy or brassy black, sometimes with a greenish
reflection ; head short and wide, eyes globose and prominent, antcnnce
fuscous black, first joint smooth, reddish at base, joints 2-6 set with
long rigid hairs ; thorax rounded in front, contracted behind middle,
posterior angles obtuse, with a well-marked central furrow, and rather
strong lateral margrus ; elytra rather broad with twelve striae composed
of line regular punctures, with three large impressed fovese on the third
and fourth striae ; femora dark, tibi;e and tarsi testaceous.

Very common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom, except in the
extreme north of Scotland : it is found on the borders of rivers and streams, at the
roots of trees, and in various other situations.

SCARITINA.

The Scaritina comprise a considerable number of genera and a great
many species : they are distinguished by having the elytra separated
from the thorax by a more or less distinct peduncle, by their short
antennae, which are often elbowed, and by the broad, strong, palmate or
dentate anterior tibiae, with which they dig and burrow in the sand or
sandy earth in which they live; their colour for the most part is black
or bronze. Some of the species are very large, but these, as a rule, are
inhabitants of the New World ; our species are small, and we iio not
possess a single Scaritfs proper.

I. Thorax more or less tiuadrate ; side border of thorax pro-
longed to meet basal margin Clivina, Latr.

II. Tliorax globose ; side border of thorax evanescent towards

base DysCHifilus, Bon.

CliZVZMA, Latrcillo.

This genus contains over 200 species, which arc widely distributed
over the surface of the globe ; they are almost all blackish or reddish-
l)rown ; they are found in damp places, on the banks of streams, Arc,
under stones or refuse, in galleries or burrows which they dig in the
sandy ground or mud.

I. Thorax and elytra uiiicolorous pitchy black ; elytra elongate

but not parallel-sided C. FOSSOK, L.

II. Thorax pitchy black ; elytra ferruginous ; elytra parallel-
sided C. coiLAEis, .HierJff^.

0 2

20 ADEPHAGA, [Cllvina.

C. fossor, L. Pitchy black, Avith the margins of the elytra and the
suture sometimes pitchy red ; thorax nearly quadrate, broadest behind
at the posterior angles, disc more or less transversely strigose ; elytra
elongate, dilated behind middle, with strong punctured striae, the third
with four larger impressions ; legs ferruginous. L. 6 mm.

Common in England and Ireland. Scotland, abundant, Lowlands.

C. collaris, Herbst. Smaller narrower and more elongate in pro-
portion than the preceding; head and thorax pitchy, elytra ferruginous ;
head shorter and rounder ; thorax more quadrate, less dilated at the pos-
terior angles, and with disc smoother ; elytra narrower. The distinctive
characters that separate this insect, although slight, are very constant.
L. 5| mm.

Local but not uncommon in England, and Scotland, Lowlands.

DVSCKIRIUS, Eonelli.

The species of this genus, about 125 in number, inhabit for the most
part temperate regions ; very few are found within the tropics ; they are
usually of a bronze colour, brilliantly shining, although specimens are
often taken of a black or dark-brown colour without any metallic tint.
Our species are among the smallest of our Carabidaj ; they burrow in sandy
places on the sea coast or on the banks of ponds or streams ; they are
nearly always found in company with different species of Dledius, which
in all stages seem to be their natural prey.

The larva of Dyschirius thoracicus is described by Thomson (Skand. Col. i., p. 187),
and is figured by Schiodte (iii., PI. xviii., Fig. 17). It is about 6 mm. long, ferru-
ginous, with the head and upper side of thorax darker ; the head is quadrate with
serrated clypeus and strong mandibles ; the prothorax is quadrate, of the same breadth
as the head ; the whole larva is parallel-sided, the abdominal segments from the
seventh becoming narrower ; the conical anal appendage is about as long as the ninth
segment, and the cerci are very short, not as long as the anal appendage ; the mus-
cular impressions of the first seven abdominal segments are very strong ; the upper
surface of the body is depressed, smooth and shining, and covered with small erect
setae. The larvae, like the perfect insects, are found on the sandy shores of the sea,
lakes, or rivers, devouring the larvae of Bledii and Heteroceri.

The species are very hard to distinguish in many cases ; the chief
points to be noticed are the shape of the elytra, whether ovate or cylin-
drical, the punctuation or absence of punctuation of the striae, and the
dentation of the exterior side of the front tibiae.

I. Striae of elytra prolonged to apex.

i. Anterior margin of clypeus with a central tooth
(distinct in male, sometimes feeble in female).

1. Interspaces of thorax and elytra smooth ; striae

of elytra finely and plainly punctured . . . D. thoeacicus, Mossi.

2. Interspaces of thorax alutaceous ; striae of

elytra strong, almost impuuctate . . . . D. OBSCUEtrs, Gt/ll.
ii. Anterior margin of thorax without central tooth.
1. Teeth on outer side of anterior tibiae indistinct.
A. Interstices of elytra convex ; stria3 deep,

almost impunetate D. impunctipennis, Daus.

jji/schiriui^.'] ADEniAGA, 21

13. Interstices of elytra flat ; stria) plainly
punctured.

a. Lateral border of elytra ceasing at shoulder

or very indistinctly prolonged.
a* Elytra narrow, cylindrical, with stria?

finer and punctures wider apart . . D. POLITUS, DeJ.
h* Elytra oblong, with stria; coarser and

punctures nearer together . . . . D. nitidus, DeJ.

b. Lutoral liorder of elytra clearly prolonged

from shoulder in a fine raised line to

peduncle ; elytra cylindrical . . . . D. EXTENStrs, Pufz.
2. At least the lower tooth on the outer side of
the anterior tibia) distinct.
A. Lateral margin of elytra prolonged from

shoulder D. angustatus, Ahr.

li. Lateral margin of elytra not or very feebly
prolonged from shoulder.
a. Thorax somewhat parallel-sided ; elytra

cylindrical D. SALINTS, Schaum.

h. Tlioras almost circular ; elytra oblong

ovate D. jeneus, Dej,

n. Dorsal striie on elytra eSaced on sides and towards
apex ; sutural stria shortened at base, entire at
apex ; species very small D. globostjs, Herhst.

D. thoracicus, Rossi. Shining bronze, sometimes shining black or
lull black, occasionally reddish ; head small, deeply furrowed on each side
between the eyes ; mouth parts (except tips of mandiljles), basal joint of
anteim;c and base of two next joints red ; clypeus with three teeth, the
centi'al one more or less distinct ; thorax very globose with a strong
dorsal furrow deepest at base ; elytra ovate, slightly narrowed in front
with rounded shoulders, with rather fine and distinctly punctured strife,
the third interstice with two or three impressions, marginal stria reach-
ing beyond humeral angle; anterior tibia3 acutely dentate externally,
with the apical tooth largest ; legs more or less ferruginous, femora
(esjiecially the anterior pair) darker, or quite black. L. 3| mm.

Sandy' places on the coast ; under stones or in damp places ; Bridlington in pi'O-
fusiou in company with Slediurs arenarius ; Chesil Hoach ; Kent (not common);
Newcastle-on-Tyue ; and many other places. Scotland only recorded from one
locality, Aberlady, where it is common. Ireland, near Dublin.

D. obscurus, (Jyll. This species appears to come very close to the
preceding, of which it has been considered a variet3\ Gyllenhal, in his
description (Insect. Suec. iv. 45G), describes it as exceedingly like
I), tlioracicus, but shorter, smaller, with the antenniB and legs more
rufous and with the striae of the elytra scarcely punctured. Dawson
((Jeod. Brit. p. 29) compares it with D. salhms, and says that it is
shorter and narrower than that insect, and may be recognized by its
elongate and cylindric f(jrm, and more especially by the deeply impressed
striae on the elytra, which are entin'ly smooth and impunctate ; the colour
appears to be obscure brassy or greenish black. Length about 3 mm.

Introduced as Uritish on the authority of M. Putzeys. who said that JI. Heiche
possessed a specimen taken in England ; afterwards recorded by Ilaiiday from Longh

22 ADBPHAGA. [^Dyscliirius.

Neagli, Ireland. I can, however, find no trace of an authentic British specimen, and
for the present at all events it ought not to be admitted to a place in our lists.

D. impunctipennis, Daws, (inermis, Curt.). Head and thorax
as a rule obscure black or pitchy, elytra pitchy, often seneous, or the
whole insect is of a dark bronze colour, head with an oblong depression
behind the eyes, palpi and antennae ferruginous, paler at base ; thorax
rather long, somewhat narrowed in front, sides not strongly rounded,
disc with central furrow ; elytra less ovate and more parallel-sided than
in D. thoracicus, deeply striated, the striae deepest . at the base next the
suture, apparently quite impunctate, except under a strong lens which
renders visible some fine punctures irregularly scattered, third inter-
stice with two, occasionally with three impressions ; anterior tibise fur-
nished externally with two very obsolete almost invisible teeth very
different from the sharp and distinct external teeth of D. thoracicus.

Sandy places on or near the coast. Weymouth; Deal; Lancashire coast ; sands
bordering the Bristol Channel. Scotland, very local, Moray, Solvvay.

D. politus, Dej. ^neous or greenish bronze, female duller, often
black or pitchy ; mouth parts and antennae ferruginous, base of latter
lighter; thorax oblong ovate, longer than broad, with sides rather
parallel, not strongly rounded, central furrow rather fine ; elytra hardly
broader than thorax, broad and rather elevated at the shoulders, elon-
gate, sides not quite parallel but gradually decreasing in width toward
apex, with plain punctured striae, which are continued to the apex, or
unite and terminate in pairs just before it, third interstice with two or
three impressions ; the anterior tibiae are furnished externally with two
obsolete denticulations, wdiich are often quite wanting. L. 4 mm.

Sandy and clayey places, on the banks of ditches, &c. ; occasionally found in sand-
pits ; inland, and maritime. Sheppy in company with Bledius spectatilis and tri-
cornis ; Sheerness ; Deal ; Shiiley ; lied Hill ; Charlton; Brentford; West Wickham.
Scotland, very local, at the mouth of the Nith below Dumfries, scarce. Ireland,
near Belfast. Dawson mentions Lowestoft and other places on the Suffolk, Norfolk,
and Lincolnshire coasts, and also Bridlington, Yorkshire ; at the latter place I have
taken very sparingly a small Dyschirius which I used to consider D. angustatus, but
which appears rather to be a small form of D.politus; the external teeth of the
anterior tibije are occasionally rather plain in these specimens, but are often quite
absent ; they occur in company with a Bledius which appears to be crassicollis, but
in some points differs from that insect, although it is plainly not erraticus, the only
other species belonging to this section.

D. nitidus, Dej. Shining brassy ; base of antennae and mouth
parts ferruginous ; head with a deep rugose impression on each side
between eyes, united in front by a transverse elevated line ; thorax
rather longer than broad, broadest behind the middle, disc very convex
with a deep central furrow ; elytra Avider than the thorax, elongate, with
shoulders well marked, sides subparallel, strongly striated, especially at
the base and near suture, the striae plainly punctured except at apex,
marginal stria abbreviated at shoulder, third interstice with two or three

Dyschirius.^ adephaga. 23

impressions ; legs stouter than in the other species ; external teeth of
anterior tibiae small or entirely wanting. L. 4|-5|- mm.

Very local ; maritime ; Norfolk and Lincolnshire coasts ; Wallasey, near Liverpool ;
Deal ; Sliorehani ; Thames and Humher (Stephens). Scotland, very local, Moray
and Sohvay. It is the largest of our indigenous Dyschirii.

D. extensus, Putz. (elongatidus, Daws.). Shining bronze, mouth
parts, antennce, and legs red; thorax half as long again as broad, as broad
as elytra, with a fine but distinct central furrow ; elytra very elongate,
cylindrical, parallel-sided, with strong punctured striae ; the anterior tibiae
present hardly any trace of teeth, or are quite simple. This species is
easily distinguished from all the others by its narrow and quite cylindri-
cal form, elongate elytra, and very long thorax. L. 3| mm.

Very local and rare ; maritime ; Deal ; Shoreham ; Lancing ; near Folkestone ;
found by Mr. A. C. Ilorner in company with Bledius tricornis, not molesting the
Bledius, but devouring ants which abounded in the vicinity.

D. ang-ustatus, Putz. {Jejunus, Daws.). Head and thorax brassy
black, elytra brassy ; head rugose ; antennae red, ligliter at base ; thorax
rather long, hardly narrower in front than behind, where it is widest,
with sides slightly rounded, central furrow distinct, but rather fine,
disc moderately strongly striated ; elytra elongate, with well-marked
shouklors, with sides somewhat parallel, striae distinct and jilainly punc-
tured, feebler towards apex ; legs red ; anterior tibiae armed externally with
two distinct strong obtuse teeth, the lower one largest. L. 2^-3 mm.

Very local and rare ; banks of the Irthing, Northumberland (Bold) ; Hayling
Island (E. Saunders) . Easily distinguished by its narrow cylindrical form, rugose head,
and the external denticulatiou of the anterior tibiae.

D. salinus, Schaum. Dark bronze, sometimes bluish or greenish ;
palpi, and antennae except base pitchy ; thorax short hardly longer than
broad, broadest behind the middle, somewhat globose, with distinct
central furrow ; elytra broader than the thorax, somewhat cylindrical,
rather flat, with strong striae which are coarsely and deeply punctured
towards base, but more feebly towards apex and at sides ; legs pitchy or
pitchy red ; anterior tibiae armed with two teeth, the one nearest the
apex being very large and distinct. L. 3|^ mm.

Maritime; salt marshes and banks of ditches near the sea; also banks of tidal
rivers ; widely distributed and very abundant where it occurs. Scotland local, mari-
time. Forth, Solway. Ireland, near Dublin. This species is easily distinguished
from D. polifus, which is its nearest ally, by its shorter thorax, more j)arallel elytra,
very distinct punctuation, and the larger teeth on the external side of the anterior
tibiae.

D. eeneus, Dcj. !Much smaller than the preceding, whicli in some
point.s it resembles ; the thorax, however, is more rounded tlian in
D. fta/inus, and the elytra are oblong ovate, and ratlier strongly rounded at
tlie sides ; the striae are strong and coarsely inincturt'd tnwards base, tiner
and more fi'cbly punctured behind middle, and the marginal stria ceases

24 ADEPHAGA. [DijscMrius.

at the humeral angle ; legs dark red, pitchy, or black ; anterior tibias
furnished with two external teeth, the one near apex strong, the other
almost obsolete. L. 2| mm.

Sandy banks of ponds and ditches, maritime and inland. Burton-on-Trent ;
Bcwdlcy ; Cannock Chase ; Plnmstead Marshes ; Sheppy ; Gravesend ; Darenth Wood ;
Wcybridge; Reigate ; Whittlesea Mere; Hastings; Glanvilles VVootton ; Luccombe
Chine, Isle of Wight; Northumberland. Scotland, Tain, Eosshire (Bold). Ireland
(rare).

This is a variable species both as regards form and colour : the Isle of Wight ex-
amples are more slender than the type in many cases ; a specimen I took at Luccombe
in April, 1885, not only is narrower, but has the sides of the thorax less rounded.

D. grlobosus, Herbst. Black or pitchy, sometimes bronze ; antennae
pitchy, base reddish ; thorax very convex, globose, with fine central
furrow ; elytra ovate, with shoulders rounded, very convex, with strong
and very coarsely punctured strise which disappear before apex and at
sides, with the exception of the sutural and marginal strise ; legs red or
pitchy, femora often darker ; anterior tibiae with two minute external
teeth. L. 2 mm.

Sandy banks of ponds, &c., inland and maritime ; widely distributed in England,
and occurring in great profusion. Scotland, common, Lowlands. Ireland near
Belfast and DubliUj and probably common throughout the country.

HARPALIN^.

The tribes that make up the Harpaline series (HarjxiUnce trihiis) in-
clude the whole of the remainder of the Carabidse ; they are distingTiished
by the fact that the mesothoracic epimera do not reach the middle coxal
cavities, which are entirely closed by the sterna. Various methods of
classification have been adopted for the series ; none, however, can bo
quite satisfactory, for a linear classification is impossible, many of the
tribes and genera running parallel to one another and presenting equal
affinities in different directions ; the system below adopted, hoAvever,
appears to be for many reasons open to fewer objections than some of
the others ; it is based upon the old distinction of the formation
of the anterior tarsi of the male ; this is indeed open to some
objections, notably that it excludes the determination of the position of
the female apart from the male, but it is more satisfactory and holds
together genera with evidently natural affinities better than less evident
and more artificial characters that have been adopted by some writers,
which are very useful in subdivision, but if used as primary characters,
separate genera widely that ought evidently to be placed close together.
One of the chief alterations that have been made of late years is the
removal of the Bembidiina from the end of the family of Carabidse ;
owing to the small subulate last joint of the palpi occurring in the
Haliplidae and some of the Dytiscidse, as well as in the Bembidiina,
coupled with the subaquatic habits of the latter, they Avere considered as
a connecting link between the Geodephaga and Hydradephaga ; it is,
however, generally acknowledged that for several reasons the Bembidiina
are more fitly placed higher in the series, although, if we recognize the

Ilarpalimt.'] adepitaga. 25

system of parallel tribes, wc need not lose sight of their afTmities to the
true water beetles.

The following are the chief divisions of the TTarpalinse : —

I. Elytra not truncate at apex .'.... Intruncatipennes.

II. Elytra truncate at apex, or subtruncate 'I'kuxcatipennes.

INTRUXCATIPENNES.
The group in which the elytra are not truncate at apex comprises five
great subdivisions ; for help with regard to them, more especially with
regard to the covering of the soles of the anterior tarsi of the male, I am
much indebted to the kindness of Mr. Bates.

i. DiVERSiMANi. Male with the anterior tarsi differing in the various species as
regards the number of joints dilated, the solos of the dilated joints clothed with
fine short erect hairs.

ii. Patellijiam. i\Iale with the first two or three joints of tlie anterior tarsi
dilated either square, transrerxe-oblong, or rounded, the soles clothed with fine
short erect hairs : the first joint is sometiuies rounded triangular.

iii. Quaduipalmati. Male with the first four joints (occasionally joints 2-4) of the
anterior tarsi dilated, the soles of the dilated joints clothed with biseriate squama)
or with fine short erect hairs ; intermediate tarsi often dilated as well.

iv. Tkipalmati. Male with the first three joints of the anterior tarsi dilated,
cord'iform or emarginate, the soles clothed with squama?.

V. Bipalmati. Males with the first two joints of the anterior tarsi dilated (occa-
sionally in certain Tachys quite simple), the soles almost always clothed with
squama?, iu one or two cases, e.g. Tachypus, pilose.

Sub-Div. i. Diversimani.

This division is established by Bates (Biologia Centrali- Americana,
Carabida?, p. 39), where he says, "This new subdivision is here j)roposed
for tlie reception of the Broscidce group of authors, which differs from
all other aggregates of genera by the great diversity in the form and
number of the dilated joints of the male tarsi, the palms of the same
])eing invarialjl}^ clothed with a smooth brush of hairs. Xot only are
the tarsi of the middle as well as of the front pair of legs sometimes
dilated (gen. Ccificeiius, Cerotalls, and others), but the number of dilated
joints varies from species to species, and in some members of the typical
genus (Brosais) is reduced to two on the anterior tarsi only ; and again
species occur in which the male tarsi are simple like the female. This
peculiarity sulliciently distinguishes the subdivision from the equivalent
groups of the same rank {Pattllimani, &c.), and the position of the sub-
division at the commencement of the second great section of the Cara-
bidiB, which I now adopt, is sufficiently indicated by the occurrence in
one or other of the genera of minor characters distinctive of the first
great section — for instance, the glaln'ous surface of tlu; four basal joints
of the antenna?, a character which does not reappear henceforward in the
long series of forms belonging to the second division of this great
family."

BROSCINA.

The division Diversimani is hardly reijuired for our fauna, as we ojdy

26 ADEPHAGA. [Bwscina.

possess two genera comprising one species each, Broscus and Miscodera,
both of which have the firet three joints of the anterior tarsi of the male'
dilated, the former rather strongly, the latter only moderately ; no con-
fusion, however, can arise, as our species are easily distinguished by
having the hind body pedunculate, and by having the scutellum situated
in the peduncle, and not let into the base of the elytra ; as the neck of
the thorax covers the peduncle either wholly or partially, the thorax
requires to be bent forward in order to render the character quite dis-
tinct ; the first four joints of the antennae are glabrous, the rest
pubescent.

I. Head narrower than tborax ; penultimate joint of maxillary
palpi strongly narrowed behind, somewhat dilated in trout ;

base of thorax not fringed Miscodeea, JF^cA.

II. Head as broad as thorax ; penultimate joint of maxillary palpi
normal ; base of thorax fringed with a row of close-set fine

bristles Beoscus, Pans.

MISCODEZIA, Eschscholtz.

This genus comprises five species from Northern Europe and North
America. Dr. Horn includes three of the species under M. arcHca, and
considers that there are only two species, M. aretica and M. insignis ;
he says (Carabidae, p. 168), that in Northern Europe and Siberia
M. aretica has received the name of erythropus Mots. ; crossing to Alaska
it becomes Americana Mann., and finally reaches Newfomiflland under
the name Hardyi Chaud. ; it is, however, all one species varying in size
and brilliancy of surface in the several localities. The species in form
and general appearance resemble a large Dyschirius, and seem therefore
naturally to follow this genus : it must be remembered, however, that
they differ very widely in many respects, and that it is not because of
the similarity of outward form that they are placed after them.

TH. aretica, Payk. {Leiochiton Readii, Curtis). Usually brassy,
sometimes greenish black or black ; antennae and palpi red ; thorax
globose, very convex, with a rather indistinct dorsal line, base without
f oveae at sides, with a narrow depressed neck ; elytra ovate with shoulders
rounded, with a few more or less obsolete punctured striae near suture
which vanish at sides and apex ; hind body pedunculate, scutellum
situated in peduncle ; legs red. L. 6 mm.

Local, usually on high moors and mountains, under stones, &c. ; Derbyshire ; York-
shire ; Llangollen, Moel-y-Gamblin ; Church Stretton ; Cannock Chase (taken in
numbers by Mr. Blatch). Scotland, local, mountains and high moors, Tweed, Tay,
Dec, Clyde.

This species bears a remarkal^le resemblance to the continental species
Bruscosoma haldense, Putz.

BROSCUS, Panzer.
This genus comprises about a dozen species which are rather widely

BrO.<in(fi.'\ ADEPIIAGA. 27

distrilnited ; they are as a rule of a deep black colour ; the American
genus Zarofus, which is closely allied to Broscus, is brilliantly copper-
coloured. We possess one species oidy, which, like other menil)ers of the
genu.s, is found under stones in burrows which it hollows out in the
ground : when disturbed suddenly it feigns death, opening its jaws and
stili'ening its legs in irregular directions.

There is nothing remarkable about the larva of B. cephalotes, which is figured by
Schiodte (iii., PI. .xix.. Fig. 1). It is linear, depressed, and parallel-sided, gradually
narrowed from the seventh abdominal sepnient; the head is large, witli powerful jaws,
of equal breadth with the segments of the thorax; the anal appendage and cerci are
short, the latter twice as long as the former; the claws are solid, not divided; the
colour is white, with the head, mandibles, and disc of prothorax ferruginous, and the
dorsal shields, legs, and cerci yellowish.

B. cephalotes, L. Elongate, dull black ; antenna; black, upper
joints reddish, apex of palpi red ; head coarsely punctured, with two deep
ini})rcssions between antenna) ; thorax cordate, not contracted in front,
strongly contracted behind, with indistinct central furrow, disc trans-
versely rugose, base strongly punctured ; elytra flat, dull, sides rather
parallel, with eight very shallow finely-punctured striie ; legs black,
anterior tibia; armed internally with two strong spines for digging pur-
poses. L. 17-21 mm.

Common on the coast in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; it is, however, by no
means a coast species exclusively. Bedel gives as localities (1. c. p. 186) "Toute
I'Euiope moyenue ; Hautcs Alpes."

Sub-Div. ii. Patellimani.

I. Maxillary palpi elongate, the last joint triangularly dilated, and

inserted obliquely on the preceding ; head constricted behind eyes,

and dilated into a semi-glol>ular neck Panaojeina.

II. Maxillary palpi with the last joint simply inserted on the pre-

ceding ; head not dilated behind into a semi-globular neck.

i. Mandibles obtuse, emarginate at apex ; clypeus partially mem-
branous LiCININA.

ii. Mandibles simple at apex ; clypeus entirely corneous.

1. Eighth stria of elytra distant from margin; eyes regular in

outline Cul.eniina.

2. Eighth stria of elytra very close to margin ; eyes truncate

behuid OODINA.

PANAG^INA.

The position of this tribe has been much disputed. Dr. Horn con-
siders that it stands more nearly alone than any tribe of the Hari)alin;e,
and that it bears a close relationship to the Clivina?, and none to tlic
Chheniina at all. Lacortlaire included Loriccra, and Bedel (1. c. p. 50)
places the tribe at the head of his family Ilarpalidie between the Loi-i-
ceridre and the Licinina ; Tliomson places it between the Licinina and
Chhiniiina, and Erichson (Naturgesichtc der Ins. Deutsch., p. 316) between
the Loriccridai and Chlicuiidte. In several points, especially in the con-

28 ADEPHAGA. [PanagcBina.

struction of the anterior tarsi of the male (which have two joints strongly
dilated), the genus Panagaens bears a close relation to Licinus.

PANAG2EUS, Latreille.

About twelve species are comprised in this genus, of which two only
are European ; the rest are found in Japan, Mexico, !North America, &c.
They are diurnal ; our two species are found, the one in marshy and
damp places, and the other in drier localities ; they are distinguished by
the black suture of the elytra forming with a horizontal band a distinct
cross on an orange ground, by their orbicular thorax, and by the securi-
form last joint of the maxillary and labial palpi.

The larva of P. crux-major is figured by Schicidte (vi., PI. iii., Fig. 6). It is fusi-
form, convex above and below, pilose, with the head and all the scuta smooth and
shining ; the colour is clear white, with the head luteous, aud the scuta black or
fuscous ; the head is small, hexagonal, the prothorax trapezoidal, much narrower than
the mesothorax, the sides of which are strongly angled ; the uietathorax is hexagonal,
strongly transverse; the abdominal segments are plainly narrower than the thoracic
segments ; the anal appendage is rather stout, aud the cerci are long and cylindrical,
black, with the apex clear white ; the claws are of equal length ; the anteause are
long, much longer than is usual in the Carabideous larva3.

I. Thorax more transverse; eyes more prominent;

species larger P. CETTX-Majoe, L.

II. Thorax longer, almost circular; eyes less pro-
minent ; species smaller P. quadeipusttjiatus, St.

P. crux-major, L. Upper side clothed with long yellowish pu-
bescence ; head and thorax black, the former strongly produced before
eyes, the latter broader than long with sides strongly rounded, very
coarsely and rugosely punctured ; elytra red with apex, base, suture,
and a band across the middle black, with rows of strong punctures set in
rather fine striae, interstices rugosely punctured ; antennae black, fuscous
at apex, legs black and pubescent. L. 7 mm.

Very local but occasionally abundant where it occurs, under stones and refuse or at
the roots of trees in damp and marshy places : taken in numbers near Cambridge by
Dr. Power ; Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire fens ; Berkshire ; Sandgate ; Hy the ;
Eobertsbridge, near Hastings.

P. quadripustulatus, St. Very like the preceding but smaller ;
thorax longer, almost circular, more strongly contracted behind with the
strong rugose punctuation less close and more confluent ; the colour of
the elytra is darker, and the two markings behind the central fascia are
round (and not angular as in P. crux-major), leaving a larger black
space at apex ; the punctured striae of the elytra are stronger, and the
interstices narrower and more convex. L, 6 mm.

Fouud under the same circumstances as the preceding, but in drier districts and
localities ; usually on chalky hill-sides and in sandy places beneath moss, stones, &c.,
or at roots of grass ; said to be rarer than the preceding, but it appears to be more
often captured; Essex Coast; Dover; Deal; Betchworth ; Mickleham ; Box Hill;
Sanderstead (near Croydon) ; Hertford; Hampshire; Sandown (Isle of Wight).

A variety of this species (taken by Mr. Eye) is figured in the Ent. Annual for 1874,

Panagceus.] adephaga. 29

in wbich the usual transverse central fascia on the elytra is so interrupted as to
leave an irregular longitudinal streak of red colour on each elytron instead of the usual
two spots ; tlie corresponding variety in P. crux-major is the P. trimaculatus of
Dejean.

LICININA.

Tliis tribe contains two genera, Liciiiu.s and Badister, which in the
form of the palpi, general contoui", and more especially in the fact that
the former has only two joints of the anterior tarsi dilated in the male,
while the latter has three, appear to differ so widely that the Licinina
might well be separated off, and another tribe founded to contain Badister
and its allied genera {DiplorhUa, Dicrdus, &c.). The points of agreement
between Licinus and Badister are the obtuse emarginate tips of the man-
dibles, the short forehead and impressed labrum, and the fact that the mar-
gin of the elytra is not interrupted l)elund and has no internal plica ; the
paraglossaa are free and separated from the ligula in the Clilajniidse, but
in these two genera are soldered to it.

I. Three joints of anterior tarsi dilated in male ; palpi normal ;

antenna? with two basal joints glabrous Badistee, Clairv.

II. Two joints of anterior tarsi dilated in male ; palpi with the
last joint enlarged and truncate; antenna) witli three basal

joints glabrous LiciNUS, Latr.

BADISTER, Clairv.

About twenty species are comprised in this genus, which ranges as far
as Siberia, North America, Japan, India and Madagascar. The first two
of our species bear a strong resemblance to Stenolophus Teutonus and the
species allied to it.

The larva of i?. hipustulalus is figured by Schicidto (vi., PI. i., Fig. 1). It is long
and fusiform, white with tiie scuta pale ferruginous, and the cerci darker; the head
is small and narrow, the prothorax is broader but narrower than the meso- and meta-
thora.\ ; all the abdominal segments are angled at the sides; the anal appendage is
rather short, and the cerci are stout and a little curved, with long erect hairs, and
thickly set setigerous tubercles; they are about as long as the last two segments of
the abdomen.

I. Thorax red.

i. Mesothoracic ejiistcrna red ; head as broad as

thorax ; length 7 mm 15. UNIPUSTULATUS, Bon.

ii. Mesothoracic ei)isterna black ; head somewhat

variable but narrower than thorax ; length 4 to

6 mm I}. DiPusTi'LATrs, F. ,

II. Thorax black or black with yellow margin.

i. Elytra black with a large humeral yellow spot . H. sodalis, Duft.
ii. Elytra unieolorous black with metallic rcHection. Ii. I'ELTATUS, Panz.

B. unipustulatus, Bon. Head black, antenn;\; yellow with the
middle black ; thorax red, somewhat cordate, very transversa, sides
strongly contracted behind, anterior margin considerab'y broader than
posterior ; elytra oljlong, testaceous red with a broad cyancous patch on
each, enclosing a common testaceous spot towards apex, which is variable

30 ADEPHAGA. [Badister.

in size and sometimes obsolete ; scutellum red ; legs reddish testaceous.
L. 7 mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass, &c. Local and not common. Lewisham, Merton,
Putney, Battersea, West Grinstead ; Hythe ; Wiltshire ; Newark.

B. bipustulatus, F. Very like the preceding, but distinguished
by its smaller size, narrower head and the black mesothoracic episterna ;
the elytra are less deeply striated and the dark patch reaches, as a rule,
further towards base, and is less cyaneous ; the scutellum is usually black,
but occasionally red. The best character for separating the two species is,
perhaps, the shape of the thorax, which in bipustulatus is larger, sub-
quadrate, with sides very slightly narrowed behind, and the ' anterior
margin almost as broad as the posterior. L. 4-6 mm.

Damp and marshy yilaces at roots of willows, &c. ; also in moss, under stones, &c.,
in all sorts of localities ; very common and widely distributed; Scotland, common,
Lowlands. Ireland, near Belfast ; also near Dublin (scarce).

B. sodalis, Duft. {JmmeraUs, Bon.). Obscure black, elytra with
somewhat cyaneous reflection ; head black, smooth, antennae yellowish
at base and apex ; thorax and elytra with narrow yellowish margins, the
former about as long as broad, with sides contracted behind, strong
central furrow and two deep depressions at base ; elytra plainly striated
with two impressions on the second stria of each, interstices smooth ;
suture behmd and a broad spot at shoulders yellow ; legs pale yellow.
L. 3| mm.

Not uncommon in marshy places ; also in drier places (chalky districts, &c.) under
moss and dead leaves; rather local, but widely distributed. Darenth Wood, Kent;
Mickleham and many other localities in Surrey ; Tonbridge ; Henley ; Eath ;
Southampton ; Newnham-on-Severn ; Carlisle ; Northumberland. Doubtful as
Scottish (recorded by Leach from Loch Awe, but Dr. Sharp considers that this is
almost certainly an error). Ireland, near Belfast.

B. peltatus, Panz. Shining black with a strong cyaneous reflec-
tion, especially on the elytra ; margins of thorax and elytra at the
extreme edge brownish or yellowish, but this is often hardly perceptible ;
thorax and elytra much the same as in the preceding in shape and sculp-
ture, except that the thorax is rather more transverse and lias the sides
less rounded in front, and the elytra are broader ; legs dusky testaceous.
The insect bears a very strong resemblance to a small Anchomenus.
L. 4| mm.

.Very local and rare; in marshy places ; Notting Hill and Hammersmith Marshes
(Dr. Sharp and others); Balcombe, Haywards Heath (Dr. Power); Cowbit Marsh,
near Spalding (Mr. Rye and Archdeacon Hey) ; Shipley, Horsham, and Isle of
Wight (Mr, Gorham) ; Portsmouth ; Hythe (Mr. Champion).

ZiICINUS, Latreille.

The species of Licinus are rather large, black, depressed insects ; they
are about fifteen in number, and are confined to central and southern
Europe, Egypt, Syria, and Algeria, with the exception of one species

Lici/ms.] adephaga. 31

from the Canaries. Dr. Horn (Carabidre, p. 140) says that on one or
two occasions L. diphoidex has been found in North America, but un<h;r
circumstances that induce him to believe that it has been introduced.
Tlie ,f(enus Licinus seems to bear a relationsliip to Fanagceus in tlic for-
mation of the palpi and the fact that both genera have two joints ot the
anterior tarsi of male dilated and clothed beneath with tine short erect
hairs.

The larva of L. silphoides (brevicolUs, Dej. ) is figured by Schiodte (vi., PI. ii., Fip. 1),
and is described as well by Mulsant et Mayet (Opusc. xv., 1872, p. 81). It is rather
broad in comparison with some of its allies; the head is very small, the protliorax
strongly narrowed in front, narnnver than the succeeding segments ; the dorsal shields
are strongly margined and raised on each side, with large muscular depressions ; to
the side of each segment is attached a conical process terminating in a large seta j
the cerci are black, short, stout, and strongly divergent ; the larva is red with the
shields black, except the prothoracic one which is yellow, with a median band and
the margins fuscous ; the claws are equal ; the very young larva ditfers considerably
from the adult by its larger head and longer cerci, and the absence of the lateral
appendages. This larva feeds on young woodlice and phytophagous larvie, and under-
goes its transformation in a cocoon which it forms under stones (Bedel 1. c, p. 59,
note).

I. Insect broad, winged ; interstices of elytra coarsely and

rugosely punctured L. SILPHOIDES, F.

II. Insect rather narrow, apterous ; interstices of elytra

finely punctured L. depeessus, Fayk.

Zi. silphoides, F. {(jranulatus, Dej.; brevicoJlis,Dej.). Black, the male
more shiny than the female, which is very dull ; thorax almost double
as broad as the head, transverse, anterior and posterior margins strongly
emarginate, angles rounded, with fine central furrow ; elytra oval,
strongly emarginate before apex, striated, the striae coarsely punctured,
the interstices with large rugose punctures, the third, fifth, and seventh
.somewhat rai.sed. L. 10|-12| mm.

Local, but not uncommon in chalky districts on the hill-sides and coast, at roots
of grass, under stones, &C. ; sometimes found under sea-weed. Folkestone, Chatham,
Hythe, I?ox Hill, Keigate, and other localities in Kent and Surrey ; Swannage, Dorset ;
Chesil Bank ; Weymouth ; Lewes ; apparently confined to the south and south-
eastern counties of England.

Zi. depressus, Payk. Smaller than the preceding and mucli
narrower ; black ; head and thorax rather shiny, elytra dull in female,
more shiny in male ; head broader in proportion, and thorax longer with
central furrow very indistinct; elytra with shallow but evident finely
punctured striae ; interstices flat, thickly and rather finely punctured.
L. 8-10 mm.

Very local ; chalky districts, under stones, at roots of grass, &c. ; Dover ; Folke-
stone ; Canterbury; Box Hill; Gomshall ; Dorking; Chatham; Deal; Winchester;
Lewes ; Worthing ; recmded by Mr. Bold as very rare on the sea coast near Hartle-
pool, and Castle Eden, Durham.

CHLiENIINA.

This tribe has no very striking characteristics, but is chiefly remark-

32 ADEPHAGA. [CltlceJiiiiia.

able for the Ijeauty of the species which belong to it. Two genera belong
to our fauna, Chlgeniiis and Callistus ; in the latter the outer lobe of the
maxillae is formed of one piece, no trace even of a suture being left as
is the case in the genus Amerizus, Chaud., in which also the lobe is
formed of one piece. For some reasons the species of CalUstus might be
separated off as a distinct tribe ; one character, however, on which
Chaudoir lays stress, viz. the pubescence of the palpi, is found in some
exotic species of Chhenius.

I. Tibise finely pubescent with bristles interspersed; oviter
maxillary lobe formed of a single piece ; mentum with a

simple tooth Callisttts, Son.

II. Tibiffi without pubescence, but furnished with short erect
bristles ; outer maxillary lobe rouud, articulated ; mentum

with a bifid tooth Chl^nius, Bon.

CAZii;.ISTUS, Eonclli.

This genus comprises about ten species, which are widely distributed
over the Old "World. No species appears to be found in America; there
is only one European representative, which is one of the handsomest of
our insects.

C. lunatus, F. Head large, metallic blue or green, strongly punc-
tured, antennae dusky with base testaceous ; thorax testaceous red,
strongly cordate, very finely and closely punctured ; elytra ovate, very
finely striated, testaceous yellow, with a humeral spot, a broad fascia
about middle not reaching suture, and a broad fascia near apex reaching
suture, black ; the two latter fasciae are connected at margin ; underside
bluish black ; legs yellow, apex of femora, base of tibiae, and last four
joints of tarsi more or less black or brownish. L. 6 mm.

Very local, but taken in some numbers where it occurs ; confined to chalky dis-
tricts ; found at roots of grass, and occasionally running about in the sunshine ;
Folkestone ; Canterbury ; Dover ; Reigate ; Caterham ; Mickleham ; Croydon, &c.

CKIiSINIUS, Bonelli.

This genus contains about 400 species, which are widely distributed
throughout the world ; they are for the most part brightly metallic-
coloured, usually green with a more or less coppery reflection, and as a
rule covered with fine silky pubescence ; they are among the mos-
beautiful of the Coleoptera ; they exhale a strong and someM'hat ammonia
cal odour ; they are found as a rule under stones and rubbish in marsh;
places, or on the borders of streams- and rivers, sometimes at the roots o
plants. We possess only four species, of Avhich two are exceedingly rare
the European list contains between thirty and forty.

The larva of C. vestitus is figured by Schiodte (iii., PI. xx., Fig. 3). It is compar;
tively broad, but linear and slightly fusiform, upper side scantily pubescent with j
the corneous parts finely reticulate ; the colour is wliite, witli all the scuta of the upp ,

U/lheiciuS.\ ADEPHAGA. o3

side bl-ick with a green metallic reflection ; the head is mostly yellow, much narrower
than protliorax, which is larg'c and sul)([iiadrate, a little narrowed in front ; tlic
nuiscular inipiessions on all the segments are large and well marked, those on the pro-
thorax being the snitdJest ; the cerci are about twice as long as the anal appendage,
yellow, with base and apex black ; the claws are of equal length. In the larva of
C. nigricornis the colour of the dorsal shields is asneous-black, and the whole cerci are
black ; the form, too, is flatter and more robust. The larva lives in damp places, aud
runs actively in the sunshine.

I. Elytra with yellow border ; epipleura; yellow . . . . C, VESTITUS, Fayk.

II. Elytra without yellow border; epipleurai concolorous

with elytra,
i. Upper surface strongly metallic, greenish or reddish
bronze ; piostcrnal process punctured between cox:b.

1. Anteunie with two or three first joints red ; posterior

angles of thorax well marked C. Sciirankii, Dufl.

2. Antenna with fnst joint only red ; posterior angles

of thorax very blunt, almost rounded C. ^■IGRICOKNJS, F.

ii. Upper surface very slightly metallic of a silky fuscous
colour; prostcrnal process not punctured between the

coxa) C. HOLOSKRICEUS, F.

C. vestitus, Payk. {viridqmnctatin^, Gaze). Head and thorax
green, nioutk palpi and antennje testaceous ; thorax subcordate, rather
long, with sides rotmded from below the anterior angles to behind middle
and thence straight to base, posterior angles right angles ; central furrow
of thorax al>breviatcd in front and behind, not reaching margins; elytra
much broader than thorax, dull green, with rusty yellow pubescence,
with lateral margins narrowly and apex broadly yellow, striated, interstices
linely granulated ; legs testaceous. L. 9-11 mm.

Under stones and refuse iu damp places ; rather local, hut widely distributed.
Common in the London district; Kent; Somerset; Repton ; Tewkesbury; Caunock
Chase ; Isle of Wight ; not recorded from the north of England or Scotland ; Irelaud,
near Dublin, and other localities.

C. Schrankii, Duft. {nUldulut^, Schraid<). Head brilliant grceu,
llinrax and scutellum coppery ; antennae dark, with three basal joints
ltd ; mouth parts red ; thorax coarsely and deeply punctured, pimctures
often confluent, with central furrow not so plainly marked as in the
preceding species, abbreviated before and behind, posterior angles dis-
tinct, prominent ; elytra greenish, sometimes bluish, with thick and close
rusty yellowish pubescence, striated, interstices finely granulated ; legs
reddish testaceous, femora darker. L. 11-12 mm.

Very rare; Kemp Town, Brighton, one example (Dr. Power); Luccomhc Chine,
Isle of Wight, in some numbers (Mr. G. Lewis) ; found in damp places in moss, &c.

C. nig-ricornis, F. A'cry like the preceding, but easily distinguished
by its rather smaller form, less smooth head, roundeil posterior angles of
tliorax, and the fact that the mouth, antennae (except one lighter basal
joint), and legs are pitcliy black : the tibiiu are lighter towards apex.
L. 10-11 mm.

'J"he van ii}r/a)ior(jnus, JJej., has the moutli, aud llie lirst and some-

u

34 ADEPHAGA. [CMcenius.

times the second and third joints of the antennae, and also the legs, red ;
the shape of the thorax, however, Avill at once distinguish it from C.
Sclirankii.

Rather common in marshy places and on the hanks of streams and rivers ; widely
distributed in England from north to south. Scotland, rare Lowlands. Ireland
near Belfast. Some specimens are very darkly coloured, and superficially might be
mistaken for the following species.

C> liolosericeus, F. (trisHs, Schall.). Rather larger and broader
than C. nigricornis ; head obscurely bronzed or coppery, antennae black ;
thorax subquadrate, rather broader than long, hinder angles obtuse,
obscure dusky black, rugosely punctured ; elytra brownish black, striated,
interstices thickly rugose and granulated ; pubescence very thick,
yellowish brown. L. 10|-11| mm.

Very rare. Fen Ditton, Berks, and Whittlesea Mere (Stephens) ; Hornsea, York-
shire, and Norfolk (Skrimshire) j Mr. W. Garneys has recorded a specimen (doubt-
fully) from Repton ; it is very probable that some of these specimens were dark
vai'ieties of the preceding. Dr. Power some years ago took twelve specimens at
Burvvell Fen, and Mr. S. Stevens captured seven specimens on the banks of Lough
Derg, near Killaloe, Ireland, in May, 1870 or 1871.

OODINA.

This tribe is included by Dr. Horn and other writers under the
Chlaeniina, but, besides other differences, its members are so wholly
different in formation from the Chlaenii that it would seem better to
separate them.

OODES, Bonelli.

This genus comprises about sixty species, of which about a fifth part
come from the Australian region ; it ranges as far as China, Java, India,
Madagascar, Sierra Leone, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Texas, &c. ; there are
only three European species, one of which, 0. Hispanicus, is sometimes
separated off as a distinct genus, Lonchosternus, Laf.

O. helopioides, F. Oblong-ovate, deep black, antennae black, first
joint pitchy ; head and thorax smooth, the latter narrowest in front and
gradually widened to base, Avith very indistinct central furrow ; elytra
as broad as thorax, almost parallel-sided, with apex broadly and abruptly
rounded, and striae plain, indistinctly pimctured ; underside thickly
punctured at sides ; legs black, tarsi pitchy ; the female is duller, and
has the apex of the elytra more truncate than the male, L. 8-9 mm.

Very local and rather rare ; in fens and marshy places under refuse, &c. ; some-
times found climbing up the rushes, also at the roots of willows ; Cambridgeshire Fens ;
Tonbridge; Askham Bog, York; Portsmouth; Weston, Oxfordshire; Burton-on-
Trent ; Cowley, Merton (near London), Eltham, Wimbledon, Rusper, &c. ; apparently
not found further north than York, and not recorded from Ireland.

()Oih/>:.] A DEPn AG A . 3 .")

Sub-Div. iii. Quadripaltnati,

This division includes those genera wliich have four joints of the
anterior tarsi dikitcd in the male ; as a rule the middle tarsi are dilated
as well, although in some genera, e.g. Arupalpus and JBradijCfUit.-i, they
are very feeldy dilated or not at all ; in some genera, e.g. GijtiaivJromor-
p/ius, the female has one or more joints of the anterior tarsi dilated.
The most important genus of the tribe is Harpalics.

I, Dilated joints of anterior tarsi of male biseriately squamulose

beneath.
i. Labial palpi with the terminal joint equal to, or a little

lonp^er than the preceding, which is bisetose only . . . Stenolopiiina.
ii. Labial p:ilpi wltli the terminal joint shorter than the pre-

cedinfr, wliich has several seta) in front Haepalina.

II. Dilated joints of anterior male tarsi clothed beneath with

fine, short, erect hairs Anisodactylina.

STENOLOPHINA.

With regard to this tribe ^Ir. Bates (Biol. Cent. Amer. Carabidap,
p. 70) writes as follows : — " The (genera iSffmoIojjJms, Bradijcrllni^, Taclttj-
crllufi, and their allies, usually associated with the Ilarpalinn, are dis-
tinguished from that group, as Dr. Horn has pointed out, by tlie penul-
timate joint of the labial palpi bearing two setro only. AVith this
character are associated many other points of difference, curved frontal
fovefB, and the constant presence of a single fovea on the third elytral
interstice. These insects are of much smaller size than the great majority
of the true Ilarpalina, and are readily distinguished from them by their
facies. In short, they form a natural group, and the dilated tarsal joints
of the male being furnished with squamules, they bear the same relation
to the Ilarpalina proper, as the Pelmatellina do to the Anisodactylina.
Some genera seem to be intermediate in the nature of the clothing of tho
dilated tarsal soles of the male."

I. Penultimate joint of anterior and middle tarsi bilobed, and

the middle tarsi dilated, in male Stenolophus, DeJ.

II. Penultimate joint of anterior and middle tarsi simply emar-
ginate, and the middle tarsi not or feebly dilated, in male.

i. Mentum not toothed AcuPALPrs, Lafr.

ii. Mentum with a central tooth Buadtcellus, Er.

STENOZiOFHUS, Dejcan.

About seventy species are comprised in this genus, which are widely
distributed over the surface of the globe ; they are all of small size, and
are often variegated with bright colours ; they are found in damp places
under stones and refuse, and sometimes on low plants : about twelve
species are found in Europe, of which we possess four as British.

The larva of Sienolophiis is figured by Schiodtc (iii., PI. xxii., Fig. 12). Thixe is
nothing very remarkable about it; it is linear, deiuvssed, smooth and shining, with

u 2

36 adephaga. \_Stenolophus.

long erect setae on the head and scuta; the head is dark ferruginous, rather narrower
than the prothorax, which is of the same colour ; tlie rest of the dorsal scuta are much
paler; the apical anal appendase is rather long, nearly equal in length to the ceici,
■which are ahout three times as long as the ninth segment of abdomen ; the abdominal
dorsal shields are raised in two transverse series ; the claws are unequal ; the larva
is found at the roots of grass, &c.

I. Antennaj with at least two basal joints reddish.
i. Average length 6 mm.

1. Elytra longer with large dark well-defined

markings extending from apex to beyond middle S. Teutonus, Schr.

2. Elytra shorter with indistinct dark markings

towards apex S. Serimshirantts, Steph.

ii. Length not exceeding 4 mm S. elegans, Dfj.

II. Antenna} with one basal joint reddish S. vespertinus, Panz.

S. Teutonus, Schr. (ixqwrarionirn, F.). Head black; thorax red,
quadrate, sides scarcely rounded, posterior angles obtuse, with very indis-
tinct dorsal furrow ; elytra with sides almost straight, striated, interstices
flat, with a large blue-black patch extending from apex to beyond middle,
base red ; legs testaceous ; underside black, except of thorax which is
red. L. G mm.

The var. ahdominalu has the abdomen red ; in the only specimen
that I possess (from the Morea) the antennre are lighter and the black
markings less defined than in the type form.

Local ; in marshy places at roots of grass, &e. ; apparently confined to the mid- and
south-eastern and southern counties of England. Formerly plentiful in Battersea
Fields and Hammersmith Marshes, and at Notting Hill ; Greenwich ; Shirley j
Dulwich ; Woking ; Barnes ; Woolstoii, Hants ; Bournemouth ; Southampton ;
Luccombe Cbiue, Isle of Wight ; Cambridgeshire Fens.

S. Skrimshiranus, Steph. {melanocepl talus, Heer.). " Very like
the preceding, but slightly smaller, and haA'ing the elytra entirely rufous
with the exception of a dusky, more or less indistinct iridescent cloud
at their extremity which blends with tlie rufous colour " (Daws. Geod.
Brit. 155); thorax rather shorter and elytra more narrowed at the
shoulders than in the preceding species, striae deeper, interstices more
convex ; underside as in the preceding species ; legs somewhat paler.
L. 5| mm.

Local: marshy places, in moss and flood refuse, and at the roots of grass; Niton,
Lie of Wight; Sheerness ; Sheppy ; Lee, Kent; Lymington Salterns; Hythe ;
L'wes ; Alverstoke ; Cambridgeshire Fens ; formerly abundant in Hammersmith
Marshes and at Notting Hill.

S. elegrans, Dej. Much smaller than the preceding ; head black,
antennae dark except first two joints, which are yellow ; thorax subquad-
rate, but rather transverse, posterior angles rounded, red, or testaceous,
either immacitlate or with disc more or less broadly dark ; elytra short,
with sides somewhat parallel, slightly emarginate before apex, testaceous,
with a dark, somewhat cyaneous patch behind middle not covering suture
or apex ; the region of the scutellum is often dark ; underside black,

SfennIo])hus.] adepiiaga. 37

legs reddisli tostaceous, femora darker at apex. Tlie colour of this insect
is variable ; occasionally a variety occurs with immaculate elytra.

Rare ; salt marshes, under stones and in flood refuse. Banks of Tliames towards
Gravescnd and Slie])py (Dr. Power); Sheerness (Mr. Douglas, Mr. S. Stevens, and
]\Ir. J. J. Walker); Deal (Mr. W. West).

S. vespertinus, Pauz. {iirirf /(.•<, Ilerbst.). Eather variable in colour,
soiui'tiiues l)ru\vn-l)lack, sometimes partly or almost entirely testaceous ;
head always black or dark, antenn?e dark with tlie first joint only testa-
ceous ; thorax usually dark with yellowish margins, more quadrate and
Avith the posterior angles less rounded than in S. SIiTunshira7ius ; basal
fovepe broader and more distinctly punctured than in either of the pre-
ceding species ; elytra variable but usually dark with cyaneous reflection,
with margins and space at shoulder more or less testaceous ; underside
lilack, legs pale testaceous. L. 5| mm.

Local; in niavsliy places; Whittlesea Mere; Norfolk; Sussex; Wimbledon;
Chatham; Lee, Kent; Sheerness; Weybridge ; Shipley, near Horsham; Ton-
bridge; Deal. Ilecorded by Bold among the Coleoptera of Northumberland and
Durham.

ACUPAZiPUS, Latreille.

The insects that form this genus are among the smallest of the Cara-
bidse ; they are very often united with the true Stenolophi ; it would
seem, however, better to separate them on the formation of the anterior
tarsi of the male ; in habits they resemble the members of the preceding
genus.

The genus Acupalpus contains about as many species as the genus
Stenolophus : they are very widely distributed over the Old and New
Worlds, reaching as far north as Siberia and as far south as Caffraria,
Chili, and Patagonia ; there are about fifteen European species.

I. Posterior angles of thorax blunt or rounded ;

abdomen glabrous.
i. Thorax uniformly reddish yellow ; posterior

angles rounded ' A. FLAVICOLLIS, Slurm.

ii. Thorax testaceous with dai'ker disc more or less

defined, but very variiible in colour.

1. Thorax not narrowed behind ; posterior angles

rounded ' . A. dobsalis, F.

2. Thorax narrowed behind ; posterior angles

hlunt ^ . A. EXIGUrs, v. luridits, DeJ.

iii. Thorax entirely dark.

1. Elytra nnicolorous pitch black.

A. Thorax distinctly narrowed behind with

basal impressions smooth ; length 2.V mm. A. EXIGUUS, DeJ.

B. Thorax with anterior and posterior margins

of cijual breadth, basal impressions broad,

punctured ; length 3-3A mm A. brunmi'F.s, Shirm.

2. Elytra black, with base and suture yellow . A. mkbidiaxus, L.

II. Posterior angles of thorax right angles ; abdomen

finely pubescent \. CONsruTrs. Dt(ff.

38 ADEPHAGA. \^Acupalpus.

A flavicollis, Sturm. Head black, antennae brownish, base testa-
ceous ; thorax reddish testaceous, transverse, as broad in front as behind,
posterior angles rounded ; elytra darker or lighter red, with suture and
more or less of disc paler, rather wide, sides almost parallel ; legs pale.
L. 3 mm.

Local and rare ; marshy places, amongst debris of reeds, &c. Not uncommon at
Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wight, where Dr. Sharp, Mr. Gorham, and I obtained
several specimens in April, 1885 ; Lymington Salterns; Deal; Chatham; Esher.

A. dorsalis, F. {Gyllenhali, Thorns.). Head black, antennae except
first basal joint dark ; thorax testaceous with a dusky patch in the
middle of disc, sometimes entirely covering it and leaving only extreme
margins light, sometimes almost, if not quite, obsolete, transverse, pos-
terior angles completely rounded ; elytra oblong, with sides slightly
rounded, sometimes testaceous with a dark patch behind on each side of
suture, sometimes almost entirely dark, sometimes altogether testaceous ;
legs more or less j^itchy or testaceous. L. 3-3| mm.

Local, but not uncommon ; marshy places, in moss and at the roots of grass.
Wimbledon, Wandsworth, Chatham, and many other places in the London district;
Deal ; Bournemouth ; Stapleford Common, near Newark ; Holme Fen, Hunts ;
Scotland, rare Lowlands, Solway, Clyde.

A. exigruus, Dej. Entirely pitch black, antennae pitchy, first one or
two joints lighter ; thorax narrowed behind, posterior angles very blunt ;
elytra somewhat widened behind middle, finely striated ; legs lighter or
darker pitchy. L. 2| mm.

The var. luridus (considered a distinct species by Dawson and other
authors) is fusco-testaceous, with the thorax reddish, more or less
clouded with black, and the antennae and legs lighter : it is rather
larger than the type form, and according to Dawson (Geod. Brit. p. 161)
is narrower and more depressed, with narrower thorax which is more
contracted behind ; there does not, however, seem to be any real structu-
ral difference between the two insects.

The type form is found on sandy coasts and on hanks of rivers, at roots of grass, in
flood refuse, &c. ; it is rather local but not rare in the London district, where it
occasionally occurs in abundance unaccompanied by the variety ; it appears not to be
met with in the extreme north of England, or in Scotland or Ireland.

The variety appears to be commoner and more widely distributed than the type ; it
is included among the Irish species, and is recorded by Dr. Sharp from one Scotch
district, Solway ; it is found under the same conditions.

A. brunnipes, Sturm. This insect closely resembles A. dorsalis in
structure, and has been considered a variety of that species ; in fact it is
still doubtful whether it ought not to be so considered, for the punctua-
tion of the posterior angles of the thorax, which is the character on
which it has mainly been kept separate, has been proved by M. Eedel
not to be always constant; except, indeed, that it is rather larger than
the type, it seems to bear much the same relation to dorsalis, that

AcupalpUS.] ADEPHAGA. ' 39

exiguus does to lurkhis ; the entire upper surface is pitchy, antennae
except first joint dark, legs pitchy or reddish, brown : as a rule the
posterior angles of the thorax are coarsely and deeply punctured. L.
3j mm.

Marshy places ; ou heaths, in Sphagnum ; also on the coast at roots of plants near
the shore; rare. Esher ; Chobham ; Woolstou, Hants j Bournemouth, not uncom-
mon in a sandy ravine near the coast a little to the west of the town ; taken by
Dr. Power at Horsell, Woking, Weybridge, Wimbledon, and Farnham.

A. meridianus, L. Head and thorax Llack, the latter occasionally
brownish red, but always unicolorous, antennae rather variable in colour,
but lighter at base ; thorax a little longer than broad, contracted behind,
posterior angles very blunt, deeply punctured at base, with strong central
furrow ; elytra oblong, very slightly widest behind middle, black, with
the base and suture more or less widely testaceous ; underside black,
legs testaceous. L. 3-3 1 mm.

Damp places, at roots of grass, &c. ; also at the bottoms of haystacks in winter;
very common and widely distributed over the midland and southern districts of
England, but not recorded from the extreme north, or from Scotland or Ireland.

A. consputus, Duft. (Anthraciis, Mots.). Elongate, narrow; head
dark, antennae long, fuscous, with the first two joints yellow ; thorax
reddish, sometimes darker on disc, somewhat cordiform, side margins
rather strong, posterior angles right angles ; elytra long, sides somewhat
parallel, deeply striated, lighter or darker testaceous, with a large oblong
bluish-black patch behind, extending more or less upwards, but always
leaving base, suture, and margins pale ; underside black, except apex of
abdomen, which is testaceous ; logs testaceous. L. 4 mm.

Dark specimens of this species may easily be confounded with Badlsier
.todalis, which it closely resembles ; the shape of the thorax will separate
it from all other species of Acupalpus ; A. mer id ianu>^, indead, hecivs sx
slight resemblance to it in this respect, but may be immediately distin-
guished by its shorter and broader elytra, shorter antennae, and dark,
unicolorous thorax, and by the deeply punctured base of the latter.

Marshy places, in moss, &c. ; rather common in Kent and Surrey ; Lee, Chatham,
Sheerness, DnUvich, Barnes, Wimbledon, Weybridge, Battersea ; formerly abundant
at Notting Hill, and recorded from Windsor and Dorchester; apparently almost
confined to the south and south-eastern counties of England, but it has been taken by
Dr. Power at Lytham in Lancashire, and may have been overlooked, as it is very
local.

(A. derelictus, Daws. Tliis insect, described by Dawson (Geod.
Hrit. 159) as pitchy black, with thorax reddish pitchy with its margins
testaceous, and legs testaceous, is said by him to be about tlie size of
A. dorsalis, but rather wider ; it is also, he says, allied to A. hnnmipes,
but is broader, paler, less convex, witli the base of the tliorax depressed,
and th(i basal foveae entirely smooth and impunctate. One specimen
only has occurred, taken by ^Ir. F. Smith at Plumstead, Kent, many
years ago, and this, if it is yet in existence, still remains unprjue. In all

40 ADEPHAGA. [AcupalpUS.

probability it must be regarded as a variety of dorsalis, and perliaps as
a further connecting link between dorsalis and hrunnqjes.)

BRADVCSIiZiUS, Ericbson.

This genus includes upwards of fifty species, which are widely distri-
buted over almost the whole of the northern hemisphere, ranging from
Siberia, Kamtschatka, and Lake Superior to the Canaries and jNIadeira" ;
we possess as British the majority of the European members of the
genus. The Bradycelli proper are small Insects usually of a brownish or
reddish colour ; a considerable number of authors include in the genus
the species of Dichirotrichics, which however appear to find a better
position near Scyhalims : this is, however, a doubtful point, as the cloth-
ing of the underside of the tarsi in DicMrotrichus is partly pubescent
and partly squamose. They are found in damp warm localities, under
leaves and refuse on the banks of ponds situated in sunny places in
Avoods, &c., or in moist places on the sides of hills and cliffs, &c.

The following table may be of some service in distinguishing the
species that belong to our fauna, but several of them come so close to
one another, and present such almost imperceptible gradations of form
and colour, that no table can be quite satisfactory, although it is not diffi-
cult to distinguish the species when once their differences have been
mastered. ]\Iany writers divide them into groujis by the presence or
absence of the short scutellary stria, but in B. collaris it is sometimes
plain, sometimes obsolete. Again, B. cocjnatus and placidns may be
nearly always known by the broader or narrower testaceous margins of
the thorax, but in many instances, especially in northern examples, the
thorax is quite black ; B. similis also has the suture, as a rule, very dis-
tinctly lighter, but this character is also sometimes absent in Scotch
specimens, and is to a slighter degree present in other species. B. similis
is our onl}'' type of the subgenus Tachijcdlus which has three basal joints
of the antennae glabrous (instead of two as in the other species), and the
intermediate tarsi of male very slightly dilated, but with traces of
squamae underneath.

I. Length 4-t^ mm.

i. Scutellary stria wanting ; colour pi tcliy or testaceous.

1. Legs testaceous — thorax, as a rule, with margins broadly

testaceous B. placidus, Gi/U.

2. Legs pitchy black, tibiaj lighter — thorax, as a rule, with

margins narrowly testaceous B. COGNATUS, Gi/ll.

ii. Scutellary stria distinct ; colour more or less rutbus or
ferruginous.

1. Posterior angles of thorax distinct and prominent . . B. distin'ctus, Dej.

2. Posterior angles of thorax obtuse, but distinct at apex . B. verbasci, -D«/i{.

3. Posterior angles of thorax rounded B. iiakpalinus, Dej.

II. Length 3-3i^ mm.

1. Upper side ferruginous; legs stouter; basal furrows
of thorax broader and shallower; antennae with two
basal joints at most glabrous B. COLLAKIS, Payk.

BradyccUu^.']' adephaga. 41

2. Uijpcr side pitchy, suture, as a rule, testaceous ; leers
Hiore slender ; biis;:l furrows of thorax uarr<)wer and
deeper ; auteiiiia; with three basal joints glabrous . . 15. SIMILIS, Dej.

B. placidus, Gyll. Head large, eyes proniineiit, antennse somewhat
variable, but usually fuscous with three basal joints testaceous ; thorax
reddish testaceous, with a dark patch in the middle, which sometimes is
small, but sometimes is spread over the whole disc, posterior angles
almost rounded ; elytra testaceous with a narrower or broader black
stripe near suture, the latter being always pale ; legs pale testaceous.
L. 4 mm.

Local. Wliittlesea Mere and Wicken Fen; Aspall, Suffolk; banks of Thames;
Shirley; Lincoln; north of England ; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Highlands, Tweed,
Tay, Dec, Moray.

B. cog-natus, Gyll. {Deutsclii, Sahl). Very like the preceding,
but slightly smaller, darker, and very finely pubescent ; thorax with
margins as a rule more narrowly testaceous, and with posterior angles
more rounded ; el3'tra varying in colour in different specimens, but with
the dark markings generally more widely spread over the disc than in
]i. ]>laciihis ; the striae also are less deep and the sides less dilated behind
than in that species ; legs pitchy black, tibise lighter. L. 4 mm.

Local ; on heaths and mountains in high districts, but occasionally found in low-
land localities. Cannock Chase, Colesliill, Sutton Park ; North Wales ; in profusion
near Llangollen; Cheshire; said to have occurred near Bournemouth; north of
Knglaud ; Scotland, common in highhiiid and alpine districts ; L'eland, near
Belfast.

B. distinctus, Dej. {cordicolUs, Wesm.). Dark ferruginous red ;
head lai'ge ; tliniax with sides rounded in front, contracted behind, pos-
terior angles sharp and distinct, base coarsely punctured ; elytra convex,
Avith sides somewhat rounded, deei)ly striated, third interstice without
the usual pore ; legs and antenna? red. L. 4.j mm.

Damp places in moss and at the roots of grass, ;ilso under leaves and refuse near
ponds; widely distributed and not uucomniou in the middle and south of Kng'.and,
very rare in the north ; Scotland very rare, Lowlands, near Dumfries and Thornhill.

B. verbasci, Duft. (riifuli/s, Dej.). Very like the preceding, but
usually of a light red colour ; thorax nearly quadrate with the posterior
angles blunt but distinctly visible ; elytra variable in colour, sometimes
(juite light, at other times much darker, sometimes light with darker
markings on each clytruu ; it is also rather variable as to size. L. 4-4^
mm.

Common and generally distributed in England ; Scotland, common Lowlands ;
Ireland, counnon near Dublin, and near Armagh.

B. harpalinus, I'ej. {/i//nis, Fairni.). Closely allied U> the pre-
ceding, but darker and more convex ; thorax with postiTior angles very

42 ADEPHAGA. [Bvadijcelhis.

blunt, so that they appear rounded ; striae of elytra deeper. L. 4-4^
mm.

Common and generally distributed in England ; Scotland, not common, Low-
lands.

B. collaris, Payk. Considerably smaller than B. harpalinus, but
otherwise very closely resembling that species ; the scutellary stria,
however, is more obsolete, and the furrows at the base of the thorax not
so deep or wide, and not so thickly punctured ; the elytra are shorter in
proportion, the stride rather deeper, and the interstices more convex.
L. 3i mm.

A mountain species found on the high moors of North Wales, Yorkshire, and Lan-
cashire ; Langdale Pikes ; Skiddaw. Scotland, generally distributed over the Low-
lands and Highlands, but not common. Ireland, near Dublin.

S. similis, Dej. {Tachycellns, Mor.). The smallest species of the
genus, pitchy, or pitchy black, with the thorax sometimes red, and the
suture of the elytra usually reddish testaceous ; thorax slightly narrowed
behind, posterior angles rounded or very blunt, base with a deep punc-
tured fovea on each side ; elytra broadest behind middle, with plain
strice, the outer ones obsoletely punctured ; legs pitchy. L. 3 mm.

Heaths and sandy places, &c. ; common and generally distributed throughout
England and Scotland.

HARPALINA.

The Harpalina contain one genus, Harpalus, w^hich, for convenience
sake, may be divided into three sub-genera as follows : —

I. Head, thorax, and intei'stices of elytra thickly punctured

throughout Ophonus, Steph.

II. Head smooth, thorax punctured (except on centre of
disc which is smooth); interstices of elytra punctured

throughout PSEUDOPHONUS, Mots.

III. Head smooth ; thorax smooth (except at base and ex-
treme sides) ; interstices of elytra smooth (except

occasionally at sides) Haepalus, i. sp.

KARPAIiUS, Latreille.

The sub-genus Ophonus contains about sixty species, which are chiefly
spread over the northern hemisphere, although species are found as far south
as Guinea; the genus Harpalus proper (under which the sub-genus Pseud-
ophonus is generally included) numbers upwards of three hundred and
fifty species, which are widely distributed throughout the globe, although
the majority are attached to the northern hemisphere. The habits of the
insects composing the sections are as a rule the same, except that some
of the Ophoni, like Zahrus, seem to be to a certain extent gramini-
vorous ; they are chiefly, although not altogether, nocturnal, and during
the day hide themselves in burrows which they dig under stones, and at
the roots of plants, &c. ; like other usually nocturnal Carabidae, they may

Ilarpalits.] adephaga. 43

often be seen running in the sun in spring and early summer. The
species of Ilarjiahis proper are extremely variable in size, colour, and
sculpture, even individual species (e.g. //. cenens) presenting an endless
variety of shades. The males have joints 1-4 of the anterior and inter-
mediate tarsi dilated, and furnished with squamaj beneath; three
species of Ophonus, however (as M. Bedel remarks, 1. c. p. 69), have the
tiirsi simple in both sexes; these are cordicollis^QVY^dermatodes^ohva..,
and Jemoralis Coq.

The larva of Harpalus aeneus is figured by Schiiidte (iii., PI. xxii., Fig. 1). It is
depressed and cylindrical, gradually narrowed from the head, which is broader than
any of the other segments, to the ninth abdominal segment, which is narrow and bears
two short rather stout cerci ; the anal appendage also is short and thick ; the thorax is
convex with the scuta margined, but none of the other scuta arc margined ; the
colour is white, with the head, prothorax, and all the dorsal scuta yellow ; the
muscular impressions on the abdominal scuta are distinct ; claws slightly unequal :
the larva digs burrows in sandy ground. The larva of H. ruficornis difters from
that of n. cBneus in being half as large again, and rather more depressed, in the form
of the ninth abdominal segment, and in having the cerci thicker and less widely
separated.

(Sub-Gen. i. Ophonus, Stephens.)

I. Upper surface of elytra metallic, blue or green.
i. Length 10-13 mm.

1. Sides of thorax rounded from apex to middle,
and thence obliquely contracted to basej pos-
terior angles blunt, but distinct 11. SabULICOLA, Panz.

2. Sides of thorax rounded from apex to base ;

posterior angles rounded, or nearly so.

A. Sides of thorax slightly rounded; posterior

angles somewhat app:irent. L. 13 mm. . . H. OBSCUEXJS, F.

B. Sides of thorax strongly rounded ; posterior
angles completely rounded off. L. 11-12

mm H. EOTUNDICOLLIS, Fainn.

ii. Length 6-8 mm.

1. Thorax with posterior angles right angles,

without trace of basal border H. ruNCTATULUS, Buft.

2. Thorax with postei'ior angles blunt, base

lightly bordered H. azureus, F. *

IT. Upper surface not metallic, brownish or reddish.
i. Thora.x very strongly contracted at base, apex of
posterior angles opposite the axis of the fifth

stria of the elytra II. COKDATUS, D((/V.

ii. Thorax not very strongly contracted at base,
apex of posterior angles opposite the axis of
the sixth stria of the elytra
1. Thorax not strongly transverse.

A. Form more elongate ; thorax without trace
of ba<al border ; interstices of elytra more

coarsely punctured H. IIUPICOLA, Sturm.

B. Form broader; thorax often with basal
border ; interstices of elytra more finely

punctured ' . H. tuncticgllis, Payk.

* The Tar. similis of H. azureus is dark pitchy-red or brownish, scarcely, if at all,
metallic, and might be referred to the second section.

44 ADBPHAGA. . \_Harpalus.

2. Thorax strongly transverse.

A. Thorax shorter, with central furrow and

basal fovese distinct. L. 6-7 mm. . . . H. EUFIBARBIS, F.

B. Thorax longer, with central furrow and

basal foveas indistinct. L. 5| ram. . . . H. paralleltts, Dej,

K. sabulicola, Panz. Oblong, somewhat pubescent; head and
thorax pitcli black, strongly punctured, antennae and palpi red ; thorax
broader than long, rounded in front, obliquely contracted from middle
to base, with blunt but distinct posterior angles, strongly punctured,
punctuation at . base thicker and closer, with very fine central furrow ;
elytra blue, often with greenish reflection, broader than thorax, some-
what parallel-sided, not emarginate before apex, plainly striated, inter-
stices thickly punctured ; legs red. L. 12-13 mm.

Chalky and sandy places, near the coast, under stones, &c. ; not comiuou ; occasion-
ally found further inland. Box Hill ; Folkestone ; Deal ; Brighton ; Gravesend ; Dover ;
Southend ; Dorking ; Portland. Said by Dawson to be found abundantly under stones
and clods of earth near Basingstoke, &c. ; apparently confined to the south-east of
England.

XX. obscurus, F. (= H. stidus, Steph., nee ohscurus, Daws. = ?
ino)ificola, Dej.). (Fig. Steph. Illust. viii. f. 6.)

This species appears to be intermediate between the preceding and the
common H. rotimdicoUis, Fairm. ; it is about the size of H. sahulicola,
if anything rather larger ; the posterior angles of thorax are more
rounded than in the latter insect, bnt more visible than in H. rotundi-
collis ; the apex of the elytra is deeply excised, and by this and its
usually darker colour it may be distinguished from either of these two
species. L. 13 mm.

Very rare : Stephens mentions Hackney Marshes as a locality ; several specimens
vi&ce taken manj' years ago by Ur. Power and Professor Babingtoa at Swatfham in
Cambridgeshire, and some of these they distributed as H. sahulicola; they probably
still exist in old collections under this name. Mr. Matthews has a specimen from
Weston, Oxfordshire; the species has not occurred for a very long time in England.
Scotland, very rare Solway district, " Raehills, Rev. W. Little," Murray, Scot. Nat.
viii. 278.

K. rotundicollis, Fairm. (ohscurus, Daws., diffinis, Dej.). Very
like H. sahidicola, but smaller, Avith the sides of the thorax completely
rounded, posterior angles rounded, not visible ; the head and thorax are
less closely punctured and the central furroAV of the latter is more distinct ;
the elytra are dark violet blue, and not, as a rule, greenish, as in the
above species, and are very slightly sinuate or emarginate at apex. L.
10-11 mm.

This species can hardly be separated from H. diffinis, Dej., which only
differs in having the sides of the thorax less rounded, and the elytra less
sinuate at apex ; the sinuation, however, of H. rotundicoUis is so slight
that in some specimens it is hardly perceptible.

Kather common but local in salt marshes, and in chalky fields, on the sides of
cliffs, &c., both near the coast and further inland ; very common in the Isle of Wight,
and on the south coast generally; common in Kent and Surrey. I have never found

Jlarpahii;.] adephaca. 4o

it in tlie north, and it does not appear in tlio Yorkshire, Durham and Nortliumbcr-
luud, Scotch or Irish lists.

K. punctatulus, Duft. Oblong ovate, rather depressed, upper side
green or l)luisli, often rather dull, antennae and palpi red; thorax
broader than long, slightly rounded at sides, and contracted at base,
|)osterior angles shari) right angles ; elytra very little wider than base of
thorax, interstices of strire very thickly and closely punctured. L. 8
mm.

Not common; chalky places, in moss, &c.; occasionally brushed from herbage or
running on pathways. Chatham, Dartford, Caterham, Lewisham, Croydon, Ileigate ;
Folkestone ; near Sandown and Ventuor, Isle of Wight ; Bournemouth ; Bath ;
Hunstanton; Colchester; Swansea; Newark. Ireland, near Dublin, Dr. Power.

K. azureus, Y. Resembles the preceding, but is shorter, and as a rule
more brilliantly coloured ; it is generally of a shining bright green colour ;
the thorax has the posterior angles blunt ; the elytra are broader in pro-
portion to the thorax than in //. pmirtatulns, and the interstices are
more coarsely and less closely punctured. L. 6-7 mm.

The var. similis, TH'j., is pitchy with slight metallic reflection on the
elytra, and has the interstices of the elytra more strongly punctured ; it
occurs sparingly with the type.

Local ; chalky places under stones and in moss; also at roots of plants and tufts
of grass. Rather common in various localities in the Isle of Wight, also at Box Hill,
Ileigate, Folkestone, Malvern, Bath,&c. ; Dover; Bournemouth; Margate ; Sheppy ;
Portland ; Swansea ; Hertford and other southern or mid-southern localities ; not a
northern insect.

K. cordatus, Duft. Pitchy or reddish, with thorax often lighter ;
thorax heart-shaped, strongly rounded in front and very strongly con-
tracted behind, disc convex, posterior angles sharp, prominent; elytra
oblong, with striae often plainly punctured, interstices thickly and finely
punctured ; antennae and legs brown-red or red, femora sometimes rather
darker. L. 7-9 mm.

Hare : the chief locality api)oars to he Deal, where it is found at the roots of grass.
Mr. Champion iiiforms me that it has been recorded from Keigate and other inland
localities, but probably in mistake for vars. of if. puncticoUis or U. rupicola.

H. rupicola, Sturm. Elongate, dark reddisli-lirown, head and thorax
often lighter red; thorax longer antl narrower than in the succeeding
species, with the sides rounded in front, Initmore oblitiuely and gradually
narrowed Ijehind, with posterior angles hardly right angles, and almost
blunted ; elytra narrower and more elongate, pitchy, with the interstices
more coarsely punctured than in any of the allied species ; th(> female
has the hinder edge of the last abdominal segment raised in the middle
in a small tubercle, according to M. Ijedel, but this character is ni.)t very
evident. L. 6-8 ram.

Chalky and sandy places, not common, although occasionally rather plentiful where
it occtu's ; Deal, Dover, Shceriiess, Box Hill, Rcigate, Southend, Ilytlie ; Shiiiley,
near Horsham (common); Malvern; Burton-ou-Trent ; Hunstiinten ; Walton-on-Naxc;
Bournemouth; Swauuage ; Isle of Wight.

46 ADEPHAGA. \_IIaqmlus.

K. puncticollis, Payk. Very like the preceding, but rather
shorter and broader in form, colour similar, thorax extremely variable in
shape, sometimes longer and more convex with sides strongly rounded
in front and much contracted behind, with posterior angles very promi-
nent (giving the insect somewhat the appearance of H. cordatus), at
other times shorter with the sides less rounded and more obliquely con-
tracted, with the posterior angles almost blunt ; the interstices of the
elytra are evidently less strongly punctured than in //. rupicola, although
more so than in //. cordatus, from which latter insect it may also be dis-
tinguished by the fact that tlie striae are always impunctate ; the female
has the apex of the last abdominal segment simple ; the base of the
thorax is sometimes bordered and sometimes presents no trace of a border,
so that M. Bedel's distinction, depending on this character, is unreliable.
L. 6-8 mm.

Widely distributed and in many places common throughout England ; Scotland,
rare, Lowlands. Ireland, near Dublin and Belfast, and probably common. I once
took it on flower-heads that had gone to seed at Filey, Yorks. M. Bedel says that it
occurs on the umbels of Daiicus carota.

K. rufibarbis, F. {hrevicoUis, Serv., crihellum, Steph.). Very
closely resembles the preceding ; the thorax however is, as a rule, much
shorter and broader than average specimens of H. ^^undieoUis, and has
the sides more rounded in front, and so, apparently, more strongly con-
tracted behind ; the interstices of the elytra are finely and not quite so
thickly pimctured as in that species, and the whole form is rather shorter
and broader. L. 6-8 mm.

A widely distributed and sometimes abundant species in England ; Scotland, ap-
parently very rare ; Dr. Sharp has a specimen in his collection from Thoruhill, near
Dumfries ; not recorded from Ireland. I once took it very abundantly at Repton ;
in a space about a foot square I found between 100 and 200 examples near and upon
an old decayed fir- stump: these specimens did not differ much among themselves.

K. parallelus, Dej. Very like H. puncticollis in form, but much
smaller and more parallel, with thorax about equal in length propor-
tionally to that of ordinary specimens of H. nifiharhis ; the posterior
angles of the thorax are right angles and not produced ; the elytra are
furnished with larger punctures or pores on the third, fifth, and seventh
interstices, and the general colour is darker than the allied species,
especially on the underside. L. 5-5| mm.

Bare; first taken by H. Squire on the Sussex coast ; Rochester; Strood; Sheerness ;
Eastbourne ; Dover ; Sandown, Isle of Wight.

M. Bedel (1. c. p. 172) considers this species to be synonymous with
H. puncticollis ; in some ways, however, it seems more closely related
to H. rujiharhis ; the fact is, that it is almost impossible to separate
these two latter species, and the distinctions that separate H. parallelus
from them are so small when they come to be tested, that it seems
almost impossible to retain it as a good species ; neither the small size.

Harpalus.] adephaga. 47

nor tlie shape of the thorax or of its posterior angles can be depended
upon, aiul the other species, occasionally at any rate, have larger punc-
tures in the interstices. Dr. Sharp, in his collection, has not attempted
to assign his numerous specimens to either of the species, but has series
numbered from 1 to 7 containing varieties that lead gradually from near
cordatas to the most extreme rufihcirbis ; there are one or two inter-
mediate specimens which it would be perfectly impossible to assign to
either species. It seems extremely probable that H. rufibarbis, H. jninc-
ticollis, and H. parallelus will eventually be regarded as one variable
species. (For notes on the doubtful species of Oj^honus, &c., sec Ent.
Mo. Mag. xxii. 172.)

(Sub-Gen. ii. Pseudophonus, !Mots.)

I. Posterior angles of thorax sharp and projecting ; episterna of

metathorax punctured H. ECFICORXIS, F.

II. Posterior angles of thorax blunt ; episterna of metathorax

smooth H. OEISETT3, Panz.

K. ruficornis, F. Oblong, head and thorax black, somewhat shin-
ing, the latter thickly punctured at sides, disc almost smooth, posterior
angles sharp, projecting, somewhat acute ; elytra very dull, covered with
fine close punctuation between stripe, clothed entirely with a faie short
greyish-golden pubescence ; legs red. L. 12-15 mm.

Common and generally distributed throughout the kingdom as far north as the
Moray district ; it does not, however, appear to occur in the extreme north of Scothind
as far as is known at present.

K. griseus, Panz. Very like the preceding, of which it has often
been considered a variety, but the formation of the thorax renders it
quite distinct : it is much smaller than H. ruJicornU ; the sides of the
thorax are straighter and more ])arallel, less rounded in front, and less
contracted behind, and the posterior angles are very blunt and almost
rounded ; in nearly all other respects it closely resembles the above
species. L. 10 mm.

This species was first observed as British by Mr. Waterhousc (Ent. Ann. 1863, 08),
but he did not know the locality of his specimens ; it has beeu taken on Cannock
Chase and, I believe, in the isew Forest, and also iu Ireland.

(Sub-Gen. iii. Harpalus, i. sp.)

I. External interstices of elytra entirely punctured,
i. Colour very variable, metallic ; legs almost

always red ; apex of elytra strongly emarginate,
especially in male ; length Sj-lOV mm. . . . H. iEXECS, /•'.
ii. Colour black, not metallic ; legs bkck, tarsi red;

apexof elytra slightly sinuate ; length 11-11 mm. H. CALCEATUS, Sturm.

II. External interstices of elytra smooth (except for
the large regular punctures or pores on the mar-
gin, and also at apex iu some species) ; apical margin
of elytra simply more or less sinuate.

48

ADEPHAGA.

[Harpalus.

i. Metathoiacic episterna narrow and elongate ;
colour black or bluish black.

1. Length 7-8 mm. ; basal depressions of thorax

very strong, space between almost smooth . , H. CONSENTANETJS, JDej.

2. Length lU-llmm.; basal depressions of thorax

shallow, the whole base more or less punctured H. TENEBROStrs, DeJ.
ii. Metathoracic episterna broad and not elongate.

1. Base of thorax densely punctured or rugose

throughout.

A. Apex of seventh interstice of elytra with a

row of 5-9 pores H. etjbeipes, Dufi.

B. Apex of seventh interstice of elytra without

pores.

a. Upper side metallic green or bronze (often

dull, almost black, in female),
a*. Posterior angles right angles ; length

9 nun H. discoideus, F.

b*. Posterior angles blunt ; length 12 mm. H. cupjbeus, Df/.

b. Upper side black, base of thorax lighter

or darker blue H. caspius, Stev.

c. Upper side black in both sexes.

a*. Thorax with extreme margins light ;
elytra without large punctures or pores
on third interstice H. LATXJS, L.

b*. Thorax entirely black ; elytrawith two

or three pores on third interstice . . H. qtjadeipunctatuSj Dej.

2. Base of thorax smooth or almost smooth, with

basal depressions very shallow, sometimes
hardly indicated, sometimes obscurely rugose
and punctured.

A. Apex of 8th interstice of elytra with a

series of pores; elytra produced at apex . H. MELANCHOLICUS, Dej.

B. Apex of 8th interstice of elytra without a

series of pores ; elytra not produced at
apex.

a. Thorax not contracted from middle to

base,
a*. Form rather depressed ; elytra behind
middle not or hardly broader than
base of thorax,
af. Legs black with tarsi red; thorax

nearly as broad in front as behind H. TABDUS, Panz.
bf. Tibite, tarsi, and femora unicolorous ;
thorax much narrower in front
than behind,
aj. Colour dark brown red or pitchy,
margins of thorax broadly reddish ;

antennic and legs red H. SERTUS, Duft.

bj. Colour black ; antennaj pitchy

with lighter base, legs black . . H. ANXirs, Buft.
b*. Form very convex ; elytra behind
middle much broader than base of
thorax H. seekipes, Schon.

b. Thorax feebly but perceptibly contracted

from middle to base ; colour very vari-
able, sometimes black, sometimes bright
blue or greenish, metallic H. ignavus, Duft.

Ilarpalus.'] adephaga. 49

c. Thorax distinctly oontrncted at base, pos-
terior angles either very bluut or
rounded.
a*. Elytra with pore on posterior third of
third interstice ; upper side, legs, and

antenna; black ; length 7 mm. . . II. NEOLECTUS, 7)^;'.
b*. Elytra without pore on posterior third
of third interstice ; upper side ])ilchy
red, legs and antennae light red ;
length 4 mm H. picipennis, Duft.

K. aeneus, F. {Proteus, Payk.). Very variable in colour, brassy,
coppery, bri,^ht green, purple, sometimes almost crimson, blue-black, or
black, thorax and elytra not always unicolorous ; antennae red with
middle joints occasionally darker; tliorax subquadrate, anterior and pos-
terior margins about equal in breadth, posterior angles blunt right angles,
base very finely punctured with a shallow depression on each side ;
elytra with sides almost stniight, external interstices finely punctured ;
apex very broadly and strongly excised in male, very strongly sinuate in
female ; legs red, occasionally pitchy black. L. 8|-10| mm.

One of the connnonest of our species ; abundant throughout the kingdom ; it varies
very consideiably in size as well as in colour, small specimens occasionally occurring
which are not much larger than J. azureus; it can always be separated from the
allied species by the formation of the apex of the elytra; the female is somewhat
duller than the male, but the difference is not, as a rule, so marked in this species as
in others of the genus ; the legs are occasionally dark.

K. calceatus, Sturm. Black, or pitchy black, underside some-
times pitchy brown ; antennae and palpi clear red ; thorax much broader
than long, with sides feebly rounded in front and very slightly con-
tracted, almost straight, towards base, posterior angles right angles ; the
entire base is coarsely and rugosely punctured, antl is depressed on each
side, but with no evident basal foveae ; elytra rather long, broader in
front than base of thorax, with deep impunctate striae, interstices
somewhat convex, the space between the eigiith stria and the margin
• lensely and finely ptnictured, besides the usual marginal row of large
])ores ; metasternum rather strongly punctured; legs black or pitchy
black, tarsi clear red. L. 11-14 mm.

Very rare; lately (Jan. 1886) reinserted in the British list on a specimen taken by
myself at Bridlington, Yorks, in 187'J, and mistaken for II. tenehrosus, of which I did
not possess a specimen : cm Mr. Chamj)ion presenting me with a pair, I at once saw
that my insect belonged to quite a diiferent species; a single specimen is said to
liave been taken in 1830 near Swansea by Rev. C. Kuper; in France it is common,
and flies to light. M. Bedel considers that the species belongs to the sub-genus
I'seudophonus, its tarsi being somewiiat pubescent, and not glabrous, but the fact
that the outer interstices only are punctured, and that all the others are imi)unctate,
seems to show that, aUhough its position may be doubtful, it is better to place it
among the true llarpali, in which case its natural position seems to be near II. ceneus.
(See Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 172.)

H. consentaneus, Dej. {aifcmtatus, Stepli.). Oblong, rather
narrow, almost parallel ; male shining black, female dull black ; anlennm

E

50 ADEPHAGA. [Ilurpahis.

and palpi red ; thorax rather convex, with sides rounded in front, and
very slightly contracted behind, posterior angles sharp and prominent
right angles, extreme lateral margins often reddish ; at the base are two
deep and strongly punctured depressions, the space between which is
almost smooth ; elytra slightly broader than thorax, deejily striated ;
femora black, tibiae and tarsi red. L. 7-9 mm.

Sandy places, under moss, stones, &c. Local, but often found in abundance
on the coast, rare inland. Sheerness; Deal; Folkestone; Woking; Eastbourne;
Hunstanton; Isle of Wight; Isle of Man; Wallasey, near Liverpool; Devonshire;
North Wales.

K. tenebrosus, Dej. (Wollastoni, Daws.). Oblong, black, or
black with a very slight steel-blue tinge on the elytra ; antennae red,
middle joints darker at base ; thorax about one-third broader than long,
widest a little before the middle, slightly narrowed in front and behind,
posterior angles obtuse, blunt ; at the base on each side there is a shallow
depression, more or less strongly punctured ; the remainder of the base
is sometimes punctured throughout, or the intermediate space between
the depressions is almost smooth ; elytra at base somewdiat broader than
base of thorax, Avith rather strong impunctate striae., apex sinuate and
strongly produced ; femora and tibite pitchy black, tarsi red. The
female is duller than the male, and apparently has the base of the
thorax less punctured.

Very rare; Brighton; Battersea Fields (Rye, one example); Whitsand Bay, near
Plymouth (commou 1875-76, J. J. Walker, who could not however find it in 1885) ;
Margate (Spiers) ; Ramsgatc (Gorham) ; Eastbourne (A. C. Horner) ; Slaptoa
Ley (WoUaston) ; Isle of Wight (W. G. Blatch) ; Swansea (W. G. Blatch) ;
Northumberland and Durham (very rare, Bold).

K. rubripes, Duft. Oblong oval, rather broad, convex ; colour
variable, male brilliant green, purple, or bluish, female obscure dull
green, sometimes almost black ; antennae and palpi red ; thorax trans-
verse, slightly narrowed in front, very slightly contracted behind, pos-
terior angles blunt right angles, central furrow very strongly marked,
base with two shallow depressions, which together with the base itself
are punctured (more' closely in female, hoAvever, than in male) ; elytra
rather short and convex with impunctate striae ; apex of seventh inter-
stice with a roAV of from seven to nine pores ; legs red. L. 9-10 mm.

Sandy, chalky, and gravelly places, under stones, &c. ; local ; in abundance at
Sandovvn, Isle of Wight, and other places in the south of England, and the London
district generally ; also occurs iu the Midlands; rare further north, Whitby, &c. ;
Scotland, rare Lowlands ; Ireland, near Belfast.

The male of this species closely resembles H. ceneus, but may easily be
distinguished by the very slight sinuation of the apex of the elytra.

K. discoideus, F. {smaragdmus, Daft.). Oblong, male shining
brassy green or bluish, female dull pitchy black, margins of thorax (and
more imperceptibly of elytra) edged with red: antennae and palpi testa-
ceous red ; thorax much, broader than long, scarcely narrowed behind,

Harpalus.'\ adephaga. 51

posterior angles right angles, base Avith a rather broad rugose depression
un each side, the base and depressions being thickly punctured ; elytra
with impunctate striae, very slightly sinuate at apex; legs red. L. 9-10
mm.

Very rare; sandy districts, at the roots of lieath and under stones; Chobham
(Ciiampion) ; Gravesend ; Brandon, Suffolk (.1. J. Walker) ; Gotnsh;ill ; Woburn,
Ucds; recorded by Dawson from Sandy, Bedfordshire, and Isle of Wight.

K. cupreus, Dej. Oblong, rather broad, considerably larger than the
preceding ; colour metallic green, more or less bronzed, sometimes cop-
})ery, not very shining ; antennae pitchy with basal joint and sometimes
part of more or less of the other joints light red ; thorax subquadrate,
slightly narrowed in front, scarcely contracted behind, posterior angles
blunt, Avith two depressions at base, which with the base itself are
thickly punctured ; elytra deeply striated, with the usually short sutural
striae longer than in any other of our species, apex with hardly a trace
of sinuation ; legs pitchy black, claws red. L. 12-13 mm.

Very rare ; Rydc, Cowe?, and Saudown in the Isle of Wight. Mr. Horner took it
not long ago at the latter place. Stephens gives the banks of the Thames below
Gravesend as a locality, but this may have been in error.

I have a specimen of this insect from Greece (sent by Eeitter) which
is larger and more convex than our British specimens, and has the legs
and antennae clear red.

K. caspius, Stev. (dej/ressus, Duft., dimidiatus, Rossi). Oblong
ovate, shining black with the base of the thorax (and sometimes its
entire surface) greenish blue or violaceous, antennae fuscous, base light
red ; thorax subquadrate, rather convex, sides slightly rounded in front
and behind, posterior angles very blunt, almost rounded oil", base with
two shallow depressions, which with the base itself are thickly and some-
what rugosidy punctured ; elytra at base hardly as broad as base of
thorax, with strong impunctate strijB (occasionally feebly punctured in
female), slightly sinuate at apex ; hfth and seventh interstices with
several pores at apex ; legs black, claws red. L. 12-13 mm.

Local, but not uucomniou in the south; on chalky hill-sides and in salt marshes,
under stones, &c. VV'hitstable, Gravesend, Shoerness, Dover, Reigate, Box Hill ;
Isle of Wight, Ventnor, Bonchurch, &•. ; l^ourneinouth ; Weymouth; Portland.
Apparently confined to the southern and south-tastern districts of Englatul.

K. latus, L. Oblong, shining black, with the extreme margins of
the thorax reddish testaceous ; antennae and palpi red ; thorax almost
(juadratc, slightly narrowed in front, not narrowed behind, posterior angles
blunt right angles, with two shallow depressions at base, which with the
base are closely and somewhat rugnsely punctured ; elytra strongly
striated with scarcely a trace of suiuatioa at apex ; legs rod. L. 8-9
mm.

Generally distributed and common throughout England ; Scotland, common Low.
lands; Irclaud, common near Dubliu, and probably generally distributed. Mr. Lewis

52 ADEPHAGA. [IlaVJXlJllS.

captured a variety of this species at Folkestone, with metallic instead of black elytra,
which Rye introduced as v. metaUescens. (Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. 84.)

H. quadripunctatus, Dej. Yery like the preceding, "but distin-
gtiished by being ratlier larger and more parallel with a slight steel-blue
reflection ; the thorax is not furnished with the testaceoiis edge so
evident in H. latus ; on the apical half of the third interstice of each
elytron are two or three large pores, which are Avanting in that species.
L. 9-10 mm.

A very local northern species, chiefly confined to the Highlands of Scotland ;
Braemar, Aviemore, &c. ; Nevvcastle; recorded by Mr. W. G. Blatcb from Cheddar;
it has also occurred in Ireland.

K. melancholicus, Dej. Male shining black, female duller; antennae
red, intermediate joints sometimes dusky; thorax subquadrate, a little
narrowed in front, with sides quite straight behind, 2)osterior angles
almost right angles, but blunt and slightly obtuse, disc much wrinkled,
base depressed with a fovea on each side, sometimes almost smooth,
sometimes with coarse scattered punctures ; elytra rather parallel, with
distinct stri?B, eighth interstice from the suture with a row of pores at
apex, apex considerably produced ; legs jjitchy, tarsi lighter. L. 10-11
mm.

Rare. Swansea; Tenby; North Wales, Conway, &c. ; Deal; Plumstead, Kent. In
Mr. Champion's collection is a very small variety about 8 mm. long, taken by Mr.
J. J. Walker in 1885 in the Isle of Portland, Dorset.

ZZ. tardus, Panz. (FrohUchi, Sturm). Male shining black ; female
duller ; antennae and palpi clear red ; thorax broad, subquadrate, slightly
narrowed in front, with sides straight behind, posterior angles rather
blunt, but almost right angles, base with an almost obsolete depression
on each side, somewhat punctured in male, almost entirely smooth in
female ; elytra with very feebly-punctured striae ; femora and tibiae pitchy
black, apex of latter and tarsi red. L. 9-10 mm.

Sandy places under stones, &c. ; common throughout England on the coast and
inland ; Scotland, rare, Aviemore, Glasgow, &c. ; Ireland.

Eesembles //. meJanclioHcus, but may at once be distinguished by not
having the apex of the elytra produced, and by the absence of pores at
the apex of the eighth interstice of elytra.

K. servus, Duft. Oval, rather flat, reddish brown or pitchy, with
the sides of thorax, especially at posterior angles, broadly red ; antennae
red ; thorax broadest at base, gradually rounded and narrowed from base
to apex, posterior margin emarginate from angle to angle in an arc of a
circle, thus rendering the posterior angles bluntly pointed, base with two
depressions, smooth ; elytra finely striated, very feebly sinuate at apex ;
legs black, apex of tibiae, and tarsi, reddish brown. L. 8-9 mm.

Sandy places, on or near the coast, rare ; Deal ; Romney Sands and Covert Wood
(Tylden) ; Sandwich; Southend; Hastings; Folkestone; Portsmouth; Yarmouth;
Hunstanton.

Harjmhiii.] adepraoa. 53

H. anxlus, T^uft. Cl'^ipely resembles tlie preceding, hut is smaller,
and IdiiiriT oval, lihick, with the antennae lighter or darker hrown, base
red ; thorax usually as in //. servus, but occasionally the hind margin is
straight or almost straight, and so the posterior angles are simply blunted ;
elytra almost parallel-sided, finely striated ; legs black, extreme apex of
tibiae, as a rule, and claws, reddish. L. 7-8 mm.

Sandy coasts ; abundiint in the south ; apparently not found in the north.

H. serripes, Schon. (sfi/gius Steph., convexu.% Fairm.). Black, very
fonvex, mule shining, female duller, but not so much so as in other
allied species ; antennae with basal joint bright red, the two or three
following dusky at base, the rest dull ferruginous; thorax narrowed in
front, very gradually and imperceptibly contracted from about mid<lle
to base, posterior angles obtuse, base Avith an obsolete depression on each
side, almost smooth ; elytra narrowed in front, Avidened behind, wider
behind middle than base of thorax, Avath strong striae, the third inter-
stice with a pore behind close to the second stria ; legs pitchy black.
L. 9-1 1 mm.

Sandy co-.ists; not nncomnion in the sontli ; Deal; Sheerness ; Margate; Wey-
mouth; Portland; Isle of Wight ; also Wallasey, near Liverpool.

K. ig-navus, Duft. (honesfus, Duft , rufitarsis, Duft.). Colour
varialde, blue, blue-black or black (foreign specimens are sometimes
bright green or bronze) ; antennae red, intermediate joints sometimes
dusky ; thorax feebly rounded at sides, gradually contracted from middle
to base, with posterior angles nearly right angles, base with a depression
on each side ; elytra very strongly striated, slightly but plainly sinuate at
apex ; legs pitch-black, tarsi lighter. L. 8-9 mm.

The coloured varieties of this species are the Carahus honesfus, Duft.
This species M. Bedel retains as distinct from ignuvus, on the ground of
its colour, and the fact that the sutural angle of the elytra in female is
})roduced " en forme d'epine " and not "simplement aigu " as in the
type species ; there a])pears, however, to be no real structural difference.

Sandy places; common in the London district; Hythe; Bournemouth; South-
aniptou ; Isle of Wight; Eiistol. Ireland, Portmaruock. Not recorded from the
north of England or Scotland.

ZI. neg-lectus, Dej. Ovate, shining black ; antennae with first joint
red, apex dull red, the rest black or pitchy ; thorax short, sides rounded
in front and behind, strongly contracted to base, posterior angles rounded
but visible, base with a deep depression on each side ; elytra ovale,
rather convex, third interstice with a pore close to the second stria ; legs
pitchy black, tarsi red. L. 7-8 mm.

This species is about the size of //. aiLrius, and is often confounded
with it, but the rounded sides and posterior angles of thorax at once
distinguish it.

Sandy coasts, local, but not uncommon; Chosil Bank (abundant); Wcymoulh;
Bournemouth ; Swansea ; Barmouth ; lihyl ; Wallasey.

54 ADEPHAGA. [HavpaUis.

K. plclpennis, Duft. (venialis, F.). The smallest species of the
genus that we possess ; ovate, pitchy, antennae red ; thorax transverse,
narrowed in front and behind, with posterior angles rounded, base with
an oblong depression on each side, wholly impunctate ; elytra with fine
striae, without pore on third interstice ; legs red. L. 4-6 mm.

Not common ; on sandy coasts ; Chesil Bank ; Exmouth; Weymouth; recorded by
Dawson from the coasts of Norfolk, Suflblk, and Essex.

Besides the above species, H. luteicoimis, Duft., and 77. siilphurijjes, Germ..,
have been included in the Eritish list ; the specimens, however, appear
to have been erroneously determined, and to have belonged to other
allied indigenous species : H. luteicornis is closely allied to //. latus, but
is smaller, with the posterior angles of the thorax sharp right angles and
not blunt as in that species, and the base m oreweakly punctured ; the
antennae and legs are also lighter ; H. snlijlniripes comes very near to
//. ignaviis v. lionestus, but is considerably smaller, with the sides of the
thorax more strongly contracted behind, and the apex of the elytra more
sinuate; it differs also by the fact that the tibiae and tarsi are entirely red,
only the femora being dark : for specimens of these species I am indebted
to the kindness of Herr Eeitter.

ANISODACTYLIJfA.

The Anisodactylina are characterized by having the dilated joints of the
anterior tarsi of the males furnished beneath with a thick brush-like
clothing of short erect hairs, or, as some authors term it, "spongy
pubescent ;" several of the genera are someAvhat intermediate between
the Harpalina and Anisodactylina, for instance DicMrotrkJius, which
by some writers is classed under Bradycellus ; Diachromus also is some-
times included under the Harpalina, but seems decidedly to belong to
the Anisodactylina ; Dichirotrichns, however, has the soles of the dilated
joints partly squamose and partly pubescent ; as in some of the Patelli-
mani, some of the hairs are dilated at their apices, and show a tendency
to assume a scale form ; on the whole, however, it appears best to class
it with the Anisodactylina. The curious genus Gynandromorplnis,
which Dr. Horn would suppress as belonging to Anisodactyliis proper,
seems abundantly distinct through the strongly dilated first joint of the
tarsi of the female.

I. Anterior tibia? armed with one apical spine only

(simple or tricuspid).
i. First joint of anterior tarsi of male as broad as the
following joints.

1. Intermediate tarsi not dilated in male DrcniHOTRiCHTTS, Dun.

2. Intermediate tarsi dilated in male Scybalicus, Schmim.

ii. First joint of anterior tarsi of male conspicuously

narrower than the following joints Anisodactylus, Dej.

II. Anterior tibiae armed with two apical spines, the one

large, the other small Diacheomus, Er.

Dlchirotrlc]iU!i.'\ adkpiiaga. 55

DICKIROTRICHUS, Duval.

About ten species are contained in this genus, which are widely dis-
tributed throughout Europe, one only occurring as far south as the
Canary Islands ; our two species may be separated as follows : —

I. Interstices of el.\tra broad with three rows of irregular

piincturcs on each ; stria; weak, almost impunctate . . D. OBSOLETUS, Bej.

II. Interstices of elytra narrow with one or two rows of

irregular punctures on each ; stria3 strong D. pubescens, Pa^^.

The larva of D. pubescens is described by Schiodte (iii. 259, PI. xxii., Fig. 19) as
belonging to the genus Bradycellus ; it very closely resembles that of Sfenolophus,
but is somewhat broader with the bead rather larger, and the anal appendage very
short and stout ; the ma.vilkv, especially the stipites, are much larger, aud the dorsiil
abdominal scuta are smaller; the colour is white with the legs, cerci, and dorsal
scuta pale ferruginous, with darker markings on head and segments of thorax; the pro-
thorax is transverse with all its anglfs obtuse, slightly convex, with the sides sharply
and narrowly margined : the larva is found in salt marshes with the perfect insect.

D. obsoletus, Dej. Always of a light testaceous colour, with a dusky
streak on each elytron, head sometimes dark; thorax about as long as
broad with sides slightly rounded in front and narrowed behind, witli a
very strong oblong depression on each side at base ; elytra broad with
fine strife which are almost impunctate, interstices with three irregular
rows of punctures on each; legs light testaceous. L. 7 mm.

Locally abundant ; salt, marshes beneath stones, clods of earth, &c. ; Lymington
Salterns, Whit stable, Shcerness, aud other places on the south and south-east coasts,
but not occurring further north.

D. pubescens, Payk. Very like the preceding, but smaller and
narrower, and, as a rule, much darker in colour, being sometimes entirely
pitchy ; the thorax is more cordiform and the punctures on its disc arc
larger and more dilfuse ; the elytra are narrower in proportion to thorax
with strong and strongly punctured striae, interstices with one or two
irregular rows of punctures on each. L. 6 mm.

Salt marshes and banks of tidal rivers : very connmon in England ; Scotland rather
widely distributed but local; Ireland, near Dublin aud Belfast, and probably
common.

SCYBAXiICUS, Schaum.

This small genus was formed l)y Schaum to include one or two insects
that were formerly included under ILirpaJus, but which were evidently
quite distinct in several particulars ; he first named the genus Apaieliim,
but afterwards gave it its present name.

S. oblongriusculus, 1 )ej . Al)out the size and build of ft. rotiiinh'rn]/is,
but rather iiarmucr ; thuk jiitcliy red ; antennie and palpi ferruginous;
head strongly punctured ; thorax witli sides rounded in front, strongly
contracted behind, posterior angles rounded, with distinct central furmw
ending in a depression in front and behind, strongly ptinctuvrd throu^li-

56 ADEPHAGA. [Sci/halicus.

out, strongly depressed and more closely punctured behind ; elytra rather
flat, somewhat parallel-sided-, with rather strong striae, interstices closely
punctured, the surface entirely clothed Avith thick yellowish pubescence
(as in H. riifirornis) ; legs ferruginous. L. 11-13 mm.

This fine addition to our fauna is due to Mr. J. T. Harris, who took a single
specimen near Portland in 1878 ; in 1879 Mr. P. B. Mason took about twenty speci-
mens in the same locality under stones : three specimens only have occurred there
since, two taken by Mr. J. J. Walker, one soon after Mr. Mason took his specimens,
and another in the autumn of 1885, and one by Rev. O. P. Cambridge ; these later
captures prove that it is still in the neighbourhood, and was not a chance importation,
but it seems strange that so large and conspicuous an insect for so long escaped de-
tection,

ANZSODACTVXiUS, Dejean.

This genus contains about seventy-five species, which are very widely
distributed over the surface of the globe ; it is curious, however, that
only seven of these occur in Europe (of which three belong to the sub-
genus DicMrus, Mann.), while in Crotch's " Check List of the Coleoptera
of North America " no fewer than forty-five species are enumerated ; on
the other hand, the European species of Harpalus are double the number
of those found in North America, In general appearance the Anisodactyli
closely resemble the Harpali ; they are usually found in damp localities
under stones and clods of earth.

I. Posterior angles of thorax prominent ; colour black , . A. BIN0TATTJ8, i^.

II. Posterior angles of thorax rounded j colour metallic,

variable A. PCEClLOiDEg, Staph.

A. binotatus, F. Black, somewhat shining ; antennae pitchy, fi rst
and sometimes part of second joint red ; head with two red spots on the
forehead between eyes, often confluent, sometimes obsolete ; thorax
transverse, feebly rounded at sides, conti'acted gradually towards base,
posterior angles produced at their extreme apex into a small sharp tooth,
disc somewhat obscurely wrinkled longitudinally, base strongly and
closely punctured throughout, with a broad shallow depression on each
side; elytra somewhat parallel-sided,, disc strongly striated, distinctly
sinuate at apex ; legs black, tarsi reddish. L, 10-12 mm,

Eather widely distributed and common in the south of England, rarer in the north;
Scotland, local. Lowlands.

V. spurratirnrms, Dej. Resembles the preceding, but has the legs
entirely red : occurs with the type,

V. atricornis, Steph. {Harpalus atricornls, Steph., Daws.). This
variety is so very much smaller than the type, and looks so different, that
it is almost impossible to regard it as anything but a distinct species : on
closer examination, however, there does not appear to be any one point
on which it can be separated ; in size and general appearance it very
closely resembles Harpalus tardus. L. 8 mm.

Sandy places, rare, and fouud uuassociated with the type form; Bournemouth

Ajiisudactylw^.'] adephaga. 57

(Sliarp); Woking (Power) ; Chobham (Sauuders anil Champion) ; Reiprate ; Wimbledon.
Stephens gives as localities "near Loudon, Windsor, and iu Glamorganshire."

A. poeciloides, Steph. (sub-gen. Z)R7rm/s, Mann.). Colour variable,
brassy green or coppery, sometimes brilliant green, occasionally with a
bluish or reddish tinge ; antennse pitchy, basal .joint red underneath ;
head with a red spot (often obsolete) between eyes ; thorax with
sides rounded, widest in middle, posterior angles rounded, ba.se with a
large punctured fovea on each side ; elytra deeply striated, sinuate at
aj)ex, interstices convex, legs black, claws red. L. 9-11 mm.

Local, salt marshess, under stones, &c. Deal, Dover, Sheorncss, Gravesond, Shoppy;
Lymington Salterns and Christehureh ; Lsle of Wight ; Weymouth ; Walton-on-Naze :
apparently not found in the north, or in Scotland.

DIACHROMUS, Erichson.

One species only belongs to this genus, which is common over the whole

of central and the greater part of southern Europe, but is doubtfully
indigenous as British.

D. g'ermanus, Er. Head testaceous red very finely punctured,
antenuje red ; thorax bluish or greenish with testaceous margins, with
sides dihited and rounded behind anterior angles, contracted behind,
posterior angles somewhat acute, the entire surface very closely punctured ;
elytra ovate, testaceous red, with a bluish or greenish patch at apex,
finely striated, interstices thickly and finely punctured ; underside shining
black except of head, which is testaceous ; legs reddish testaceous. L.
7|-8i mm.

Very rare ; a few specimens have been taken running on the pathways at St.
Leonards, Deal, Hastings, kc, by Mr. F. Sniitli, Mi-. S. Stevens, Mr. E. Saunders,
nnd others. Dr. Leach recorded it from Kingsbridge in Devonshire : in its usual
localities it appears to be fouud under stones or ou the stems of grasses, kc, in
marshy places.

Sub-Div. iv. Tripalmati.

The members of this division are distinguished by the fact that the
males have the first three joints of the anterior tarsi dilated (cordiforiu
or emarginate), and clothed underneath with .squamie.

The tribes may be distinguished as follows : —

r Head with one supra-orbital sctigcrous puncture Zabuina.

II. Head with two .supra-orbital sctij^crous punctures.

i. Epiplcura; of elytra with the edges interrupted at the level
of the last abdominal si-gment.

1. Terminal joint of the labial \vA\A as long as, or longer

than the penultimate, the latter bisetose in front . . . PrKEOSTIcniNA.

2. Terminal joint of the labial palpi shorter than the peiiul-

tiniate, the latter plurisetose in front Am.mjiva.

ii. Epipieurae of elytra continuous to apex, edges not iutcrrupteJ A>cuoiii:.MNA.

58 ADEPHAGA. \Zahrina,

ZABRINA.

The gemis Zabrus is placed by Schaum, Lacordaire, and other authors
in the Pterostichina ; it is, however, an intermediate genus, and is best
regardeil as forming a separate tribe between the Harpalina and the
Pterostichina ; it possesses, as Dr. Horn remarks, strongly marked
characters of each of these tribes, but is abundantly distinct from either
by the structure of the anterior tibiiB ; the head and thorax are akin to
those of the Harpali, while the elytra and anterior tarsi belong rather to
Pterostichus.

ZASaUS, Clairville.

This genus comprises a considerable number of species which are
chiefly found in the Europeo-Mediterranean countries, including Asia
Minor, Syria, and the district reaching to the Caspian Sea. The Zaljri
are said both in their larval and perfect state to do considerable damage
to grain crops. The larva is figured by Westwood (Classif. i. 67, Fig. 2,
6), and by Sturm (Insect. Deutsch., PI. xcviii.) : it is of the ordinary
type, long and flattened, with the segments of nearly equal breadth
except towards the apex of abdomen, where they become narrower ; the
body is said to be of a more fleshy consistence than usual ; the cerci are
rather short, and the muscular impressions of the scuta well marked ;
according to Germar these larvae bury themselves in the earth during the
day-time several inches deep, and come out to feed at night ; they remain
in the larval state for about three years, and then form for themselves an
oval cavity in the earth, sometimes two feet deep, whence they emerge
in the perfect state in about a month. The perfect insects do considerable
damage by climbing up the cornstalks and opening the husks of the
. grains, and devouring the interior ; it would appear, however, that they
are in part carnivorous, and not entirely vegetable feeders. Several of
the Harpali and Amarje seem to resemble them in their habit of feeding
on the seeds of plants, the pith and stems of grasses, &c.

Z. g-ibbus, F. {piger, Fourc, tenehrioides, Goeze). Convex, deep
black, occasionally with a feeble metallic tinge ; antennce and palpi
ferruginous ; thorax transverse, slightly narrowed in front, sides almost
straight behind, posterior angles blunt right angles, base rather broader
than extreme base of elytra, coarsely and strongly pvmctured in front and
behind, disc much wrinkled ; elytra broad, parallel, with strong punc-
tured strise; femora black, tibiine and tarsi reddish. L. 14-16 mm.

Very local, but occasionally common; corn-fields, &c., under stones, and on grass
and corn-stems at dusk ; Sheerness (abundant at times), Cliatbam, Walmer, Crovdon,
Ivicbmond, Sandown ( [sle of Wight), Hytbe, Brighton, Dover, Worthing, Colchester,
Overton (Hants), &c.; also recorded by Stephens from Cambridge.

PTEROSTICHINA.

This tribe, as here characterized, contains our three genera, Sfa)uis,

Picrostichma.'] adephaga. HO

Pterosfichus, and Plafydenis ; Scliaum includes the Anchomenina,
Amarina, and also Patrobus, Pogonuti, &c., thus forming so unwieldy a
tribe that it is totally incapable of any reasonable dehnition. The tiil)e,
as here laid down, is separated from the Zabrina by the fact that the
head has two supra-orbital setigcrous punctures instead of one, from the
Amarina l\y having the terminal joint of the labial palpi as long as or
longer than the preceding, which is bisetose in front, instead of being
shorter and plurisetose, and from the Anchomcnina by having the
epipleuraj interrupted at the level of the last abdominal segment, instead
of being continuous to apex.

I. Mandibles long and prominent, more than half the length

of the head ; maxillae not hooked at the tip SXOMIS, Clairv.

II. Miindiblcs not prominent, shorter than half the length of

the head ; maxillaj hooked at the tip.
i. Tooth of nieiituin simple; thorax with anterior margin

produced in front, hisiuuate . Plattdkrus, i'/e^A.

ii. Tooth of mentum emarginate ; thorax with anterior

margin not produced in front, straight or almost

straight Pteeosticiius, Er.

STOiraiS, Clairville.

This genus contains only four species, three of which are European :
they are chiefly remarkable for the size of their mandibles.

S. pumicatus, Panz. Elongate, pitchy black, shining ; head narrow,
palpi and antenna? red ; thorax elongate, strongly rounded behind anterior
angles, very much contracted behind, posterior angles acnte and ])ro-
niinent, disc convex, central furrow well marked, base with an oblong
fovea on each side ; elytra rather long, ovate, with nine strongly punc-
tured, almost crenulate striae ; legs red. L. 6-8 mm.

Under stones, flood refuse, &c. ; not uncommou in England and Ireland, although
never taken in any one place in abundance. Scotland, not comuiou. Lowlands.

PZiATYDERUS, Stephens.

The species of this genus approach closely to the Calathi ; they arc
about twenty-four in number (about twelve, according to M. Bedel, who
considers the number much exaggerated), and inhabit the Europeo-
!Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands, Sec. We possess one
species only as British. ^I. Bedel places the genus between Sphndnia
and Calathus, and considers that it has nothing to do with Pterosliclius
at all.

P. ruficollls, ^[arsh. Elongate, flat, pitchy-black or ferruginous ;
head pitchy very shining, antenna? and palpi lighter or darker rod ; thora.x.
always more or less rufesoent, about as long as broad, anterior angles
siunewhat prominent, sides cin-vcd gradually to Itaso, posterior angles
obtuse almost rounded, with a strongly impressed dorsal furrow, and a

60 ABEPHAGA. [PJafj/'?eri/s.

strong depression on each side at base ; elytra wider than thorax, flat,
finely striated, with three distinct pores on third interstice ; legs red.
L. 6-7 mm.

Sandy and cbalky places, under stones, moss, dead leaves, &c.; local, but widely
distributed. Loudon district; Margate; Folkestone; Bournemouth; Brighton;
Burton, Reptou, Lichfield, Derby, Belper and other midland localities ; Tonbridge ;
Cheddar ; on the sea coast Northumberland, not rare. Not recorded, apparently, from
Scotland or Ireland.

FTEROSTICKUS, Erichson.

This genns, if we include all the sub-genera, is one of the largest, in
point of numbers, of the whole family of Carabidje ; the species are widely
distributed throughout the globe, but by far the greater majority belong
to the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. In its
Avidest sense it is synonymous with the genus Feronia, Latreille.

The larva of Pterostichus nigrita is figured by >Schibdte (iii., PI. xix., Fig. 9). It
is narrow and linear, somewhat depressed ; the protborax is shining, very finely reticu-
late, rather broader than long, narrowed in front where it is about as broad as the head ;
the head and pronotum are dark ; the rest of the scuta are pale with a few darker
markings ; tlie abdominal segments become narrower behind, and the ninth is fui'nished
with two cerci of ordinary length ; the anal appendage is bifurcate at the tip ; tlie
setae of the whole body are rather long, slender, and erect; the legs are short and the
claws almost equal : the larva is found commonly in damp places under stones, &c.
The larva of Ft. melanarius very closely resembles the preceding, but of course is much
larger.

The larva of Abax sfriola (figured by Schibdte, vi., PI. i.. Fig. 3) differs considerably
from these two : it is much stouter; the colour is entirely pale fuscous, with the
mandibles darker ; the cerci are nauch longer aud jointed, and the anal appendage is
not bifurcate; the mandibles are larger, stronger, and more curved, and the muscular
impressions on the scuta are well marked : the larva is found under dead leaves, in
moss, rotten stumps, &c.

The genus contains such a large number of widely differing elements
that it is almost impossible to divide it satisfactorily ; there are within
it a considerable number of sub-genera, many of which have been already
considered quite distinct ; at the same time the whole question is by no
means settled, and a careful examination and revision of the whole of
the species is required before a final decision can be arrived at ; mean-
while, for convenience sake, it seems the best plan to adopt the genera
that have been founded as sub-genera, and to found the divisions of the
species upon them as follows : —

I. Elytra with the third interstice furnished with one or
more pores; seventh interstice not raised.
i. Tarsi without fun-ow on their dorsal surface.
1. Elytra with scutellary stria.

A. Antennas with basal joints compressed above ;

colour bright metallic PcECILUS, Bon.

B. Autenuiu with basal joints not compressed; colour

black.

a. Prosternal process not margined at base . . . PterostiCHTTS, Er.

b. Prosternal process finely bordered between the

anterior coxae Adelosia, Steph.

Pferosfichiis.] adephaga, 61

2. Elytra without scutellary stria Pkdius, Mots.

ii. Tarsi witli a distinct furrow ruiniing along the middle
of their dorsal surface; elytra without scutellary

stria Lagarus, Chaud.

II. Elytra without pores on the third interstice; seventh

interstice raised, somewhat costiforin at base .... Abax, Bon.

Tlie sub-genus Ptero.dichus may be further subilivided as follows:— ^

I. Metathoracic episterna as broad or almost as broad as

long.

i. Posterior angles of thorax rounded ; elytra witli a dis-
tinct stria between the series] of large pores and
side margin Steuopus, Meg.

ii. Posterior angles of thorax well marked ; elytra with-
out distinct stria between tlie series of large pores and
side margin.

1. Metallioracic episterna a little lonijer tlian broad ;
upper surface lighter or darker bronze ; a|)ex of

elytra produced Platysma, Bon.

2. Metathorncic episterna fully as broad as long;
elytra black with iridescent reflection ; apex of

elytra not produced PxEEGSTlcnus, i. sp.

II. Metathoracic episterna distinctly longer than broad.

i. Apical joint of palpi cylindrical, truncate ; lateral
margin of thorax as a rule broad with a distinct chan-
nel on its inner side ; species larger.

1, Thorax with posterior angles rounded or almost

rounded ; shoulders of elytra rounded simple . . . Ltperus, Chaud.

2. Thonix with ])Osterior angles very distinct, usually
sharp and pointed ; shoulders of elytra rounded, fur-
nished with a small tooth OjiaSKUS, Ziegl.

ii. Apical joint of palpi long oval, hardly truncate ; lateral
margin of thorax narrow without channel ; species
smaller Aegutoe, Meg.

(Sub-Gen. Poeoilus, Bonelli.)

I. Lateral border of thorax explanate at base.

i. Head thickly punctured P. crPHETS, L.

ii. Head smooth or almost smooth P. VEESICOLOH, Sturm.

II. Lateral border of thorax not explanate. *

i. 'I'horax co])pery red, elytra green, the former not or

scarcely contracted behind P. DIHIDIATUS, 01.

ii. Thorax and elytra concolorous, the former distinctly

contracted behind P. LEPIDU8, F.

P. cupreus, L. Oblong, female ntore oval, winged ; colour very
vaiiable, green, brassy, coppery, purplish, or nearly black ; antennjp,
black with two joints at base red; thorax subquadrate narrowed in front,
sides moderately rounded, broadly margined, posterior angles not quite
right angles, with plain central furrow and two depressions at base, the
outer one somewhat obsolete and close to angle; elytra broader than
tliorax, rather flat, moderately deeply striated, the third interstice with
three distinct pores behind ; legs black. L. 10-12 mm.

62 ADEPHAGA, [PferosHclius.

Widely distributed and common in England and Ireland ; Scotland, common,
Lowliinds.

The variety P. affinis, Sturm, has the legs entirely red.

P. versicolor, Sturm (^>a«r-/se^a, Thoms., ccerulescens, L. (1)). Yery
like the preceding, of which it has by many authors been considered a
variety, but it is usually smaller and of a brighter colour, and is distinct
by its smooth head, and the fact that the hiiid tibise are furnished w^ith
about six bristles on their inner side instead of about ten as in P. cupreus.
L. 10 mm.

Widely distributed and ratber common in tbe middle and soutb of England and
Ireland ; in tbe uortb of England and in Scotland it is mucb commoner tban tbe
preceding.

P. dimidiatus, OL Oblong ; head and thorax shining coppery red,
elytra brilliant metallic green, sometimes blackish, antennae black or fus-
cous brown with the two first joints red underneath ; thorax subquadrate,
with sides evenly rounded, posterior angles obtuse, with plain dorsal
furrow, base rugose with two oblong depressions, the outer one shortest ;
elytra hardly broader than thorax, with well marked and strongly
punctured striae ; legs black. L. 1 3-14 mm.

Rare ; it used to be taken abundantly on Hampstead Heatli and Wandswortb
Common ; Wimbledon, Bcdvedere, Sbirley, Barnes, Red Hill, Reigate, Coombe Wood ;
also recorded from Folkestone; New Forest, near Lyndburst.

P. lepidus, r. Narrower and more oblong than the preceding
species, apterous; colour variable as in P. cupreus, but usually cop-
])ery, males shining, females dull, antennse and palpi entirely black ;
thorax narrower and more quadrate than in P. dimidiatus, with sides
straighter and more contracted behind, and the basal depressions deeper
and stronger ; elytra oblong, with moderately strong striae which are
almost impunctate ; legs wholly black. L. 11-12 mm.

Very local; Dartford, Esber, Cbarlton, Weybridge, Cbobbam ; Cannock Cbase (dis-
covered by Mr. W. G. Rlatcb, vybo found it in some numbers) ; New Forest; Scotland,
very local, Lowlands, Tay, Moray, Clyde ; Ireland, Waterford. Dawson gives tbe
following as localities: Norfolk, Dfevon, Hants, Ely, Cambridge, Nortbampton, Hert-
ford, and Dareutb Wood.

(Sub-Gen. Steropus, Megerle.)

I. Tbird interstice of elytra with one impression (on posterior

tbird) S. MADIDUS, F.

II. Tliird interstice of elytra witb three or four almost equi-
distant impressions S. iETHiops, Panz.

P. madidus, F. Shining black, apterous, antennae black fuscous
towards apex ; thorax with sides evenly rounded, somewhat narrowed
towards base, posterior angles rounded, with distinct dorsal furrow, base
with a deep fovea on each side close to angle ; elytra ovate, convex, with
moderately strong stria* which are obsoletely punctured, third interstice

PtfrosHchus.'] adepiiaga. G3

with a deep impressed puncture on posterior third ; Icf^s black, often
entirely red ; last segment of abdomen in male Avith a deep furrow at
apex, and a short raised ridge just before it. L. 14-16 mm.
Common tliroughout the kingdom.

P. sethiops, Panz. Smaller and shorter tlian the preceding ; thorax
more plainly transverse, and less contracted behind middle ; elytra shorter
and more ovate than in P. madidm, the striae impunctate, third interstice
Avith three impressed punctures ; last segment of abdomen in male with
a furrow at apex and a large obtuse tooth just before it. L. 11-12 ram.

A mountain species; plentiful on Snowdon and other Welsh mountains; Cheviot
Hills; Kothley Lakes, Northumberland; Scotland, local, Highlands.

(Sub-Gen. Platysma, Bonclli.)

I. Prothorax not strongly rounded in front, about as

long as broad P. OBLONGO-PUXCTATtrs, F.

II. Prothorax strongly rounded in front, distinctly

broader than long P. TITEEUS, Dej.

P. oblong-o-punctatus, F. Lrassy black, winged, antennae pitch-
black, palpi reddi.sh ; thorax quadrate, as long as broad, anterior angles
prominent, sides rounded from angles to behind middle, thence con-
tracted to posterior angles, which are acute and very prominent, dorsal
furrow distinct ending in a depression in front and beliind, base with a
large punctured fovea on each side ; elytra broader than thorax, some-
what flat, with strong stria?, with three to six large round impressions on
or near the third interstice ; femora pitchy black, tibicC and tarsi reddish.
L. 10-12 mm.

In woods, under chips, &c. ; abundant in the Forest of Dean ; Bagley Wood, Oxon ;
Robins Wood, Keptou ; Langworth Wood, Lincoln ; Northampton ; Windsor ; Devon-
shire; Scotland, very local. Highlands, in fir woods, Tay, Dee; also recorded from
Ireland.

P. vitreus, Dej. {orinomns, Steph.). Very like the preceding, but
easily distinguished by its blacker colour, and distinctly transverse thorax,
•which has the sides more rounded and the posterior angles less projecting ;
the elytra are less strongly striated, and are less widened behind the
middle, being almost parallel-sided for three-quarters of their length.
L. 10 mm.

A mountain species ; local, but widely distributed ; Llangnllon and other places in
Wales; Yorkshire Moors; Axe Kdge, Puxtou ; Church Stretton ; South Shields;
Clieviots. Scotland, widely distributed, but not connnon, from the Tweed to the
Orkneys. Ireland, neiir Dublin, &c. : the Irish specimens arc more brassy, and were
called by Stephens Omaseus Ihilwtrii.

(Sub-Gen. Pterostichus, i. sp.)

P. cristatus, Dufour (parinnpnHrfnffis, Germ.). lUack, slightly
iridi'sccnt, aptmous ; antenna:; black with apical joints fuscous ; thorax

64 ADEPHAGA. [PtcrOSticluiS.

cordiform, rounded in front contracted behind, posterior angles right
ajigles, with their apex slightly produced and obtuse, disc with a deep
central furrow, and a very strong impressed oblong depression on each
side, and a smaller one, sometimes obsolete, close to angles ; elytra oblong
ovate, deeply striated, interstices convex, the third with three impres-
sions ; the male has a longitudinally elevated ridge on the last abdominal
segment which forms at its apex a small tooth ; legs brown-black. L.
14-16 mm.

Very local ; the only locality appears to be the Northumberland and Durham dis-
trict, wliere it occurs occasionally in numbers near Newcastle, Sunderland, Ravens-
worth. Long Benton, and other places.

(Sub-Gen. Ziyperus, Chaudoir. Lyperosomtis, Mots.)

P. aterrixnus, Payk. Very deep shining black, winged ; antennse
black, apex slightly fuscous ; thorax subquadrate, rather broader than
long, with sides feebly rounded, very slightly contracted towards base,
posterior angles rounded, margins broadly reflexed especially at posterior
angles, central furrow very distinct, continued to base, but interrupted
in front by a strong semicircular furrow, base depressed with a large
punctured fovea on each side near angles ; elytra oblong, not mucli
broader than thorax, parallel-sided, with moderately strong stria3 near
suture, which become very feeble on the sides ; the strisp, are more or
less punctured, and are much weaker in the female than the male ; the
third interstice has three large round impressions, but the position of
these is variable, as one or two of them are often situated in the stria
or on the second interstice; legs black. L. 11-12 ram.

Very local, but formerly abundant in Whittlesea Mere ; also found in various places
in the Cambridgeshire Fens, Horning Fen, Norfolk, &c., " basking iu the sun, on the
soft mud, at the edge of the turf pits" (Stephens, Illust. i. 113). It is also said to
have occurred in Ireland, near Cork : it has become exceedingly scarce, and I do not
know of any record of its capture for many years past.

(Sub-Gen. Omaseus, Ziegler. Alelanms, Bon. pars)

I. Antennae with joints 4-10 slender, elongate ; thorax with
sides almost straight from middle to base. Length

18-20 mm P. NIGEE, Schall.

II. Antennae with joints 4-10 shorter and thicker in com-

parison J thorax with sides rounded almost to base,
i. Lateral border of thorax widened behind. Length

15-17 mm P. TiTtaAEis, L.

ii. Lateral border of thorax not widened behind. Length

not exceeding 11 mm.

l.Apex of elytra at suture furnished with a little tooth

(female) or sharply angled (male); anal segment of

abdomen in male with a large deep, round or oval,

depression P. antheacinus. III.

2. Apex of elytra at suture bluntly rounded ; anal seg-
ment of abdomen in male without depression.
A. Abdomen punctured on the sides ; auid segment of

abdomen iu mulo with a small raised tubercle . . P. NIQEITA, F.

Omaseus.] adephaqa. 65

B. Abdomen impnnctato.

a. Leuf^-tli H iiiii).; form wider; anal segment of

abdomen in male simple in both sexes .... P. QKACILIS, Dej.

b. Length 6 nun. ; form narrower; anal segment
of abdomen in male with a fine raised longitudinal

line P. MiNOE, G^ll.

P. nigrer, Schall. Obloiiff, black, rather dull ; antcnnai with throe
basal jdiiits 1 (lack and glabrous, the rest fuscous and pubescent; thorax
quadrate, slightly rounded in front and narrowed behind, sides almost
str.iight from middle to l^ase, side margins reflexed, posterior angles right
angles, somewhat bluntly produced into a point, dorsal furrow distinct,
base with a shallow double oblong depression on each side ; elytra
broader than thorax, slightly widened behind middle, deeply striated, the
striai obsoletely punctured or quite impuuctate ; male with a strong
elevated longitudinal carina ending in a tubercle on the last abdominal
segment, of which traces may be seen in the female ; legs pitch-black.
L. 18-20 mm.
Under stones, loose bark, &c. ; common and generally distributed.

P. vulg-aris, L. [melavaruis, 111.). Deep black, shining ; thorax
subi[ua(lrate, with sides gradually rounded from front to base, posterior
angles blunt, the apex produced into a more or less sharp tooth, margins
rellexed, disc much wrinkled, dorsal furrow ilistinct and complete, base
with two deep confluent foveiie on each side ; elytra broader than thorax,
dilated slightly behind middle, with deep impunctate stria; ; last abdo-
minal segment simple in both sexes ; legs black. L. 15-17 mm.

Under stones, &c. ; common and generally distributed.

P. anthracinus, 111. (/iiaurus, F.). Deep black, antennae black,
sometimes partly fuscous and apex testaceous ; thorax slightly transverse,
sid('3 rounded in front, contracted behind, posterior angles sharp right
angles, ape.x acute, produced, dorsal furrow distinct, base with the usual
depressions deep and strongly punctured ; elytra strongly striated, strite
obsoletely punctured, interstices rather flat ; distinguished from all tho
other species by the little tooth at the sutural angle of elytra in female,
and the deep depression on the anal segment in male. L. 9-11 mm.

Ijocal, but widely distributed ; niarsbj- places, at roots of grass, &e. ; formerly
abundant at Notting Hill and Hammersmith Marshes (in the latter locality
Dr. Sharp took a variety with the apices of the elytra simiile) ; Wliittlcsea Mere :
Bath; Chiistcluircli, Hants; Tewkesbury; Tollbridge; Shipley; bover ; Hytlie,
Sheerness ; Walton-on-Thames ; Weybridge ; Hornsea and Scarborough, Yorkshire ;
Scotland, Grampians (Rev. A. E. Hodgson) ; also recorded from Ireland.

P. nig-rita, F. Very like the preceding in colour, size, and form,
but less oblong, with the posterior angles of thorax less acute, and the
basal foveas shallower; distinguished also by having the sutural angle nf
the elytra simple, and by the fact that instead of being furnished with a
depression the anal segment of male Viears a small b\it distinct tubercle.
L. 8-11 mm.

66 ADEPHAGA. [Omascus.

D.imp places; at roots of grass, in moss, under stones, &c. ; common and generally
distributed throughout the kingdom.

P. gracilis, Dej. Smaller than the preceding species, shining black,
with antenna pitchy, with testaceoiis apex and the base of some of the
joints reddish; thorax almost as in P. anthracinus ; elytra strongly
striated, the striae plainly but finely punctured ; anal segment simple in
both sexes, the rudiments only of a raised line being traceable under a
high power in male ; legs pitch-black, tibiae and tarsi lighter than
femora, L. 8 mm.

Local ; marshy places, at roots of grass, &c. ; it formerly occurred at Notting Hill
and in Hammersmith Marshes; Walton-ou-Thames ; Keigate; Burton-on-Trcut ;
Wliittlcsca Mere and AVicken Fen; Crosby, Lancashire; Hornsea, Yorkshire : Scot-
land, Dollar (A. Beaumont) ; Ireland, near Belfast, and Armagh.

P. minor, Gyll. Much smaller than the ])receding ; in size and
general ai)pearanc(! it rather rcsemljles at first sight the two following
species ; antennae }ntchy red, base lighter ; thorax almost quadrate, with
sides very slightly rounded and narrowed behind, posterior angles right
angles, slightly projecting, dorsal furrow almost entire, base with two
dee[)ly punctured foveas, variable in size, the space between them either
smooth or punctured ; elytra oblong, narrow, rather parallel-sided, striated,
the striae faintly punctured ; anal segment of male furnished with a
transverse raised keel ; legs pitchy red. L. 6-6| mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass; local, but very common where it occurs. London
and southern districts, widely distributed ; common in the Midlands and Fen districts ;
Hornsea and Scarborough ; rarer in the north of England ; Scotland, local. Lowlands.
Ireland, near Belfast.

(Sub-Gen. Arg-utor, Megerle.)

I. Underside of thorax punctured at sides ; legs reddish . . P. strentjus, Panz.

II, Underside of thorax smooth at sides ; legs pitchy . . . P. diligens, Sturm.

P. strenuus, Panz. {erpthropus, Marsh). Pitch-black, antennaj
and palpi brown red ; thorax as long as broad, somewhat cordate, con-
vex, with sides much rounded in front, contracted behind, posterior
angles acute, base entirely punctured, with a deep oblong punctured
depression on each side, central furrow distinct; elytra broader than
thorax, strongly striated, the striae plainly punctured, outer striae mucli
feebler ; underside of thorax jranctured at sides ; legs reddish. L,
5 1 mm.

Damp places, under stones, and at roots of grass ; common and widely distributed,
but not so abundant as the next species, with which it is very often confounded,
Scotland, not common, Lowlands. Ireland, near Belfast,

P. dilig-ens, Sturm [strenuus, Daws. G. D., nee, Panz.). Very like
the preceding, but smaller and narrower, with the thorax less dilated at
the sides and more gradually contracted behind, with posterior angles
slightly more prominent ; easily distinguished by the sides of the thorax

Argulor.'] adephaqa. G7

underneath being smooth and impunctate, and by the fact that the striae
near margins of elytra ate mncli less obsolete than in the allied species ;
legs much darker. L. 5 mm.

Common and widely distributed in p]ngl:ind ; Scotland, not common, Lowlands. I
can find no record from Ireland, but probably it has been confounded with the pre-
ceding species.

(Sub-Gen. Adelosia, Stephens.)

P. picimanus, Duft. (mnrra, Marsli). Depressed, pitchy l)lack or
brown, shining, winged ; head large, antenna} brown or brown red with
tlie iirst three joints glabrous ; thorax nearly as broad as long, cordate,
strongly contracted beliind, anterior margin ahuost straight, posterior
angles right angles, witli i)lain central furrow, and two depressions at
base, the outer one much the weakest ; elytra very flat, almost parallel-
sided, finely striated, with three large round impressions on third stria;
underside and legs ferruginous. L. 11-13 mm.

Local, but not uncommon ; damp places under stones and clods of earth, &c. ;
common in the London district; Portland; Sheerness ; Cannock Chase; Stratfor.i-
on-Avon ; Tewkesbiuy ; Scarborouj^h and Askham, Yorkshire ; Hunstanton ; Newn-
hani-on-Severn ; Sandown, Isle of Wight; banks of Tees; not recorded from
Scotland or Ireland.

(Sub-Gen. Pedius, ]\rotschulsky.)

P. inaequalis, IMarsh. Eather elongate, depressed, shining, pitchy
black or I'eddish, antenna? and palpi red; tliorax ratlier strongly rounded
in front, contracted and sinuate behind, posterior angles sharp right angles,
base entirely punctured, with a large deep oblong depression on each
side; elytra somewhat parallel-sided, flat, strongly striated, the striai very
distihctly punctured, almost crenulated, the base without scutellary stria ;
legs red. L. 5| mm.

Local, but in some places abundant ; common in the London district, and in the
Isle of Wight; SoutlKiid ; Lymington ; Swannge ; Tonbridge ; Shipley, neiir
Horsham j T>lewark j not recorded from the north of England, Scotland, or Ireland.

(Stib-Gcn. Iiagrarus, Chaudoir.)

P. vernalis, Gyll. lUack, shining ; larger, broader, and more con-
vex than the preceding ; head smooth, antennae and palpi pitchy, first
joint of antenna; and apex of palpi red ; thorax nearly as broad as long,
moderately and evenly rounded, scarcely narrowed l)ehind, posterior
angles acute at tip, almost right angles ; base punctured, with an oblong
depression on each side situated in a wide fovea, and another, much
smaller, near angles ; elytra slightly broader than thorax, somewhat
parallel-sided, with deep striae, which are feebly but distinctly punc-
tured, third interstice with three pores, base without scutellary stria ;
legs pitchy black. L. 5|-6 mm.

Very abundant in marshy places, on the banks of rivers, under stones, at roots of
grass, (tc, throughout the greater part of Kn;;land ; Sfolhind, rare, Lowlands, Solwuy,
Clyde ; Ireland, near Belfast, local near Dublin, probably widely disiribnted.

l' 2

G8 ADEPHAGA, [Ahax.

(Sub-Gen. Abax, Bonelli.)

P. striola, F. Broad, depressed, oblong, almost rectangular,
apterous, shining black, female somewhat duller ; head large, antennas
with the first three joints black and glabrous, the rest fuscous and
pubescent ; thorax quadrangular, slightly narrowed in front, not narrowed
behind, posterior angles right angles, lateral margins broad and thickened,
disc strongly -wrinkled, central furrow deep, interrupted in front and
behind, base with two very deep and distinct oblong foveas on each side ;
elytra broad, almost parallel-sided, rather broader at shoulders than base
of thorax, deeply striated, seventh interstice raised at base into a keel,
and other interstices raised at apex ; legs pitchy black, tibiae and tarsi
with red set^e. L. 16-19 mm.

Common and generally distributed throughout England and Ireland ; Scotland,
rare, Lowlands.

It will be found that many of the black Pterostichi are rather hard
at first to distinguish, but it is very easy to make out several of the most
difficult by the male characters, whicli are very distinct. When we
remember that the male may at once be known by its dilated tarsi, it is
easy to see that the absence of any distinguishing character on the anal
segment (e.g. in vulgaris and gracilis) is quite as conclusive as the pre-
sence of a distinct ridge or tubercle.

AMARINA.

This tribe has by many authors been included under the PterosHcldna;
it is, however, best regarded as separate ; the character of the labial palpi
(which have the terminal joint shorter than the penultimate, which iS
pluris'etose in front) will serve to distinguish its members from those of
the preceding tribe, from which, as a rule, they are entirely different
in contour and general appearance, and, in many cases, in habits.

AMARA, Bonelli.

This genus (taken in its widest sense as including its several sub-
genera) contains a large number of species which are almost entirely
confined to the northern and temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and
North America. We possess twenty-six species as British, of which
no less than twenty-two are recorded from Scotland. When Ave find
that out of our thirty-one species of Harpali only eight have been as
yet found in that country, we are led to infer that the range of Amara
is more boreal than that of Harpalus : this, however, must not be
pressed too far, as we find thirty-four species of Amara recorded from
Scandinavia, and no less than twenty-three species of Harpalus.

The larva and pupa of A. convexiuscida ayc figured by Schiodte (iii., PI. xxi., Fig. 7).
It is long and convex, with the head rounded and depressed, narrower than the pro-
thorax, which is transversely hexagonal and margined j the head is dark ; all the
dorsal scuta are yellowish ; the anal appendage is rather stout and the cerci short

Aynm-a.] ADErriAOA. G9

the muscular impressions on the scuta are distinct ; the lcg;s arc short with tlic claws
C(jual. 'Ihe \dr\ iv of A. spinipes, apricaria, Jajniliarift, iiiid patricia diiler from this
larva chiefly in the formation of the clypeus and head ; that of A. aprkarla is wiiite,
with the head pale yellow, with the margin of the clypeus and mandibles ferruginous,
and the dorsal abdominal and thoracic scuta yellowish-white.

Accordin<r to Ziinmoruiann the eggs arc deposited under stones or at a small depth
underground ; the larvje change their skiu once, and attain, previous to becoming
pu])te, twice the length of the iiuago ; in general form they closely resemble those of
Zabriis and Pcecilus ; they remain about six or eight weeks as larvae, and half that
time as pupae. ( Vide West wood. Class, i., pi 71.)

In ImViits many of the Amarae resemble Zabrus, notably perhaps those
tliat belong to the sub-genus Ciirtonotun (some of -which rather closely
reseml)]e that genus also in size and appearance). They are partly
vegetable feeders and partly carnivorous ; they are found at times de-
vouring the seeds of plants in the ripe flower-heads, but they also
;i])pear to attack the stems, pith, and roots of grtisses and various other
plants, as well as being voracious devoufers of the larvae of other insects.

For the sake of' convenience the genus may be divided into the
following sub-genera, which, however, are of somewhat unequal value : —

I. Prothorax narrowed feebly (sometimes hardly percep-
tibly) towards base ; prosterual process margined at
apex ; posterior tibia; in male deusely pubescent on

inner side Beadttijs, Staph.

II. Prothorax cordiform, sides strongly contracted at
base ; prosternal process not margined at apex ; pos-
terior tibiue glabrous in both sexes CuETONOTirs, Steph.

III. Prothorax subquadnite, sides only slightly contracted
in front, and straight or almost straight behind ; pos-
terior tibia; glabrous in both sexes ; upper surface as a

rule not, or not strongly metallic.

L Upper side strongly convex ; anterior tarsi of male
with the three dilated joints broadly cordiform ; apex
of pi'osternal process bearing several setre .... Peecosia, Zimm.

ii. Upper side feebly convex ; anterior tarsi of male with
the three dilated joints more or less broadly trian-
gular ; apex of prosternal process bearing not more
than two seta; or quite glabrous Celia, Zimm.

IV. Prothorax trapezoidah, very strongly contracted in
front, widest at base ; posterior tibia; of male densely

pubescent on their inner side.

i. Inner terminal spur at apex of anterior tibia; simple . AmaEA, /. sp,

ii. Inner terminal spur at apex of anterior tibia; tri-
cuspid Tki^na, Leconte.

(Suli-Gcn. Bradytus, Stephens.)

I. Colour fulvous, with slight metallic rertection ; thorax

with sides strongly rounded in front A. F0LVA, De. O.

II. Colour dark (pitchy or bronze) ; thorax with sides not

strongly rounded in front.
i. Form oblong, narrower ; side border of thorax very

plain A. apricaeia, Pai/k,

ii. Form oval, broader ; side border of thorax very

narrow A. consulaeis, Diifl.

70 ADEPHAGA. [Bvadi/tus.

A. fulva, De. G. Lighter or darker testaceous, or fulvous ; antennse
testaceous ; thorax very short and broad, strongly rounded in front, con-
tracted at base, posterior angles sharp, prominent, dorsal furrow con-
tinued to apex and base, base with two punctured foveas ; elytra with
a slight greenish or bluish metallic reflection, rather broader than thorax,
convex, deeply striated, the striae punctured (sometimes rather ob-
scurely), except at apex ; legs dark testaceous. L. 8-9 mm.

Sandy places, under stones and at roots of grass, both on the coast and inland;
BoniewLat local, but widely distributed throughout Englaud; Scotland, common Low-
lands ; Ireland, Portmarnock.

A. apricaria, Sturm. Smaller and much narrower than the pre-
ceding, pitch-black above with a metallic reflection on elytra, under-
side red brown ; antennse and palpi red ; thorax broadest in middle,
narrowed moderately in front and slightly behind, posterior angles acute,
prominent, central furrow continued to apex and base, base with two
punctured foveze on each side ; elytra deeply striated, strise strongly
punctured, except at apex ; legs red. L. 6-7 mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom, both on the coast and
inland, except in the extreme north of Scotland, from which district it has not yet
been recorded,

A. consularis, Duft, Larger and broader than the preceding,
pitch-black or black, shining, elytra of female sometimes metallic, under-
side pitch-brown or reddish, antennae red ; thorax almost double as broad
as long, convex, with sides slightly rounded in front, very slightly,
almost imperceptibly contracted behind, dorsal furrow rather Aveak, base
with two punctured fovepe on each side ; elytra rather broader than base "
of thorax, deeply striated, the striaj punctured, somewhat crenate.*
L. 7-8| mm.

Sandy pLices, under stones, &c. ; local and, as a rule, not common. London dis-
trict (not uncommon), Sheerness, Chatham, Lewisham, Shirley, Wimbledon, &c. ;
Tamworth, Rejitou, Cannock Chase, Sutton Park (Birmingham), and other Mid-
laud localities; Brandon, Suffolk; Huntingdonshire; Hunstanton; Bridlington;
Northumberland and Durham; Scotland, rare. Lowlands; Ireland, near Belfast
and Dublin.

(Sub-Gen, Curtonotus, Stephens.)

I. Antennaj red ; length 10-13 mm.

i. Form somewhat ovate ; anterior margin of thorax

strongly punctured ; intermediate tibiaj of male

with three teeth on their inner side (the lower

one small) A. AULICA, Panz.

ii. Form elongate ; anterior margin of thorax

almost impunctate ; intermediate tibias of male

without trace of a third tooth A, CONVEXIUSCULA, Marsh.

n. Antennae black or pitchy with base red; length
8-9 mm A. alfina, F.

* The punctuation of the elytra in this and certain other species of Amaru is
somewhp,t variable and not always to be depended upon as a character.

Curtonotns.'] ADKniAGA. 7 1

A. aulica, Panz. {spinipes Auct., nee Liun.). The largest of our
species ; u[)i)er side pitch-black, under side pitch-browu or reddish
brown ; antennse and palpi red ; thorax very transverse, broadest about
middle, sides very strongly rounded, and very much contracted behind,
posterior angles very strongly projecting, base punctured in front and
l)ehind, with two deep depressions, the outer of which is bounded by a
very strong raised fold > elytra broader than base of thorax, convex,
deeply striated, the strite punctured; legs red. L. 10-13 mm.

Under stones, &c., and often on plants; grcnerally distributed and common;
not, however, recorded Croiu the extreme uortli of Scotland.

A. conveziuscula, I\Iarsh. JiLore depressed and elongate, and
narrower than llic lucicding ; pitchy, or pitchy black, usually with
a slight greenish metallic tinge ; head and thorax narrower, anterior
angles of latter more rounded, anterior margin hardly punctured, basal
fovete shallower ; elytra narrower with striic more distinctly punctured ;
legs and apex of abdomen red. L. 10-11|- mm.

Damp phices on river banks and on the coast ; under stones and by sweepinjr her-
bage. Local ; Whitstable, Heme Bay, Graveseud, Greenwich, Sheerness ; Camber
Sand-hills, Rye ; Margate; VValton-on-Naze ; Liverpool; Hyde ; Lymington Salterns ;
Yorkshire; Hunstanton; South Shields (nut uncommon about the ballast heaps).
Scotland, rare, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Ireland, Salt Marshes near Cork.

A. alpina, F. Much smaller than either of the preceding, black,
or pitcliy black sometimes with metallic reflection; antennas black with
base (one or more joints) red ; thorax transverse, with sides not so
strongly rounded or contracted behind as in the preceding species, base
smooth in the middle with two strong foveie on each side, very
coarsely punctured ; elytra alwut as broad as middle of thorax, somc-
tinu^s slightly narrower, strongly striated, the striie very plainly
punctured. L. 8-9 mm.

Very rare; summit of " Grayvel " Rannoch, and Braemar; the specimens from
the former place belong to the variety with dull reddish elytra, with the suture
broadly and obscurely darker. Dr. Sharp's specimen, from Braemar, which 1 have
before me, is quite black with two joints of the antennas bright red, and the third
more obscurely red : it appears to be a very variable insect as regards colour.

(Sub-Gen. Percosia, Zimmermann.)

A. Patricia, Duft. {cquedrifi, Duft.). Black or pitch-black, very
shining, undm-side ])rown red, margins of thorax sometimes reddish ;
mouth anil antenna; red ; thorax much broader than long, with .sides
sliglitly narrowed in front, straight behind, posterior angles right angles,
very slightly prominent, side margins rather strong, central furrow dis-
tinct, base with tw^o strung punctured fovese on each side covering
almost the whole sinvce between the dorsal line and tlio angles ; elytra
broad oval, a little broader at base than base of thorax, strongly striated,
the strite plainly punctured ; legs red ; the male has the intermediate
tibiic moderately curved. L. 8-10 mm.

72 ADEPHAGA. [Pcrcosia.

Local and rare. Chalky and sandy places, undei' stones and at roots of grass j
Folkestone, Deal, Heme Bay, Box Hill, Gomsliall, Keigatc, Charlton, Chatham,
Mickleham, Plumstead ; shores of Bristol Channel ; Cannock Chase ; Barmouth ; Isle
of Man ; North Wales ; Scotland, very rare, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth.

(Su1>Gen. Celia, Ziraniermann.)

I. Antennse short; joints 4-10 almost moniliformj

scutellary stria absent or very indistinct . • . . A. INTIMA, Duft.

II. Antenna; with joints 4-10 elongate ; scutellary

stria present.

i. Stria) on elytra stronger ; interstices in male
rather convex ; anterior angles of thorax pro-
minent A. RUFOCINCTA, ScMb.

ii. Striie on elytra feebler ; interstices broad and
flat.

1. Form narrower ; legs entirely yellow, or

reddish yellow A. LiviDA, F. (lifrons, Gyll.).

2. Form broader ; legs red, femora more or less

pitchy.

A, Anterior angles of thorax not prominent ;

eyes prominent ; reflection dnll bronze . . A. TUSCA, Dej.

B. Anterior angles of thorax prominent;

eyes rather flat ; reflection reddish bronze A, QuENSELil, Schon

A. infima, Duft. [granaria, Dej.). Head and thorax shiniiif,' Llack ;
elytra bronze, coppery, or purplish black ; palpi and antennae pitchy, the
base of the former and two joints at the base of the latter clear red ;
thorax broad and short, convex, gradually rounded in front, slightly
narrowed behind, posterior angles nearly right angles, dorsal line entire,
base with two fovese on either side, rather strongly punctured ; elytra
ovate, rather wider than thorax, sides very slightly rounded, distinctly
striated, the striae punctured ; legs pitchy. L. 4-4|- mm.

This species could only be confounded with J., tibialis, from which its
short convex thorax and short antennae at once distinguish it.

Rare ; sandy places inland and on the coast at roots of grass ; Deal ; Chobham ;
Weybridge.

A. rufocincta, Dej. (j)rcetermissa, Sahib.). Pitchy black, shining,
somefeimes with a reddish tinge, or brownish testaceous ; lateral margins
of thorax narrowly red, more distinctly so in paler individuals ; antennai
and palpi testaceous red ; thorax broad and convex, in the middle some-
what broader than the elytra, contracted from middle to apex, almost
straight to base, posterior angles right angles, dorsal furrow strongest in
centre, base with two fovete on either side, these and the space about
them coarsely punctured; elytra hardly as wide as thorax, deeply striated,
the striae deeper towards apex, punctured for two-thirds of their length;
legs red. L. 5-7 mm.

Local, but not rare in some localities ; chalky places, at roots of grass, &c ;
Mickleham, Croydon, Keigatc, Gomshall, Catcrham, West Wickham ; Freshwater, Isle
of Wight; Bournemouth; Dtal ; Hastiugs; Barmouth; Scarborough. Scotland,
very rare, Lowlands, Forth, Clyde ; Ireland, Portmarnock.

Celi'i.] ADEPIIAGA. 73

A. livida, ^.(/jifiwis, Gyll., oricJialc/'ra, Daws. G. D., rufocvicfa, Sahib.,
71CC l>ej.). Oltloug ovate, brassy brown, occasionally greenish ; antennas
and palpi entirely reddish yellow ; head small with projecting eyes ;
thorax much broader than long with sides very slightly rounded,
feebly contracted in front, straight behind, posterior angles right angles,
these together with the side margins reddish, dorsal furrow feeble at
apex and base, base depressed, punctured, with two large strongly
punctured foveie on each side ; elytra scarcely broader than thorax,
moderately striated, the striae evidently punctured; legs entirely
redtlish yellow. L. 5-7 mm.

This species somewhat resembles A. familians, but may at once be
distinguished by its entirely red-yellow antenna3 and the coarsely
punctured base of thorax.

Local, but not uncommon ; sandy and gravelly places ; widely distributed through-
out the country from north to south; Scotland, local, Lowlands; also an Irish
sjiecies.

A. fusca, Pej. Fusco-seneous, with feeble bronze reflection in
female, stronger in male, under side pitchy ; upper side flat, rather
dull ; head small, eyes very convex and prominent, antennte and palpi
red ; tliorax transverse, subcpiadrate, slightly narroM'ed in front and
very sliglitly behind (more so in female than in male), posterior angles
l)luut riglit angles, dorsal furrow fine but distinct, base almost im-
})unctate in middle with two punctured fovete on each side ; elytra
distinctly broader than thorax, finely striated, the striae finely but
distinctly punctured, interstices flat, side margin reddish at apex. L.
cS mm.

There is consideraljle confusion as to this species, as both ingeyiua,
Duft., and fusca, Dej., have been included in our lists, and it is
almost certain that we only possess the latter, which only differs from
the former in being considerably flatter and of more parallel form, with
lighter antenna; and legs, a less robust head, but much more prominent
eyes, the thorax less transverse, the elytra less strongly striated, i^'c,
Dawson's description of ingenua (Geod. Brit. 125) will apply equally
well to either species, and, therefore, as it is certain that the Swansea
specimens belong to /('/•sra, and as he himself compared these with his
own (Ent. Ann. 1858, 53), it is most probable that his single specimen
frmn Scotland was also that species, and that we do not possess i/ii/cHua
at ;dl.

Very rare; a considor.ible number of specimens were taken at Swansea by Mr.
H. Adams many years ago. Doncaster (Dr. J. W. Kllis, wlio iiiCorms me that there
is no doubt as to the locality of tlie specimen) ; I'luinstead (W. West) ; Newcastle
I VVailes) ; Scotland, one specimen recorded by D.iwsoii, with no locality, as
A. hifjenua.

A. Quenselii, Sdiiln. Upper side dark brassy, redilisli, melallic
rellection more or h-ss distinct, female duller than male ; elytra occa-
sionally non-metallic, dull ferruginous, with greenish thorax ; head

74 ADEPHAGA. [Cilia.

small, eyes prominent, antennse as a rule red, sometimes however
brownish with the basal joints lighter ; thorax much broader than
long, sides moderately rounded in front, almost stKiight towards base,
in some specimens slightly contracted, posterior angles more or less
sharp right angles, doi^al furrow distinct, base very variably punctured,
sometimes almost impunctate, with two deep and rather irregular
foveae on each side ; elytra at base slightly broader than base of thorax,
finely striated, the strise more or less punctured, hut sometimes so
obsoletely that the punctures are almost invisible, intei-stices flat,
underside dark brown, black, or reddish ; legs lighter or darker brown
red ; in minor points the specimens vary considerably. L. 5-7 mm.

A mouiitaiu species ; very local iu the Dee district of Scotland ; it occurs on the
Continent iu mouutain districts from Lapland to the Caucasus, often at very con-
siderable elevations. I have before uie Dr. Sharp's large and fine series from Rrae-
luar, which shows many of the slight variations above alluded to ; none of the speci-
mens, however, are as metallic as a Continental specimen sent me by Herr lleitter,

(Sub-Gen. Amara, i. sp.)

I. Scutellary stria with a large pore at base ; average

length at least 9-10 mm. ; anterior angles of thorax
projecting in an obtuse point.
i. Intermediate tibia) of male pubescent behind.

1. Form broader; tibiaj dark A. OVAta, F.

2. Form narrower ; tibias light A. similatx, Gi/ll.

ii. Intermediate tibiaj of male glabrous behind ... A. acuminata, Payk.

II. Scutellary stria with or without pore at base ; length

not exceeding 7| mm. ; anterior angles of thorax

rounded, not projecting A. NITIDA, Sturm.

III. Scutellary stria without pore at base, sometimes
entirely absent; intermediate tibia3 almost glabrous;
length not exceeding 8 mm. ; anterior angles of
thorax projecting in an obtuse point.

i. Scutellary stria absent; length 5 mm A. TIBIALIS, Pa^j^fe.

ii. Scutell'-iry stria present.

1. Antenna; with not more than two first joints

(sometimes only first) red.

A. Depressions at base of thorax small or ob-

solete but visible ; thorax at base as broad as
elytra.

a. Tibiaj black ; apex of anterior tibia? pro-
jecting between the terminal spine and the

first joint of the tarsi A. lunicolliS, Schiudle.

b. Tibia3 reddish or brownish ; anterior tibitu

without angular projection at apes . ... A. cckta, Dej.

B. Depressions at base of thorax distinct; tibias

reddish A. speeta, Dej.

2. Antennas with three basal joints (and sometimes

base of fourth) red.
A. Legs entirely red.

a. Anterior margin of thorax emarginate; angles

projecting A. famiiiaris, D/iff.

h. Anterior margin of thorax straight; angles

rounded A. lucida, Duff.

Aiimrn.] auephaga. 75

B. Legs dark, except tibiae, which are lighter.

a. Striae on elytra feeble, not deeper belaud . . A. TEIVIALIS, Gi/ll.

b. Stri.-E on elytra stroug-, deeper behind.

a*. Series of pores on 9th interstice of elytra
widely interrupted in middle ; elytra nar-
rower, less oval A, COMiitTNis, Panz.

h*. Series of pores on 9th interstice of elytra
regular from base to apex ; elytra wider,
more oval A. CONTINUA, Thorns.

A. ovata, F. (obsolefa, Dej.), Ovate, broad, brassy, occasionally
greenish or bluish, sometimes almost black ; antennae with the threo
first joints and base of the fourth red ; thorax transverse, narrowed in
front, anterior angles prominent, broadest at base, posterior angles
somewhat obtuse, dorsal furrow fine, base impunctate, with two more
or less obsolete farrows on each side, the outer one often imperceptible,
the inner one often resolving itself into a small deep depression re-
moved to some distance from basal margin ; elytra broad, plainly
striated, the striae becoming deeper at apex, not punctured ; legs quite
black, L. 9-11 mm.

Widely distributed throughout England from north to south, but it cannot be
called common. Scotland, not common, maritime, Tweed, Forth, Sol way, Clyde; it
is, however, by no means a maritime species exclusively. I can hud no record from
Ireland.

A. similata, Gyll. {ohsoleta, Duft.). Smaller, as a rule, and nar-
rower than the preceding, and usually more brassy ; the thorax is not
so broad at the sides, nor so much widened at base, and the basal im-
pressions are less obsolete and more or less punctured ; striae of elytra
presenting traces of feeble punctuation ; tibiae reddish. L. 9-10 mm.

In distinguishing this from the preceding species too much stress must
not always be laid upon the light tibiae, as somewhat immature speci-
mens of ovata have the legs lighter : the broad form and impunctate
base of thorax are more relialjle characters for that species.

Widely distributed and usually common throughout England, especially in the
south ; apparently not recorded from Scotland ; Ireland, common near Dublin.

A. acuminata, Payk. {eunjnota, Dej., vu/f/ans, F.). Ovate, very
l)ioad, shining Ijrassy, sometimes greenish or blackish; antennae with
the three first joints and base of the fourth red ; thorax narrowest in
front, broadest at base, posterior angles rather sharp, but not produced
laterally, dorsal furrow abbreviated in front and behind, base with a short
and deep fovea at some distance from hind margin, and a shallow im-
pression, sometimes obsolete, ne;u' the angles ; elytra more acuminate
at apex than in the other species, finely but sharply striated, the striie
imiMinctate, third, fifth, and seventh interstices often slightly raised ; Irgs
entirely black. L. 9-11 mm.

Widely distributed, but local ; not common in the London district; Favcrsham,
Chatham, Mickleham, &c. ; Margate; Hepton ; IJridliiiglon ; Northun)l)orland and
Durham; Scotland, cf)mni()ii Lowlands, also occura iu the Moray diolrictj Ireland,
near Belfast, and not unoommou near Dublin.

76 ADEPHAGA. [Awara.

This species ver}'' closely resembles A. ovafa, but besides the fact that
the intermediate tibife of male are entirely glabrous, it is rather broader
and larger, as a rule, than that species, and has the apex of the elytra
more acuminate, the stria3 deeper, and the interstices more convex.

A. nitida, Sturm. Ovate, upper side bronze or metallic green,
very smooth and shining ; antennae black with the three first joints and
base of fourth red ; thorax broader than long, slightly broader at Ijase
than base of elytra, narrowed towards the front, anterior angles rounded,
not projecting, base impunctate, basal impressions absent or very faintly
traceable ; the usual pore at the posterior angles is placed close to
the base and at some little distance from the sides ; elytra w^ith the striae
plainly stronger towards apex, interstices smooth ; femora black, tibiae
reddish, tarsi brownish red. L. 7^ mm.

This species has been lately introduced into the British fauna on the
authority of a specimen taken by Mr. Gillo near Bath, and named as
above by M. Bedel ; I have recently received two old specimens of an
Arnara from Warwickshire which appear to belong to this species; they
were sent me by Mr. E. Clark,

This species differs from A. communis pa\A A. hmicoUis by the sculpture
of the thorax and the rounded anterior angles of the same ; its form
also is shorter and more oval,

A. tibialis, Payk. The smallest species of the group, oval, convex,
shining brassy, or brassy black, sometimes with greenish reflection ; an-
tennae dark with first three joints (sometimes two) red ; thorax transverse,
slightly contracted in front, broadest at base, posterior angles right
angles, dorsal furrow deepest in middle, base with two distinct and
deeply impressed fovese ; elytra finely striated, the striae plainly
punctured, scutellary stria absent ; legs black, tibiae lighter, L, 4 mm.

Easily distinguished from all the allied species by its small size, the
deeply impressed foveae at base of thorax, and the absence of the
scutellary stria on the elytra, which is at most occasionally indicated by
a few punctures.

Widely distributed and locally abundant in England; Scotland, local, Lowlands;
Ireland, near Belfast, not common near Dublin, probably widely distributed.

A. lunicollis, Schiodte (vulgaris, Panz,, nee Dawson, G. D.). Of the

size of one of the largest examples of A. commuiiis, which species it
strongly resembles, but distmguished by having at most two joints of the
antennae red, and the fact tliat the base of the thorax is almost entirely
impunctate, and also by the colour of the legs, which are usually en-
tirely black, whereas in communis the tibiae are distinctly lighter ; the
thorax is longer in proportion than in some of the allied species, with
central furrow and basal foveae often very indistinct, posterior angles
somewhat obtuse ; elytra plainly but ratlier finely striated, the striae
somewhat deeper behind, and occasionally obsoletely pimctured in front.
L. 7-7k nim.

Afnara.] adephaqa. 77

Miirsliy places, afc roots of s;rass, tree-i, &c. ; local but not uncommon ; Ijondon
district f^eiioi'idly ; Hiirtoii-on-Treut, Ki.'i>toii, Canuock Chase and otlicr localities in
tlic Midlands; Ncwidiani-ou-Severn ; Hastings; Bournemouth; Newcastle; Scot-
land, not common Lowlands ; Ireland, local.

A. curta, Dcj. (hrunnicornu, Ileer.). Much smaller and shorter than
till' preceding, and less convex, usually obscure brassy black or bronze;
autennse with two tirst joints (sometimes one only) an<l occasionally
base of third red ; thorax broad, contracted in front, broadest at base,
hind angles somewhat acute, dorsal furrow fine terminated in front and
bcliind by some fine longitudinal striae, basal fovese, especially the outer
one, more or less obsolete ; elytra broad and rather short, plaiidy Init
rather finely striated, striae deeper at apex, very finely, almost im-
])erceptibly punctured ; legs black, tibiae lighter. L. 5^-G mm.

Very local ; sandy places on the coast at roots of grass, &c., also inland ; common
on the sand-hills at Deal, also taken at Brighton ; in the spring of 1877 I took a
single specimen in my garden at Repton, near Unrton-on-Trent ; I know of no other
English locality, but Dr. Sharp records the species as very local in the Forth district
of Scotland, "Common about an old well on Corstorphine Hills;" there is, there-
fore, no reason why the species should not occur in other intermediate districts; it
ranges over the whole of central Europe, reaching as far north as Stockholm, but is
always local.

A. spreta, Dcj. Very like A. trlvialis in general appearance, but
larger and l)roader ; it has, moreover, only two joints at the base of the
antennae red ; the colour is rather variable, being usually brassy or
coppery, sometimes bright green, duller in female; the thorax is not
so much contracted in front as in the allied species, with central furrow
very distinct, especially in centre, becoming almost if not quite obsolete
in front and behind, posterior angles distinct, rather sharp, base with
two plainly marked foveae, the inner one stronger than the outer,
(liU'usely and coarsely punctured throughout in male, more obsoletely in
female ; elytra finely striated, the striae finely but very distinctly punc-
tured, not deeper at apex ; interstices dull, very plainly shagreened ;
femora and tarsi black, tibiae ferruginous. L. 6-7 J- mm.

Sandy places ; at roots of grass, &c. ; very local ; Deal ; Mickleham ; Caimock
Chase; Hertford; South Shields; Scotland, very rare, Fifeshire (Murray).

A. familiaris, Duft. Brassy or greenish, occasionally blackish ;
anteniux! with tliree tirst joints and base of fourth red; thorax broatl
strongly emarginatc in front, anterior angles projecting, posterior angles
almost right angles, central furrow fine, base impunctate, Avith two very
ol)solete, and often almost invisiltle foveae ; elytra hnely striated, the striae
very hnely but usually distinctly punctured, rather deeper at apex ;
legs entirely red, tarsi rather darker. L. 6 mm.

Common and abundant throughout the kingdom as far north as the Moray district
of Scotlaiul ; not, however, recorded from the e-xtrenie north ; it is common over the
whole of Europe.

A. lucida, iJuft. Extremely like the preceding, of which it might

78 ADEPHAGA. lAmava.

easily be supposed to be a small variety ; the eyes, however, are more
prominent, and the anterior margin of thorax much less emarginate,
and therefore the anterior angles are much less projecting ; but for these
differences, which after all are comparative, as may be seen by examining
the insects side by side, this species might with very good reason be
suppressed as a small variety of A. faniilmris. L. 4|^-5 mm.

Sandy places ; at roots of grass and in moss. Local, bxit occasionally found in
abundance on the coast, rare inland. Deal; Hastings; Sheerness ; Forest Hill;
Reigate ; Shirley ; Colchester ; Liverpool district ; Batli ; Llangollen ; Swansea ;
l^arniouth ; Bournemouth; Isle of Wiglit; Weston-super-Mare; Whitley, near
Newcastle-on-Tjnie, very rare ; Scotland very rare, Moray district.

A. trivialis, Gyll. Variable in colour, brassy, greenish, bluish, or
almost black ; female duller ; antennte with three first joints and base of
the fourth red ; thorax moderately rounded from apex to base, broadest at
base, posterior angles right angles, dorsal furrow abbreviated in front and
behind, base with two impressions on each side, the outer one usually
obsolete, the inner often taking the form of a small deep fovea re-
moved to some distance from hind margin, base impunctate or nearly
so ; elytra narrowed at apex, finely striated, the striae scarcely perceptibly
punctured, deeper at apex ; femora and tarsi black, tibiae pitchy or pitchy
red. L. 6 mm.

Common as a rule throughout the kingdom, but not recorded from the extreme
north of Scotland, and said to be local near Dublin, which is the only Irish record
that I can find ; it is, however, most probably common in Ireland : it ranges fiom
the Azores and Morocco to Siberia ; it may be seen in abundance in early spring on
roads and pathways running in the sun.

A. communis, Panz. {vulgaris, Daws. G. D.). Brassy, sometimes
greenish, or bluish-black, shining; antennae with the first three joints and
base of the fourth red, but occasionally the upper side of the third joint
is broAvnish, in which case the whole fourth joint is brown ; thorax rather
strongly emarginate in front with the anterior angles produced, gradually
rouncletl from apex to base, posterior angles right angles, but not sharp,
dorsal furrow fine, base minutely and obsoletely punctured with two
more or less obsolete fovea? on each side (occasionally it is impimctate
and the foveas almost imperceptible) ; elytra plainly striated, the striai
distinctly deeper behind, usually obsoletely punctured towards base ;
femora and tarsi pitchy, tibiae (and occasionally also tarsi) ferruginous.

Widely distributed throughout England and Ireland, and common in many places,
but somewhat local. Scotland, not common, reaching as far north as the Moray
district.

A> continua, Thoms. (co7iVexior, Stoph.). This species, which has
been separated by Thomson from the preceding, dift'ers I'rom A. (■omniunis
so slightly, that it is a question whether it ought to be regarded as
anything more than a variety : it comes between A. limicoUis and A.
comnimiis, having the build of the former insect, and also (like lunicullis)
having the row of large punctures on the margin of the elytra con-

AhMl-a.] ADKPIIAOA. , 79

tinuoTis and not widely interrujjted, as in A. comimi)m ; it has, however,
three joints at tlie hase of the antennte testaceous, wliereas A. lunicuUis
has hut two. L. 1-1\ m\\\.

Apparcutly mixed in collections with the preceding, and not uncommon.

(Sub-Gen. Triaena, Leconte.)

T. Base of thorax impunctate ; striae of elytra plainly punc-
tured; lenfjth Smin A. STEE>'rA, Zimm.

II. IJase of tliorax jiunctured; stria) of elytra very obsoletely
punctured; length 6 nnu A. PIEBEIA, Gyll.

A. strenua, Zimm. Jirassy, greenish, hhiish, or bluish-black,
thorax and elyti-a not always concolorous ; antenna; with the first three
jdints and biise of the fourth red; thorax with sides moderately con-
tracted in front, anterior angles scarcely prominent, posterior angles
sharp, dorsal fun-ow ending in a longitudinally striated shallow depression
in front and behind, base impunctate, with two fovece on each side,
the outer one more or less obsolete ; elytra rather long, plainly striated ;
the striie are distinctly punctured until they become deeper at apex,
when tlie punctures cease ; femora pitchy black, tibiae and tarsi ferru-
ginous : the anterior tibiae have the spine at the apex tricuspid, which is
the chief distinguishing character of this and the next species. L. 8 mm.

Common in early spring in the salt marshes near Ryde, Isle of Wight : Dawson
(Knt. Ann. 1858, 53) recorded it from the Isle of Sheppy, but this may have been in
error, as it has not occun-ed there since, and no other authentic locality is known
except the Isle of Wight.

A plebeia, Gyll. Very shiny, brassy or greenish, antenna} with
first tliri>c joints and base of fourth red ; thorax rather more emarginate
in front than in tlie preceding species, so that the anterior angles are
more strongly produced, sides gradually rounded from apex to middle,
tluince straiglit to base, posterior angles sharp produced oAving to the
basal margin l)eing sinuate, dorsal furrow more distinct in middle, bjise
with two shallow but usually distinct, coarsely punctiu'ed foveas on each
side ; elytra distinctly striated, the striie impunctate or very obsoletely
punctured ; femora and tarsi pitchy-black, tibia; testaceous : the spine at
the apex of the anterior tibiaj is tricuspid. L. G mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout England; Scotland, cwnmon as far
north as the Moray district ; Ireland, local near Dublin.

ANCHOMENINA.

The members of this tribe ma> l,)e separated from the Fterostichina
and Amarina by the fact that the subapical margins of the elytra arc
continuous, whereas in the two la-st-montioned tribes they are interni])ted,
the severed apical portion of the margin continuing as a sharj) ridgo
along the under surface of the elytra : it is true, a? Mr. Uates says
(lUul. Cent. Amer. Carabidrc, p. 91), that there are indications of the

80 • ADEPHAGA. [A?ichome7ii7ia.

ridge in the Ancliomenina, but it is faintly elevated and not distinctly
continuous with the apical part of the margin. We possess six genera,
Calatlius, Tapliria, Splwdrus, Pristomjclnis, Ayichomeims and Olisfhojjus ;
Horn and C. G. Thomson include Masoreus, and its allied genera, as a
separate tribe Masoreina, forming a transition from the Ancliomenina to
the Lebiina. Mr. Bates, however, considers the Masoreina to be un-
doubted Truncatipennes, and to form a tribe under them equivalent to
the Lebiina, In a letter he kindly wrote to me on the subject he says,
"There are seven or eight genera of Masoreina, and an equal number of
allied generic forms having similar long tibial spurs, all undoubtedly
Truncatipennes. As to the query, 'Is Masoreus not a transition to
the Lebiina 1 ' I may say that there are many other genera of undoubted
Truncatipennes of which this may more truthfully be said, e.g. genera
of Thyreopterina, which are exactly like Ancliomenina, and can only be
distinguished by dissection of the mouth."

Our genera may be distinguished as follows : —

I. Tiirsal claws strongly pectinate or toothed.

i. Thorax square or trapezoidal; first joints of middle and
posterior tarsi with a distinct furrow running along
their external surface CalathTJS, Bon.

ii. 'Ihorax with sides rounded; joints of tarsi without

furrow Tapheia, Bon.

II. Tarsal claws with a slight trace of denticulation at base;
third joint of antinnnj shorter than the two following

together ; tarsi pubescent PbistontchuS, Bej.

III. Tarsal claws quite simple; tarsi not pubescent.

i. Third joint of antennaj as long as the two following

joints together ; length 20-24 mm SPHODEUS, Clairv.

ii. Third joint of antennte shorter than the two following

together; length not exceeding 11 mm., usually much

less.

1. Emargination of mentum with tooth Anchomenus, Bon.

2. Euiargiuatiou of mentum without tooth .... Olisthopus, Bej.

CAZiATKUS, Bonelli.
This genus comprises upwards of a hundred species, which are almost
entirely confined to the northern hemisphere ; they are mostly of a
black or brown colour ; they are usually found under stones, fallen
leaves, or moss, and at the roots of trees, and are exceedingly swift
runners, and very active in their movements.

The larva of Calathus GalUcus is described, with coloured figure, by Laboulbene
(Ann. Fr. 1862, p. 562, PI. xiii., Fig. 8-15). It is elongate and depressed with all the
segments, including head, of about equal breadth, becoming slightly narrower towards
apex of abdomen ; the whole upper surface is black, the abdominal scuta being large
and covering the entire surface of the segments; the maxillaj, hibrum, and antenna?
are yellowish, and the legs ferruginous ; the cerci and anal appendage are short.
Length 21-22 mm.

I. Male with the first three joints of the anterior tibiae
dilated and squamulose beneath,
i. p]lytra with a series of pores on the 3rd and 5th inter-
stices (or stria?) of elytra C, cisteloides, Panz.

C'/Iafha.v.] ADEPHAQA. 81

ii. p]lytra witliout pores on the 5th iaterstice, and only
two or three on 3rd.

1. Posterior tarsi witli first joint rather flattened on its

interior border ; insect winded C. FCSCrS, F.

2. Posterior tarsi with first joint convex on its interior

border : insect apterous.

A. Posterior angles of thorax right angles, colour

black C. FLAVIPES, Fourc.

B. Posterior angles of thorax very blunt or rounded.

a. Head yellow or pitchy brown ; episterna of

metathorax prolonged behind C. MOLLIS, Marsh.

b. Head black ; episterna of metathorax rather

short,
a*. Thorax red or red with dark disc ; border of

posterior angles very narrow, not raised . . C.MELANOCKPHAT.rs.Z.

V. nubigena, Hal.
b*. Thorax except extreme margins dark ; border

of ])Osterior angles broad, raised C. MICBOPTEETJS, Duft.

II. Tarsi simple in both sexes [Amphijynas, Haliday) . . C. piceUS, Marsh.

C. cisteloides, Vanz.{ftiscij7es,Gcezc,Jlavipee, Payk.). Black, apterous,
aiitomai aiul ]ialpi pitchy, more or less red, basal joint entirel)^ red ;
thorax suhquadrate, as long as broad, slightly narrower in front, posterior
angles blunt right angles, dorsal furrow usually abbreviated in front
and behind, but sometimes distinct throughout, base coarsely punctured
Avith two fovete on each side, the outer one more or less obsolete ; elytra
at base broader than base of thorax, rather deeply striated ; the fifth
stria and the third interstice arc each furnished with a row of pores,
the latter row as well as the former being often situated in the stria
itself ; legs entirely red, or red with pitchy femora, or entirely black.
L. 9-12 mm.

In moss, under stones, &c. ; very common and widely distributed throughout the
kingdom.

C. fuscus, F. {amhiguuit, Payk.). Broad, entirely fuscous brown,
witli the margins of thorax, palpi, antennte and legs testaceous ; thorax
subrpiadrate, somewhat narrowed in front, posterior angles slightly
acute, dorsal furrow distinct, base with a very broad smooth shallow
depression on each side ; elytra almost oval, finely striated, the striaj
iinpunctate, third interstice with two pores : smaller specimens are very
likely to be confounded with C. mull its, anil darker ones with C. Jhtripoi,
l)ut they ma}' be easily distinguished by the distinct ilattening or
hdlldwing of the inner side of the first joint of the tarsi, which is not
})erceptible in those species ; the wings in the European s^jecimens are
well developed, but AVollaston (Ins. ^lad., p. 31) records a race from
]\radeira which is entirely apterous, or has only rudimentary wings.
L. 9-10 mm.

Sandy ]ilaces, beneath dry dung, moss, k,c. ; local, but widely distributed along
the soniliern coasts tif Kni^land anil Wales; it is rarer in the north, and I can find
no record from Ireland. Scotland, local, Forth, Moray.

C. flavipes, Fourc. (^ro'*07)«.'^^ Steph., /«//•/;«>■, Gyll., (?/•/•«/?/.•?, Sahib.).

G

82 ADEPHAGA. \talathus.

Black, very shining, apterous, exceedingly like 0. cistdoides, but at once
distinguished by the absence of pores on the fifth stria ; it is more
parallel also, and generally smaller, and the base of thorax is less
punctured ; in fact, as a rule, it is impunctate, or almost so ; the margins
of the thorax arc reddish ; the male often has a greenish metallic tinge
on the elytra, such as is often seen on some of the black Anchoiueni,
and the female is duller ; palpi, antennte, and legs red. L. 8-10 mm.

Sandy places, at roots of grass and plants, &c. ; local, but abundant where it occurs.
Scotland, local, maritime, Fortb, Clyde, Moray. Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin, and
probably widely distributed.

C mollis, Marsh (ocJiro2>tertts, Sturm). Apterous ; pitchy brown
with margins of thorax and elytra testaceous, sometimes entirely light
brown ; thorax subquadrate, somewhat rounded in front, posterior angles
very blunt, dorsal furrow fine, base with a shallow but distinct fovea on each
side ; elytra very finely striated, strongly rounded, distinctly widest in
middle, much more plainly w*ider than thorax than in the allied species,
third interstice with from three to five pores ; antennae, palpi, and legs
pale testaceous. L. 6-7 mm.

Sandy coasts, at roots of grass and plants on sand-hills, under stones, tidal refuse,
&c. ; common and widely distributed throughout England ; Scotland, local, maritime,
as far north as the ]\Ioray district; Ireland, near Dublin. Dawson mentions it as very
abundant in Scotland and Ireland as well as iu England (Q. D. 77).

C. melanocephalus, L. Apterous ; head black, antennae and
palpi reddish testaceous ; thorax red or yellowish-red, subquadrate, rather
narrowed in front and slightly narrowed behind, posterior angles blunt,
ilorsal furrow fine, base with a shallow impression on each side, some-
times plain, sometimes almost obsolete ; elytra oblong-ovate, black, often
with a slight greenish reflection, side margins very narrowly red, finely
striated, third interstice with three or four pores ; legs reddish testaceous.
L. 6-7 mm.

The y.nuhigena, Hal. (C. alx)inus, Dej.), difi"er3 from the type form, in
being, on an average, smaller, and in having the thorax more or less clouded
with black, and sometimes entirely black ; Dr. Sharp has in his collec-
tion some very dark specimens from Braemar, in which even the margins
of thorax are black ; in these cases the antennas are darker, and the legs
more or less pitchy: these dark examples cannot therefore be confounded
with C. micropferus, which has the margins of the thorax, and the legs
and antennai clear testaceous, or at most slightly reddish.
. This variety was first discovered by Mr. Haliday on the mountains of
Ireland, where it is not uncommon in Wicklow, &c. ; it is also not un-
common on the higher hills and mountains of Scotland. It appears,
however, to be merely an alpine form of the type, and to have no claim
to be considered a separate species.

Common and widely distri'juted throii:| tut the kingdom: the most abundant
species of the genus.

Calathns.'\ adepiiaga. 83

C. micropterus, Duft. Very sinning, black or pitchy black,
ai)t('iou.s ; hcul lilack, antennte and palpi te.staceous ; thorax sh'glitly con-
tracted in front and behind, broadest in middle, with side margins
narrowly testaceous, slightly reflexed, posterior angles obtuse, dorsal
furrow plainest in middle, base with a rather distinctly impressed fovea
on each side ; elytra finely striated, with three, sometimes four, pores on
the third interstice ; legs testaceous. L. 7 mm.

A species almost entirely confined to billy or inountainoiis districts; Llangollen
and other lo alities in W'ale-i ; ("Imreh Stretton ; Cannofk Clnse ; Clioviots ; .Scot-
laiul, coniinou, both lowlands and highlands, Ilauuocli, Avrun, Hraemar, &c. Ireland,
Donegal.

C. piceus, ^[arsh (rnfimdicolli.-f, Dej.). Black, or pitch-black, rather
shining, apterous ; mandibles pitchy, antennae and palpi ferruginous ;
thorax rather strongly rounded and narrowed in front, and more con-
tracted beliind than in our other species of the genus, side margins
reflexed especially at base, more or less distinctly ferruginous, posterior
angles rounded, dorsal furrow interruptcul in front and behind, base with
a large smooth fovea on each side, the space between them smooth,
raised ; elytra ovate, plainly broader at base than base of thorax, with
shoulder angles free, projecting, not strongly striated, third interstice
with four or five pores. L. 8-10 mm.

Sandy places beneath moss and dead leaves ; local, but not uncommoti, and widely
distributed throughout Englund and Ireland. Scotland, scarce, lowland, but reaching
as far north as the Moray district.

Besides the fact that the tarsi arc simple in both sexes, this species
diii'ers from all the othc^rs in minor particulars ; the distinction of the
tarsi, however, appears (piito sufficient to give it generic value, and I
should feel strongly inclined to revive Haliday's name of Ainiiliajyuus,
and restore the genus.

TAPHRIA, r.nnelli. {Siinurlnii^, Gyll.)

This genus comprises about hilf-a-dozen species, which form a transi-
tion between Calathus and Anchomenus'; thej' diifcr from Calathus in
having no furrow on the upper sides of the intermediate and posterior
tarsi, from Anchomenus in having the claws pectinate, and from both in
having the last joint of the labial palpi securiform ; the genus is, how-
ever, more closely connected with Calathus than with Anchomenus : the
S})ecies are confined to Europe and Siberia.

T. nivalis, Panz. (n'ra/if, 111.). Pitch-black, very shining ; antennae
and palpi testaceous red; thorax somewhat broader than long, almost
orbicular, with sides and anterior and posterior angles rounded, margins
sometimes reddish, dor.sal furrow distinct, base with a deep smootli
fovea on each side at base; elytra long oval, somewhat broader than
thorax, rather strongly striated, the stria3 impnnctate, with two pores in
or near the second stria ; legs red. L. 6-7 ram.

G -2

84 ADEPiiAGA. [Taphria.

Damp places, under stones, &c. ; local, and widely distributed, but it can hardly bo
called a common insect. London district ; Reigate ; Bouruemouth ; Isle of Wij^^lit ;
Deal; Hastings; Tonbridge ; Swansea; Repton, Bewdley, and many other Midland
localities; Cheshire; Yorkshire; Northumberland and Durham; Scotlnnd, scarce,
but ranging as far as the Orkney Islands ; Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin, and in
Donegal.

PRISTONVCKUS, Dejean. {Lcemostenus, Bon.)

The species of tliis genus, as well as those of the genera CryptofricJn/s,
Ant/isiilindnis and others, ai'e included by some authors under the genus
Spliodrus. Although Pridonijchvs is closely connected with S2)liodrus,
yet it is better ren;arded as a transitional genus between Calathus and
Taphria on the one hand, and Sphodrus and Anchomenus on the other,
as seems to be indicated by the denticulation of the claws : our species is
easily distinguished by its pubescent tarsi. The genus contains about
forty species, chiefly from Europe and the districts round the Caucasus ;
many, however, have been sunk as varieties ; they are often found
in cellars and holes underground, sometimes under the bark of trees ;
many of them, however, are found in mountain districts under large
stones and in caves.

P. terricola, Herbst. (inceqtiaUs, Vanz., siibcyaneus, 111.). Elongate,
and very gi'acefully proportioned, cyaneous, rather shining, antennae and
palpi pitchy ; thorax cordate, with sides rounded in front, strongly con-
tracted behind, posterior angles prominent, disc transversely Avrinkled,
dorsal furrow terminated in front in a deep triangular depression, base
rugose with a strong curved fovea on either side ; elytra ovate, broadest
in middle, rather strongly striated, the strise very finely punctured, and
uniting in pairs at apex, sometimes an outer and inner stria being joined,
and the others uniting in pairs within it, sometimes uniting in pairs
beginning from the siitural or second stria ; occasionally the same speci-
men exhibits both these peculiarities on the right and left elytra ; legs
pitchy black. L. 13-15 mm.

Cellars and outhouses ; often found beneath dead leaves in sand-pits, or in the open
yountry in hollows or under stones ; generally distributed and common throughout
England ; Scotland, scarce, but distributed from north to south ; Ireland, near Bel-
fast and Dublin, and probably widely distributed.

SPKODRUS, Clairville.

This genus and the preceding are usually j^laced before Calathus, but
they appear to come more fitly just before the species of Anchomenus
with cordiform thorax, to one or two of which they bear a considerable
superficial resemblance : as, however, they are true Anchomenina, it does
not much matter where they are j^laced in the tribe as they show
affinities in various directions to all the other genera. The genus
Sphridrm proper comprises only three species, one from Guinea, another
from the Himalayas, and our own species, which is widely distributed in

Sphodni!^.'] ADKPHAGA. 85

Evu'opc and the circum-MeJiterrancan countries : it is usually found in
cellars and outhouses, especially those attaclied to bakers' premises.

The larva of Pri.ifotii/ckus is described and fit^iired by Chapuis and Candcze, Cat.
p. 36, PI. i., Fig. 3; that of Spkodnis by Von Geruet, Uoraj Ross, v., p. 12, PI. i.,
Fig. 3. As Cbiipuis did not breed the perfpct insect from bis larva and found botli
Sphodrtis and Pristoni/chvJi with it, and as Von Gernet found bis larva with Sphodriis
and Blaps only, and his description iign'es with that of the larva described by Chapuis,
it is probable that the latter really described the larva of >S/>hodrus as that of Prislontf-
chus. The larva is elongate, ratbeu depressed, covered with thick yellowish hairs which
are more numerous on the lateral and po-;terior portions of the body ; the colour is
dull whitish yellow, except of the bead and protliurax, which are smooth and of a dark
I eddish brown colour; the other eorncoim portions are of the same colour as the head
and protborax, but lighter ; the head is as long as broad and almost as long as the pro-
thorax, which is about as long as the meso- and nieta-tbora-x together; the anal
appendage is cylindrical, rather thick and short, and the cerci are moderately long and
jointed.

S. leucopthalmus, L. One of our larj^^est species of Carabidic ;
head rather large, projecting, antennae pitchy, first four joints black,
third joint very long ; thorax narrow, cordiforni, strongly rounded in
front and contracted behind, posterior angles sharp, prominent, dorsal
furrow fine, sometimes distinct to base but abbreviated in front, base
with a large depression on each side whicli extends upwards along the
sides, side margins bi'oad, reflexed ; elytra oblong, opatj_ue and dull, much
broader than thorax, faintly striated, the striie very finely puncturei.1 ; legs
pitch-black. In the male the trochiuiters of th(! hind legs reach as far
as the margins of the elytra, and are very sharp. L. 20-2-1: mm.

Widely distributed, but not common. London cellars ; Sbeerness, Greenwich, Wal-
worth, Keigate, Deal; Keptou and Burton-ou-Trent ; Norwich; CoKliesier; Swan-
sea; Birkenhead; Lincoln ; Scarborough and Halifax ; Northumberland ami Durham;
Scotland, very rare, Solway ; Ireland,, very rare, Dublin, &c.

AMCKOMEKUS, Erichson. {Plahjnufi, Brtdle.)

Tliis genus comprises a large aumber of species (upwards of 300),.
whicli have a widely extended range throughout the globe ; the great
majority, however, are found in the northei'u hemisphere ; as a rule tliey
are brown or black, but some of the species are brilliantly metallic : they
Avcre divided by Bonelli into three sub-genera, Platijnus, Anr/tamentix,
and Afjonum, according to the form of the thorax and elytra : the two
former have the posterior angles of the thorax very sharp, whereas in
A(jrmum they are very blunt and rounded ; and again, Anrfiomet/us has
tlie elytra somewhat convex, and the shoulder angles projecting, wlw^reas
in Plaiijnii>> the elytra are flat and the shoidders more rounded ; in the
latter genus, too, the apex of the elytra is more sinuate than in the
former : these dilfereiices, however, are hardly enough to form separat<j
genera upon, especially when we come to consider the intermediate
forms, e.g. A. lirem^, &:c., and so Brulle pro])osed the name of Plaft/ivia
for the whole genus, which has been adopted by many atithors ; it is,
however, better to retain the name- Anchomenus, as Wiedemann pre-

86

ADEPHAGA.

[Anchomeiius.

A. ANGITSTICOLLIS, F.

occupied the name Platyna for a genus of Diptera. The Anchomeni are
iouncl in all sorts of localities, both damp and dry, vinder stones, refuse,
moss, &c., in cracks in the banks of streams, at the roots of grass
and trees, under bark, and occasionally on low herbage.

Thelurva of ^l«cAome«!{* marginatus is figured by Schlodte, iii., PI. xx.. Fig. 11. It
is wliite with tlie head dark fuscous, the anteniife and mouth ferruginous; the dorsal
shields of the thorax are of tlie same colour as the head, those of the abdomen ligliter
with darker markings ; the cerci are white with fuscous fasciae, and fuscous at base :
the shape of the hirva is very much like that of Chlanius vestitus; the head is broad
and sulcate, and the prothorax large, subquadrate, somewhat narrowed iu front witli
all the angles rounded ; all the dorsal scuta are margined ; the cerci are moderately
long, nodose; the muscular impressions of the abdominal dorsal scuta are well
marked ; the legs are sliort and the claws neaily equal. The larva of A. angusticollix
closely resembles that just described, but ditfers in having lunger and more slender
cerci.

I. Antennae with three basal joints glabrous.
i. Tliorax cordiform with posterior angles
projecting.

1. Thorax with broad concave border; apes
of elytra strongly sinuate ; length 10-
11 mm

2. Thorax with narrow border ; apex of
elytra not strongly sinuate ; length 6-8

mm.

A. Stria3 of elytra impunctate ....

B. Stria? of elytra strougly punctured
ii. 'J'horax not corditorm, posteriorangles blunt

or rounded.

1. Forehead with abroad shallow transverse
depression just in front of eyes . . . ,

2. Forehead without depression.
A. Colour metallic, bronze, coppery,

greenish, or red, occasionally dark blue

or blue-black.
ao Elytra with yellow margins . . .
b. Elytra without yellow margins.
a* Legs and antenna; entirely black,
af. Stria; of elytra distinctly punc-
tured ; third interstice with five

or six pores,
aj. Thorax almost circular, briglit
metallic green, elytra brilliant

coppery red

bj. Thorax with sides contracted
behind, concolorous with elyti-a
bf. Siriffi of elytra impunctiite or
almost imperceptibly punctured;
third interstice with three pores
b*. Tib fe reddish, antenna; with first
joint red, at least on underside ;
striae of elytra impunctate or
almost imperceptibly punctured,
af . Form broader ; sides of thorax
liardly raised towards base ; pos-
terior angles rounded ....
bf. Form narrower ; sides of

A. ALBIPES. F.
A. OULONGUS, F.

A. LIVENS, Oyll.

A. MARGINATUS, L.

A. SEXrUNCTATUS, L.
A. EiiiCETI, Panz.

A. Sahlbeegi, Chaud.

A. PAEUMPUXCTATUS, JP.

A7ichomeim.<t.'\ ADEriiAOA. 87

thorax strongly raised towards
base ; posterior angles obtuse

bat plain A. GRAClLirES, Dufl.

B. Colour black or black with a very
slight metallic lustre.

a. Concave bowler of thorax narrow . A. ateatus, Duft.

b. Concave border of thorax broad,
a*. First ami second joints of (los-

terior tarsi dull with a strong keel
on their upper side ; strise strong,

interstices convex A. VlDVrs, Ptinz., v. luoesf us, Duft.

h*. Fii'st and second joints of pos-
terior tarsi shining, simply convex ;

stiiffi weaker, interstices flat . . A. TEU3UTUS, Gj/IL
11. Antennae with first two joints and lower part
only of the third joint glabrous ; upjier
part of third joint and the remaining joints

strongly pubescint.
i. Thorax cordiform ; head and thorax green ;
elytra yellow with green, or greenish blue

markings A. DORSALIS, Miill.

ii. Thorax not cordiform ; head and thorax
black or pitciiy.

1. Thorax not longer than broad.

A. Concave margin of thorax strong,
especially at base ; elytra with slight
greenish metallic reilection.

a. Thorax slightly broader in front

than behind A. micanp, J\7c.

b. Thorax considerably broader in front

than behind. A. sciXULUS, l>y.

13. Concave margin of elytra rather
narrow ; elytra without metallic re-
flection.

a. Basal margin of elytra slightly
sinuate ; shoulders slightly jiro-
jeeting; posterior angles of thorax

rounded but traceable A. FCLIGINOSUS, Fanz.

b. Basal margin of elytra strongly
sinuate; shoulders distinctly pro-
jecting.

u*. Elytra and legs black ; posterior

anglcsof thorax completely rounded A. GUACIL13, Gt/IL

b*. Klytra autl legs lighter or darker
pitchy brown ; posterior angles of
thorax rouuded but traceable . . A. riCEUS, L.

2. Thorax plainly longer than broad.

A. Elytra lighter or darker reddish
brown, sides nearly parallel ; striie

weaker A. TiiOREYi, D^/.

B. Elvtra pitch-black, sides slightly

rounded; stria; stronger A. ruKLLUS, D&j.

Group T. (Siib-(!t'n. Platynus, I'.oiiclli.)
A. ang-usticollis, F. {a.-^.-^iini/if!, JXyk., juiirtus, Srop.). Black,
pliiuiiiLj ; antenna' antl palpi ])itchy ; tliunix narrow, corcliforni, rutnitk'd
iu IruiiL, and rather stroni^dy narnnvud behind, with [icsteriur angles

88 ADEPHAGA, [Plotynus.

sharp, projecting, disc convex, transversely wrinkled, side margins broad
and reflexed, dorsal furrow deep, terminating in front in a deep depres-
sion, base with a strong deep fovea on either side ; elytra oval, much
broader than thorax, broadest behind middle, with sides sinuated rather
strongly before apex, deeply striated, the strias obsoletely crenulate or
punctured, interstices convex, the third furnished with three pores ; legs
pitch-black or brown, tarsi usually lighter : the largest species of the
genus that we possess. L. 10-11 mm.

At roots of trees, under loose bark, &c., common and widely distributed through-
out the country ; Scotland, common, Lowlands.

Group II. (Sub-Gen. Clibanarius, Gozis.)

A. dorsalis, ]Miill. {prasinns, Thunlt.). Head and thorax green,
elytra testaceous with a large common blue-black or greenish-ljlue
patch extending from above the middle to apex, leaving the margins
broadly testaceous ; head large, antennse pitchy Avith base reddish
testaceous ; thorax longer than broad, contracted behind, and feebly
cordiform, posterior angles nearly right angles, slightly raised, dorsal
furrow more or less abbreviated in front and behind, base with a large
deep longitudmal fovea on each side ; elytra oblong-ovate, moderately
striated, the striae feebly punctured, with three more or less obscure
pores on the third interstice ; miderside black, sometimes greenish ; legs
pale red. L. 6-7 mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom ; found under stones, at
roots of plants and trees, and in various situations.

Group III. (Sub-Gen. Anchomenus, Bonelli.)

A. albipes, F. {paUipes, Dej.). Pitchy black, winged ; antennae and
palpi ijale or reddish testaceous ; thorax cordiform, posterior angles small
and acute, projecting, dorsal furrow abbreviated in front and behind,
base coarsely punctured ; elytra broad, ovate, shoulders round, striae im-
punctate, third interstice with three pores ; legs pale testaceous. L.
6-8 mm.

Abundant in damp situations throughout the kingdom, and in fact throughout the
whole of Europe with the exception of Eastern Russia ; often common on the coast
a little above high-water mark, as well as inland.

Immature specimens of this species are often of a pronounced red
colour, and sometimes cause disappointment to collectors who think at

first sight that they have found a good species.

t

A. oblong'us, Sturm. Light jjitchy, head and thorax darker,
apterous ; antennce and palpi pale or reddish testaceous ; thorax long,
narrow, scarcely wider than head, considerably contracted behind,
posterior angles prominent, dorsal furrow distinct, strongly punctured at
base, plainly, but not so strongly, in front ; elytra oblong-ovate, convex.

Anrltomenus.'] adepuaga. 89

widest behind, deeply striated, the strije very strongly punctured ; legs
pale testaceous. L. 5 mm.

Marshy places ; local, but widely distributed aud not uncominon, especially in tlie
miillaud and southern districts of Eugluud ; also occurs in Yorkshire aiul in the
Northumberland and Durham districts, but is not recorded from Scotlaud; Irehiud
near Belfast, and rare near Uubliu.

Group lY. (8ul)-Gen. Batenus, ^^rotschulsky.)

A. livens, Gyll. Pitchy black, head and thorax sometimes darker
than elytra, rather elongate ; antenna? j)itchy, Ijase of joints lighter than
apex ; thorax o])long, cordiform, but gradually contracted to base and
Avith the posterior angles rounded, margins rellexed especially at basc^,
base with a deep fovea on each side, impunctate, doisal furrow very
distinct; elytra rather narrow and almost parallel-sided, although slightly
widest beliind middle, moderately striated, the striae, finely and some-
times almost obsoletely punctured, third interstice witli three or four
pores ; legs pitchy or reddish. L. 8-9 mm.

Damp and marshy places, inland and on the coast, rare ; Kent (Westerham, Hythe,
and Tonbridge Wells); Surrey (Ashstcad) ; Shipley, near Horsham; Hastings;
Dover; Tilgate Forest ; Holme Bush and also at Highgate at sugar, on trees.

• Group V. (Sub-Gen. Ag-onum, I'-onelli.)

A. marg-inatus, L. Bronze green or coppery, sometimes purplish,
with lateral margins of thorax narrowly, and all the margins of the
elytra broadly, yellow testaceous ; antenna2 pitch-black, with lighter
base ; thorax short, sides regularly rounded from apex to base, as broad
in front as behind, anterior angles rather prominent, posterior angles
rounded, disc convex much wrinkled transversely, dorsal furrow fine,
base with a large shallow depression on each side near posterior angles ;
elytra broad, shoulders rather prominent, sides somewhat parallel, finely
sti'iated, the stride very finely but distinctly punctured, third interstice
with three large pores; femora and tarsi pitch-black, tibiae, except base,
testaceous. L. 8-9 mm.

Marshy places, hanks of rivers, &c. ; very common throughout the southern and
midland parts of England; it becomes more local, however, towards the north, aud in
Scotland has not yet been recorded except from the Forth, Solway, ami Clyde d;stric-ts,
in which it is local ; Ireland, near Dublin, but not recorded in Haliday's Belfast list ;
it appears to range over the whole of Europe.

A. sexpunctatus, T^. Head ami thorax brilliant metallic green,

the miiri^ius of the latter l)rassy, elytra brilliant coppery red, very
shining, with scuteUum and margins green ; antenna? and palpi black ;
thorax broad with sides strongly and evenly rounded, margins reflexed
especially at base, disc transversely wrinkled, dorsal furrow distinct, base
Avith a rather deep fovea on each side near posterior margin, very rugose
and punctured, posterior angles rounded ; elytra witli the striix? very
distinctly punctured, interstices somewhat shagreened, third interstice

90 ADKniAGA. [Agojium.

with six large pores (varjdng occasionally from five to eight) ; legs
black, more or less metallic. L. 7-9 mm.

Damp places, especially on heaths ; not common, although it used to he taken
rather pleutifu'ly on Wimbltdon Common and in other localities; Woking;
Dorking; Battersea ; Weston, Oxfordshire ; Newark, Notts (near Stapleford Com-
mon); Epping Forest; Hertford; Swansea; Glanville's Wotton ; it has also heen
doubtfully recorded from Yorkshire.

This species is said by Schaum and DaM'son to vary considerably in
colour, being sometimes unicolorous green or violet or even blackish. I
have seen no British specimens representing these extreme varieties,
although it is not uncommon to find specimens with the colour of the
elytra duller red, and the thorax brassy green.

A. ericeti, Panz. {fulgens, Daws.). Smaller than the preceding, and
narrower, also less shining ; rosv copper, tinged with a purple or green
shade, sometimes entirely purplish or blackish ; antennae and palpi black ;
thorax with sides rounded in front and moderately but plainly narrowed
from middle to base, j)osterior angles very obtuse, but visible, reflexed ;
disc very convex, margins rather broadly reflexed, dorsal furrow distinct,
base with a large deep very rugose ibvea on each side near posterior
angles ; elytra usually more shining metallic than the head and thorax,
with plainly punctured striae, with six (occasionally more- or less) pores
on the third interstice. L. 6 mm.

On high moors and mountain districts in heathy localitits; local, but not un-
common where it is found; Yoikshire Moors, near Halifax, and other places in the
county ; Northumberland and Durham district, Muckle Moss. Scotland local, both
Lowlands and Highlands, Paisley, Glasgow district, Rannoch, &c.

A. Sahlberg-i, Chnud. Upper surface of an unicolorous bronze-
coppery colour ; underside black, Avith a slight greenish metallic reflec-
tion ; head moderately large, with two impressions in front of eyes,
vertex smooth ; antennae rather long, entirely black ; thorax subquadrate,
with sides not strongly rounded, slightly contracted to base, anterior
angles marked, posterior angles very blunt, almost completely rounded,
Avith central furrow distinct, meeting a transverse furrow in front, and a
small but plain and rather deep round or oblong depression a little
before base ; the usual depressions near posterior angles are well marked ;
elytra of female considerably widened behind, and narrower towards base,
of male more parallel-sided, with fine strise and broad flat interstices,
which are extremely finely shagreened ; third interstice with three pores ;
legs deep black. L. 7^-8} mm.

This interesting addition to our indigenous Coleoptera Avas lately in-
troduced by me (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 265) on the authority of three
specimens (one male and two females) in Dr. Sharp's collection, taken
by M]'. Henderson on the banks of the Clyde beloAV Glasgow 20 years
ago ; Dr. Sharp believes that others were taken in the same locality ;
it has hitherto occurred in Eastern Siberia, and has not before been
found in Europe.

Ayonum.] ADEPnAGA. 91

From A. ericeti it differs by its colour, and the fine impunct.ate striai
of the elytra ; from A. parumpimdafu!< by its entirely black legs and
antennfe, and by the colour and shape of the thorax ; and from A.
graeilipf'A by the shape of the thorax and the fact that it has only three
pores on the third interstice of the elytra, a character that also separates
it from A. friceti.

A. parumpunctatus, F. (hri^is, ]\IiUl., Miilleri, Ilerbst.). Head and
thorax usually greenish l)ronze, elytra brownish bronze ; occasionally,
however, in northern and niountiiinous districts specimens are found
which are quite dark, almost black, and it commonly varies as regards
the shades of colour on thorax and elytra, being more or less obscurely
green, coppery, or brassy ; antenme black, underside of first joint red ;
thorax with sides evenly rounded, posterior angles rounded, margins
ratlier strong, rcflexed, dorsal furrow plain, base with a deep slightly
rugose fovea on each side ; elytra finely striated, the striae very obsoletely
j)unctured, almost smooth, third interstice with three or four pores ;
femora Ijlack, often metallic, tibial testaceous or brownish, tarsi lighter
or darker pitchy. L. 6-S mm.

Damp and inarsliy places; commou and widely distributed tLrougliout the
kingdom.

A. gracilipes, l)uft. {ehmgaiu,'^, F^f^j-)- Much narrower than the
])receding ; upper side reddish bronze or brassy, with a coppery reflection ;
first joint of antennas reddish, the rest pitchy ; thorax somewhat broader
than long, gradually rounded in front, slightly narrowed behind, margins
strongly rellexed towards base, posterior angles blunt, but plainly visible,
base with a depression on each side which is finely rugose ; elytra long,
rather parallel- sided ; stride distinct, impunctate, third interstice "with
four to five, or sometimes six pores ; femora black, metallic, tibia? and
tarsi reddish. This species differs from the preceding in its narrow form,
l)Lun, though blunt angles of thorax, and more strongly raised hind
margins of thorax. L. 7-8 mm.

Very rare ; oidy a few specimens have been taken in England; Wisbeach Canal,
Lowestoft, 1831 (Knper); Soutliwold, Suffolk, 185i) (Brewer); Hornsea, Yorkshire,
1858 (Bissill) ; the latter specimen, however, is very doubtful, as it whs lost soon
after it was captured, before it had really been iilentified ; it has also been taken at
liowestoft by jlr. E. Saunders. Its usual habitat on the Continent appears to be in
wootis under moss.

A. atratus, Duft. {pu!<iUiis, Dahl.). Deep black shining ; antennaj
and palpi pitch}', base of the former lighter, often reddish ; thorax with
sides evenly rounded, posterior angles rounded but visible, side margins
narrow, base with a rather small, slightly rugose fovea on each side near
angles, disc convex, dorsal furrow distinct ; elytra oblong-ovate with well
marked very finely almost imperceptibly punctured striae; legs pitchy;
very like the v. ma^sfus of A. virhnis, but distinguished l)y its smaller
size, and less rounded posterior angles of thorax, of which the margins

92 ABEniAGA. lAc/onum.

are much narrower ; tlie "basal foveas are also considerably smaller. L.
7 mm.

Marshy places, river banks, &c. ; widely distributed, but rather local ; commoner
in the southern and midland districts of Enghmd than in the north ; Scotland, Low-
lands, very local near the mouths of titlal rivers, Sohvay district ; abundant on the
banks of the Nith below Dumfries ; I can find no record from Ireland.

A. viduus, Panz. Black, with a distinct greenish or brownish
bronze reflection, especially on the elytra ; antennae and palpi black ;
thorax broader than long with sides evenly rounded, margins reflexed
especially at posterior angles which are more plainly rounded than in
the preceding species, dorsal furrow distinct, basal angles with a large
somewhat deeply impressed slightly rugose fovea ; elytra more parallel-
sided in the male than in the female, deeply striated, the striie feebly
punctured, interstices convex, the third with three pores ; legs black.
L. 8-9 mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass and trees, not uncommon ; Lf^e, Darenth Wood,
Wimbledon, Weybridge ; Reigate; Deal; Bournemouth; Reptou and Burtou-on-
Trent ; Gumley, Market Harborough ; Bewdley ; Colchester ; Liverpool ; Yorkshire ;
Newcastle-on-Tyne. Scotland not common, Clyde and Moray districts. Ireland,
near Belfast (perhaps the v. moestus).

V. moestus, Duft. Smaller than the type, Avith rather narrower
thorax, and perfectly black without any metallic reflection ; it has been
regarded as a separate species, but there is no real structural difference.
Commoner than the type form, but very often taken in company with
it : it is not common in Scotland, but, unlike the type, occurs in the
Forth and Solway, as well as the Clyde districts, and is not found in the
Moray district.

A. versutus, Gyll. Very like A. vidmis, but smaller, and easily
distinguished by the much finer strise and flat interstices of tlie elytra,
and also by its considerably shorter and more transverse thorax, which is
fully as broad behind as in front, whereas in A. viduus it is distinctly
narrower behind ; it is also a more shining insect ; the first and second
joints of the posterior tarsi are shining and simply convex, Avhereas in
A. viduus they are dull and are furnished with a strong keel on their
upper side. L. 7-7^ mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass, &c., rather rare; Wimbledon, Battcrsea, Lee;
Yaxley Fen; Shipley; Repton ; Tonbridge. Scotland, Eccles (two specimens in Dr.
Sharp's collection) ; Dollar (A. Beaumont).

Group T I. (Sub-Gen. Europhilus, Chaudoir.)

A. micans, Xic. Black with a brassy greenish reflection, shining ;
antennae black Avith lighter base ; thorax not quite as long as broad,
narrowly margined, sides rounded, slightly narroAved behind, posterior
angles rounded but visible, basal foveae near angles deep, dorsal furrow
distinct, abbreviated in front and behind ; elytra rather broad, someAvhat
dilated behind middle, rather flat, hnely striated, the striic impunctatc,

Eurnp]iila!^.'\ ADEPiiAfiA. 93

interstices sliglitly convex ; femora black, tibiixi and tarsi pitcliy. L.
G-6i mm.

Marshy places, near banks of rivers and ponds ; also imder bark of ftiUen trees, by
sweeping rushes, &c.; local but not unconunon and widely distributed throughout
England. Scotland, very local, Tay and Solway districts. Ireland, near Dublin.

A scitulus, Dej. Very sliining, black, with a greenish tinge on
the elytra, which is often hardly perceptible: it differs from A. mirans
in being smaller and narrower; the thorax is more obliquely sloped
and narrowed l;ehind, with smoother disc and deeper dorsal furrow ; the
elytra also are much narrower and more convex : in size and general
appearance it resembles most closely A. gracilis, but besides the fact
that the latter insect presents no trace of a greenish reflection, A.
srifulufi differs from it in being more shining, and in having the sides
of the thorax more plaiidy rounded, with margins more reflexed at base
and the basal foveas deeper, and also in having the elytra more strongly
striated. L. 5|-6 mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass, &c. ; not common ; Pntuoy ; Hammersmith ; Lee*
Ilej)toii ; Hath ; Forest of Dean. Not recorded from the north of England, Scotland,
or Ireland.

A. fulig-inosus, Panz. Black or pitchy Ijlack, elytra often pitch-
brown ; thorax as long as broad, somewhat narrowed behind, posterior
angles rounded but traceable, dorsal line distinct, basal fovese near
angles smooth, basal margin about two-thirds as broad as anterior
margin ; elytra ovate with sides rounded, striated, the striaj very feebly
punctured ; legs pitchy. L. 6-6| mm.

Damp and marshy places ; common and widely distributed throughout the king-
dom ; not recorded from the extreme north of Scotland.

A. gracilis, (lyll. Smaller than the preceding, entirely lilack, with
antennie and legs also black ; the thorax is wider in front and less con-
tracted behind, and the posterior angles are completely rounded ; the
shoulders are more prominent, and the elytra are less strongly stiiated,
with the sides more parallel : in general contour it approaches most
ncai'ly to A. pireiis, but that species is i)Iainly larger, and always has the
elytra pitchy-brown, and also has the posterior angles of thorax less
rounded, and the anterior and po.sterior nmrgins of the latter nearly
equal, whereas in A. gracilis the posterior margin is plainly the narrower.
L. 5^-G mm.

Damp and marshy places ; rather local, bnt widely distributed and not uncommon
throughout the country. Scotland, common, Lowlands and Highlands. Ireland,
not recorded, but it probably occurs.

A. piceus, L. (picipes, F.). Narrow and rather slender, pitch-bhu'k,
the elytra and legs pitch-brown or testaceous brown ; antenna; pitchy
with reddish base; thorax about as long as broad, as broad in front as
belaud, posterior angles rounded Imt traceable, dorsal furrow ilistinct,

94 ADEPHAGA. [_EurophiI/i.<f.

base with a deep smooth fovea on each side ; elytra wider than the
thorax, much narrower and more parallel than in A. fuliginosus or micans,
shoulder-angles projecting, with very fine strice ; legs brownish testaceous.
L. 6-6 1 mm.

Damp and marshy places; also uuder bark of fallen trees; local ; rather rare in the
London district ; common in the Midlands ; Yorkshire ; Northumberland and
Durham ; Scotland, local, Lowlands ; Ireland, near Belfast, Dublin, and Armagh.

Besides other points of distinction, the subquadrate thorax, which has
the anterior and posterior margins almost equal in breadth, will serve at
once to separate this species from all its allies : from A. fuliijinosus it is
also distinguished by its more slender form, and more parallel elytra,
which are much more finely striated.

A. Thoreyi, Dej. Elongate ; head and thorax pitchy, elytra
brownish-yellow, or light pitchy brown, darker in the middle next suture ;
antennoe pitchy, base reddish ; thorax with the margins often narrowly
testaceous, with sides rounded in front and contracted beliind, dis-
tinctly longer than broad, posterior angles rounded but visible, dorsal
furrow distinct, base Avith a small, rather shallow fovea on each side near
angles ; elytra with sides nearly parallel, about twice the width of the
base of thorax, finely striated ; femora except apex red, tibiae and tarsi
brownish. L. 7 mm.

Marshy places beneath debris of reeds, &c. ; local, but not uncommon ; Kent;
Brighton ; Hastings ; Walton-on-Naze ; Burton-on-Trent ; Coleshill ; Sutton Park,
Birmingham ; Yorkshire ; Cambridgeshire Fens ; not recorded from the north of
England, Scotland, or L'eland.

A. puellus, Dej. (pelidniis, Payk.). This species is so exceedingly
closely related to the preceding that the one might with very good
reason be considered a variety of the other ; in fact it is most probable
that this will eventually be the case : the only real difference seems to
lie in the colour, Avhich in A. pwUus is always dark pitchy black ; the
elytra are said to have their sides rather more rounded than in A.
Thoreyi, and to be more deeply striated (Daws., G. D. 94) ; on the other
hand, Schaum (Insect. Deutsch. i. 428) says distinctly of A. Thoreyi
that the striae, especially the outer ones, are a little stronger tlian in
A. pelidnus (ein wenig starker als bei pelidnus) : these difierences, there-
fore, ai'e evidently very small. L. 7 mm.

Marshy places, at roots, beneath debris of rushes, kc, also under bark of fallen
trees near ponds, and in stems of Ti/pha latifolia ; local, but not uncommon ; Hythe ;
Leicester; Bewdley ; Burton-on-Trent; Bepton, Crevves Pond; Coleshill; Sutton
Park, Birmingham ; Hornsea (Yorkshire) ; Scarborough ; Liverpool ; Scotland, very
local. Lowlands, Forth district ; Edinburgh ; abundant about Duddingstone Loch.

(A. quadripunctatus, De G. (sub-gen. Agonum). Smaller than
any of the preceding; greenish aeneous, or black with a greenish
tinge ; antennfe and palpi black ; thorax double as broad as long,
somewhat narrowed behind, with very blunt, somewhat elevated,

Europhilutf.^ adepiiaga. 95

posterior angles, disc convex, depressed towards the sides, somewhat
transversely wrinkled, dorsal furrow strong, base with an oblong fovea
on each side near angles ; elytra rather long, hardly widened behind the
middle, finely striated, with four deep pores between the second and
third striae, somewhat irregularly placed ; legs black. L. 4-5 mm.

A single example was taken many years ago by Mr. T. J. Bold, at
Long Benton, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; it has not, however, occurred since,
and I'equires further confirmation before it is finally admitted into our
lists; it is placed by Schaum (Insect. Deutsch. i. 411) in the A. livens
section with that insect and A. Binjemanni ; it appears to be rare in
Central Europe, but common in Sweden, Xorth Russia, and in Siberia.)

OZ.ISTHOPUS, Dejean.

This genus comprises about twenty species, ranging from Madeira
over Southern and Central Europe to the Caucasus, some being also
found in tlie United States : it comes very close to Anchomenus.

O. rotundatus, Payk. Bronze or brassy brown, very shining ;
antennii3 and palpi reddish testaceous ; thorax broad and short with sides
very evenly rounded, posterior angles rounded, dorsal furrow distinct,
base with a more or less punctured fovea on each side near angles ;
elytra oblong-ovate, rounded at sides, striaj very finely punctured, inter-
stices quite smooth and shining, third interstice with three large pores;
legs pale yellow or reddish testaceous. L. 7-8 mm. •

Utuler stones, in moss, &c. ; generally distributed and coimuon throuf^hout
Engrlmid ; Scotland, not uncommon, Lowlands; Ireland, near Hslfast, and seii coast
near Dublin.

Sub-Div. v. Sipalmatl.

The members of this group have the two first joints of the anterior
tarsi dilated in the male, with the exception of certain species of Tachys,
in which they are simple in b<>th sexes ; they are here taken as including
both the Trechina and the Berabidiina, which latter tribe has by some
authors been formed into a separate division ; the members, however, of
the two tribes are closely connected together in many ways, and, as ]\Ir.
liatcs says (Biol. Cent. Am. Carabidte, vol. i. p. i. p. 136), "the genus
Orthozetus, which l)elongs to the Pogonus group, connects in another direc-
tion the Bembidiinte tluough the genus Bracteon (formed by !M. Bedel to
contain B. 2->ciludosu7n and its allies) with Pogonus and Patrobus." The
dilated joints of the male tarsi are, as a rule, furnished with ragged
squama; beneath, but Tachypus has them plainly pilose ; this character has
been very much overlooked, or has not received tlie consideration whitdi
ought to have been given to it ; not oidy does it establish beyond all
doubt the generic value of Tac/n/pux, whicli some authors woidd include
under Bi'iiiJildiiim, but it carries the genus right Ijack into close relation
M'ith the Elaphri (to which its resemlilance has been suppo.sed to bo

96 ADEPHAGA. [Bipalmati.

merely superficial), and also, considering its close affinities -with Bem-
hidium, it takes with it all the Bembidiina as well, and gives another
striking proof, if any were needed, of the utter impossibility of making
anything like a linear classification of the Carabidse.
The division may be subdivided as follows : —

I. Palpi with a very short and slender terminal joint Bembidiina.

II. Palpi with a more or less long and tapering terminal joint . . . Teeciiina.

BEMBIDIINA.

The members of this tribe may be at once distinguished from all the
other Carabidse by tlie very short, and slender terminal joint of the palpi :
this peculiarity of the palpi is also found in the Halipli, and it is for this
reason, as well as for their semi-aquatic habitat, that the Bembidia have
been placed at the end of the Carabidse as a connecting link between the
Geodephaga and the Hydradephaga. If, however, we allow questions of
habitat to be taken into consideration, we might with quite as much, if
not greater reason, place Omophron at the end of the Carabidse : some
authors would be inclined to include the Halipli with the Carabidae, in
which case they might be placed near Bemhidmm, but there is no need,
according to our present arrangement, to force this latter genus from a
more natural position, in order to bring it into juxta-position Avith the
Haliplidse, so long as these are reckoned among the true Hydradephaga,
of which they are best considered a separate family distinct from the
Dytiscidse. The aberrant North American genus Ampliizoa would seem to
form the best transition between the Carabidaj and Dytiscidse, but of
this we shall have to speak when we come to consider the latter family.

The genera may be thus divided : —

I. Anterior tibia obliquely truncate externally at apex ; sutural

stria recurved at apex Tachts, Schaum.

II. Anterior tibise not obliquely truncate externally at apex j

sutural stria not recurved at apex.
i. Penultimate joint of anterior tarsi armed with a curved

spine beneath LtmNjEUM, Steph.

ii. Penultimate joint of anterior tarsi simple.

1. Elytra not pubescent ; stria; distinct ; dilated joints of

anterior male tarsi furnished with squamre beneath.

A. Antennas short, with joints 4r-10 moniliform ; sides of

elytra parallel Cillenus, Sam.

B. Antenna; long, with joints more or less elongate ; sides

of elytra more or less rounded Bembidium, Latr.

2. Elytra pubescent ; stria; indistinct ; dilated joints of

anterior male tarsi pubescent beneath ; eyes very large . Tachtpus, Lac.

TACKVS, Schaum.

This genus has been united by several authors with Bembidium, but
was separated off by Schaum through the sculpture of the elytra and the
oljliquely truncate anterior tibise ; it contains between a hundred and a
luuidred and fifty species which are widely distributed over the whole

Taclnj!^.'] ADEPIIAGA. 97

surface of tlio globe, in the tropical as well as the temperate regions ;
they are amongst tlie smallest of the Carabiihe, and are found in moist
places on the banks of streams running in the sun on the mud, also at
roots of grass, or under stones and rubbish; the species that form
Schaum's second group of the genus, and which were placed in a
separate genus Tachyta by Kirby, are found under bark : we do not,
however, possess any species from this section : of our five Eritisli species
two (T. quadrisignatiis and T. ^ari.W2/.s') depend at present on single
specimens, and therefore require furtlier continuation ; and a tliird
{T. Focki) has only occurred in one locality, and lias not been taken for
many years. These small Carabida^ are likely to be imported witli ballast, .
which ships take in from localities where they might be expected to
occur, and then discharge in heaps in or near liarliours in placets where a
few insects, imported in all stages probably, might easily found a snudl
colony, No species of Tachys has been recorded as yet either from
Scotland or Ireland.

Tlie larva of Tachys (Tachyta) nanus is descrihed and fifrnrcd by Ferris, Ann. Fr.
18()2, 175, Fig. 510-516. It is linear and elongate, and clothed above and below with
hairs of dillereut lengths, as is usually tliu case in the C'arabideous larvaj ; the head is
depressed, a little longer than broad, with two longitudinal furrows, testaceous with the
anterior border darker ; prothorax quadrate, reddish, meso- and nieta-thora.\ light,
abdominal segments whitish ; cerci rather stout, not jointed, about a third longer
than the anal appendage, which is rather loug comparatively ; claws equal. L. 4 mm.
Apparently nothing is known of the larva? of the ordinary species of Tacliys, and it
must be remembered, as saul above, tliat Tachyta nana has been considered a distinct
genus : all the larv.'E, however, of this group, as a rule, hear a strong family resem-
blance to one another.

I. Upper side more or lees convex ; thorax with pos-
terior angles sharp ; auteunaj uot much longer thau

head and thorax.

i. Form very convex ; elytra short oval ; upper sur-
face entirely reddish testaceous T. FoCKl, Ifiim.

ii. Form moderately convex ; elytra long oval.

1. Flytra uuicolorous black or pitchy T. pauti'lus, D<'J.

2. Elytra black with two well-detiued yellow spots

on each T. quadeisig.natcs, Diifi.

II. Upper side flat ; thorax with posterior angles blunt;

aiitemuc as long as half the body.
i. Thorax dark ; elytra more or less testaceous . . . T. scutellaeih, Germ.
ii. Tiiorax and elytra uuicolorous dark pitch-brown,

almost black T. bistriatps, Duft.

T. Focki, Hum. (hisulcahn^, Nic, latipennis, Sturm). Upper sur-
face entirely reddish testaceous ; antenna; and legs lighter ; head with
two deep furrows on forehead, eyes black slightly ])rominent ; thorax
somewhat broader than long, sub((uadrate, very slightly contracted be-
hind, posterior angles sharp right angles, dorsal furrow abbreviated in front
and beliind, base much depressed with a rather deep fovea on each side
near angles ; elytra ovate, convex, dovible as broad as thorax, with four
punctured stria? next suture, the first and second of whii'h are strongly
marked, the third and fourth shorter and weaker; ihe following .stri;B

11

98 ADEPHAGA. [Tachys.

are almost obsolete, the eighth deep behind and obsolete in front, third
interstice with two pores. L. 2-2 1 mm.

Taken first by Mr. Bold beneath stones on the sea shore )ic:ir South Shields in the
spring of 1863, and afterwards in some numbers by Mr. Crotch in the same locality,
but it bus not occurred, apparently, for many years ; it is a rare species on the
Continent.

T. parvulus, DpJ. Upper surface dark brown or reddish brown
M'ith a slight metallic lustre; antenn;e rather short, brownish or brownish
yellow, with the base yellow ; forehead with two Hne loni^ntudinal lines
on each side ; prothorax su1:)quadrate, slightly narrowed behind, strongly
depressed at base, with posterior angles acute ; elytra rather convex,
with the sutural and three following stride strong, finely but distinctly
punctured, reaching almost to base, evanescent before apex, except the
first, which is recurved ; a fifth stria is obscurely indicated, and the
eighth is deep from base to apex ; legs entirely yellow. L. 1^ m.

A single specimen was taken in September, 1884, by Mr. J. H.
Smedley at roots of Par/ia-bWt ^^a/Hs^ris from Wallasey Sand-hills, Liver-
pool (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 43) ; no other, however, has yet been found
in the locality.

This species is in the same section as T. quadn'sir/nafus, from which it
may be at once separated by its unicolorous elytra ; from T. hidriafus it
may be distinguished by the acute posterior angles of the thorax as well
as hy the different sculpture of the elytra.

T. quadrisig-natus, Diift. (s&xstriatus, yhw, Duft.). Pitchy black,
lighter or darker, with two round reddish yellow spots on each elytron ;
antennae brownish, lighter at base ; forehead with two longitudinal
grooves on each side between eyes ; thorax sub(|uadrate broader than
lone, slightly narrowed behind, posterior angles acute, base depressed ;
elytra with three deeply impressed and punctured striae, rather faint at
base, and still more so at apex, except the first which is recurved, fourth
stria not so deep as the first three, the other striae more or less obsolete,
except the eighth which is distinct at base and apex ; legs testaceous,
tibiae sometimes pitchy in middle. L. 2 mm.

This species is variable as to size and colour, being sometimes brownish
or almost testaceous : a single specimen of one of these light forms was
taken at South Shields by Mr. Bold, and is the only British example
known. As Mr. Bold makes frequent allusions in his catalogue of the
insects of Northumberland and Durham to the ballast heaps at South
Shields, it is possible that this specimen was introduced as has above
been suggested : it is also possible that T. Fucki may have also been
imported in the same way.

T. scutellaris, Germ. Head and thorax pitchy brown, elytra
livid testaceous with a triangular patch about scutellum fuscous, and the
apex and more or less of the surface (sometimes the whole surface)
clouded; antennae brownish with the base testaceous (sometimes almost

Tac// ?/.<;.] ADEPHAGA. 99

entirely testaceous) ; thorax broader tlian long, considerably narrowed
behind, posterior angles blunt but slightly elevated ; elytra depressed,
with sides almost parallel, striae very feeble, two or three near the suture
plainer, sutural stria recurved, recurved portion very strongly impressed,
each elytron with a pore near the middle ; underside brown ; legs testa-
ceous, femora more or less dusky. L. 2 mm.

Very local, hut sometimes plentiful where it occurs; Shcernoss; Lyminorton Sal-
terns ; Hastings district ; Chi'istchurcli, Hants ; Whitstable ; usually found running
in marshy and muddy places in the sunshine.

T. bistriatus, Duft. Pitchy brown, sometimes paler ; antennae
brownisli with the base testaceous ; thorax broader than long, narrowed
behind, posterior angles obtuse but rather elevated and prominent, base
depressed ; elytra depressed, with two distinct strife next suture, the
sutural stria recurved, the recurved portion strongly impressed, the exterior
strife more or less obsolete, sides and apex smooth, fourth interstice with
a pore on anterior third ; legs testaceous. L. H mm.

Sandy banks of rivers, &c. ; also in muddy places near the coast ; running in the
sunshine, or at roots of grass, under stoues, &c. ; locally plentiful ; Jfaidstone; .Mickle-
ham ; Cowfold, near Horsham; Holme Hush, near Hrightoii; Bristol Channel;
Tonbridge; Weymouth; Hastings; Luccomlx,' Chine, &c., Isle of Wight; a single
specimen is iTCorded by Hold from South Shields (which may however belong to the
pieceding species, as he mentions it as synonymous with T. scutellaris, 1. c. p. 13).

IiYMNiEUM, Stephens.

This genus is included by some authors under BemhiiJiu7n ; it contains
six species, of which three are European, a third, from Toulon, having
lately been added by M. Bedel ; the other three are found respectively
in the East Indies, California, and the Kurile Islands (near Japan).

Zi. nig-ropiceum, iNFarsh (sulcafulnm, Cliaud.). Pitchy or ferru-
ginous, elongate, depressed, apterous ; head large with two deep longi-
tudinal frontal furrows; antenuie long, ferruginous; thorax broader
than head, cordiform, sides rounded in front, strongly contracted behind,
posterior angles acute, dorsal furrow distinct, base with a deep fovea on
each side; elytra somewhat parallel-sided, very deeply striated, outer
stria} punctured, inner ones impunetate, interstice between third and
fourth striae with two large pores ; legs red. L. 4 mm.

Local, but not uncommon where it occurs ; under stones and shingle on the coast,
often below high- water mark; Ventnor, ratlu'r common; Portsea ; Whitstable; for-
merly supposed to occur only at Ventnor and in the Crimea, but it Las occurred at
Dieppe and the He de Re in France.

CZZiZiENUS, Samouelle.

This genus comprises only one species, which is easily distinguished
from all its allies by its cylindrical form and short antenna^ ; it is found
under stones or refuse below high-watermark, and when the tide recedes
may be found rimning in the sunshine ; as a rub' tlie wings are short

u 2

100 ADEPHAGA. [Cillcjms.

and rudimentary, but occasionally in warmer countries (e.g. Portugal)
specimens are found with the wings fully developed : the larva is figured
by Fairmaire, Ann. Fr. 1852, PI. ii., Fig. 4 ; it is chiefly remarkable
for the very large head, and mandibles, the latter being almost as long
as the head and strongly toothed in middle ; the legs and anal appendage
are very short, and the cerci of moderate length.

C. lateralis, Sam. (Leachn, Dej.). Head and thorax bronze green
or coppery, shining, elytra testaceous more or less clouded on sides ;
form elongate ; head very large, eyes prominent, head Avith eyes as broad
as thorax or nearly so, antennae brownish or ferruginous with base
testaceous ; thorax cordiform, with anterior margin straight, sides
rounded behind anterior angles, and strongly contracted to base, posterior
angles acute, disc convex, dorsal furrow distinct, base depressed;
elytra flat, parallel-sided, distinctly striated, third interstice with four
pores ; legs testaceous. L. 3^-4 ram.

Local, but plentiful wliere it occurs ; Chpsil Bank ; Littleliarapton ; Sliepny ; Pegwell
Bay; Portland; live; Heach:im near Hunstanton, Norfolk; shores of Merst'v near
Liverpool ; Northumberland j Scotland, Firths of Forth and Clyde, also at Dumfries.

BSIVIBZDIU3M, Latreille.

This genus comprises about 400 species, which are almost entirely
confined to the cold and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere ;
very few species are found south of the equator, and these appear to come
from the same regions, as a rule, as the South American Carabi, which
are also very few in number, and have a peculiar facies of their own (e.g.
C. ckilemis, &c.); in fact as regards distribiition the genera Carabus and
Bembidium, almost the largest and smallest representatives of the
Carabidae, appear to bear a striking resemblance to one another. The
species of Bembidium are almost exclusively confined to damp and
marshy localities, being found mostly on the banks of streams and
rivers ; although the perfect insect never appears voluntarily to take to
the water, yet it will exist for a long time submerged, and many species
show considerable agility in regaining dry land ; the larva, however,
must often exist for a long time under water, as the habitats of the
Beiiibidia are, in many cases, covered with floods for a considerable
period during tJie winter months ; the species of the sub-genus Ocys are
said to be found under bark of trees ; as far as our species B. rufescens
is concerned, I have certainly taken most of my specimens from under
bark, but it was in winter from fallen trees at the side of a pond, which
Avere full of Anchomeni and other hibernating beetles ; B. g^iinque-
striatum I have never found under bark ; it appears rather to frequent
moss. The third European species, B. subtile, appears to be now con-
sidered a variety of the latter species.

The genus comprises a large number of subgenera (about twenty are
mentioned in the last European catalogue), the species of which often run

Bembidium.] adephaga. 101

vei'3' closely one into the other, and make the study of the group difficult
unless they are more or less classed together, in which case they become
a help instead of a hindrance. One of the most distinct of these suh-genera
appears to be the genus Bracfeon, Bedel, which has only recently been
founded to include B. jJCtludoauvi. and its allies.

Thomson (Skand. Col. i. 196) describes a larva which he found
living in company with B. ustnlatnm, and which he considers to belong
to that species ; it is yellowish, with head and thorax shining, of a liorny
consistence, abdominal segmeiits leathery ; head as long as broad, not
narrower than thorax; antenniB four-joiiited ; maudibles strong, sickle-
shaped, with a sharp tooth before middle ; thorax almost square as long
as the meso- and meta-thorax together; abdomen narrower than thorax,
last segment with two long, unjointed, uneven cerci furnished with
several outstanding bristles ; legs rather short, tarsi with single claws.

The larva of JB. bipunctatum, L., is fij^ured by Schiodte, iii., PI. xx., Fig'. 17, and
agrees with Tlionisoii's description of the larvii of 5. tw^«^«/«m in lUiiiiy points :
the head is strongly sulcate, and the clypcus serrate ; the protliorax is siihquadrate,
rather transverse, with all the angles rounded; the cerci are about half as long again
as the cylindrical anal appendage, and are curved inwards so that they almost meet at
their extremity ; the abdominal shields are not margined, and the muscular impres-
sions are obsolete ; the legs are rather short with single solid claws. The larva of
B. j)alUdipenne ditiers from the two preceding by its much paler colour.

As there are nearly tifty species of this genus found in Britain
(i;pwards of a sixth of the whole of the Carabidaj found in the country),
and as they are mostly of very small size and many of them run very
closely one into, the other, tliey generally alibrd great difficulty to
stutlents : besides the usual tables, I have therefore added a summary
depending entirely on colour, without reference to other distinctions, as
a help to beginners, and I hope that the difficulties may thus be in some
degree lessened.

I. Anterior margin of thorax abuost straight ; apex of metasternum bordered between
intermediate coxaj.
i, Stiiie of elytra much feebler at sides,, often evanescent, seventh stria at least
almost always effaced behind or absent.

1. Thorax not cordiform, with sides rounded regulai-ly from apex to posterior

angles.

A. Posterior angles of thorax with a depression not bounded by a longitudinal
fold; third interstice of elytra with one piliferous pore behind middle;
auteuna3 red.

Group L (Ocys, Stcpli.)

B. rufescens, quinquestriatum.

B. Posterior angles of thorax with a deep depression bounded by a longitudinal
fold; third interstice of elytra with two piliferous pores; anteiintB
brownish with lighter base.

Group II. (Philoctlius, Steph.)

B. ohtusum, biguttatum, riparium, aneum, gultula, Munnerheimi.

2. Thora.\ narrowed behind, strongly cordiform, posterior angles acute.

102 ADEPHAGA. [BemhicUum.

A. Frontal furrows plain and distinct near the interior border of the eyes.

a. Frontal furrows double.

Groiip III. (Campa, Mots.)

B.fumiffatum, assimile, Clarki.

b. Frontal furrows single.

a*. Frontal furrows very deep, meeting or almost meeting together and
forming a V with the point towards the mouth.

Group IV. (liopha, Megerle, pars.)
B. articulatiim, Sttcrmi, dor is.

\t*. Frontal furrows not very deep or regular, parallel, or only slightly
convergent.
af. P^lytra unicolorous.

aj. Length not exceeding 3 mm.

Group V. (Leja, Megerle.)

B. lampros, nigricorne, gilvipes, Schiij)peH,normannum,pusilluin.
bj. Length not less than 4^ mm.

Group YI. (Peryphus, Megerle, pars.)

£. tibiale, atroccerideum, decormn, monticola, nitidulum,
ajjine, stomoides.

bf. Elytra with light yellow or orange miirkings.
Group VII. (Iiopha, Meg. pars, Peryplius, Meg. pars.)

S. quadrimaculatum, quadriptcstulatum, quadriguttatiim, testaceum,
saxatile, anglicanum, femoratum, bruxellense, concinnum, littorale,
Jluviatile, lunatum.

B. Frontal furrows obsolete, forehead and anterior angles of thorax puuctured.
Group VIII. (Notaphus, Stepli. pars.)
S. hipunctatum, pallidipenne.
ii, Slriac of elytra complete, all entire, distinct to apex.

Group IX. (Notaphus, Steph. pars.)
B. Jiammulatum, varium, adustum, ohliquum, eph/ppium, prasinum,
punctulatum.

II Anterior margin of thorax with lateral angles projecting; apex of mctasteruum
not boidered between intermediate cox;e.

Group X. (Sracteon, Bedel.)

B. paludosum.

The species may be divided as follows with regard to their colour : it
must be remembered, however, that, although the colour is very coustant
as a rule, yet there is occasionally a slight variation owing to immaturity,
some of the usually immaculate species showing traces of indistinct
lighter patches at apex of elytra, if slightly immature.

1. Coppery, with dull impressed patches on elytra : B. paludosum.

2. Bronze, unicolorous: B. 2^i<}^c(ulaiiim, bipunctafum (comparatively dull) j B.
lampros, nigricorne (very shiny;.

Bemlidium.] ADErnAOA. • 103

3. Bluo, or prrcniisli, or l)l:ick, unicolonnis (hirfjcr sppoics) : 7?. d'cnnim, monticnhi,
qffine, nitidvlum, quhiqiifstria/itm.sfumuide.i (with lif:;lit Icjis) ;* Ji. lihiale, ulrocaru-
lexim, prasinum (witli bluck Icijs or black witli liijlitcr tiliise and tarsi).

4. Dark l)liu' or black, unicolorous (very small species) : B. jiusillum, normannum,
Schuppeli, f/i/vipex, Mannerheimi.

5. Daik blue or black with yellow spot near apex of elytra (very small species): B.
guttula, assimile, Clarki, dorin.

6. Dark blue with distinct yellow spot near apex of elytra (larger species) :
B. biffuffalum, riparhun ; or obscurely luueous, with spot vi^-ible but indistinct:
B. cEtieum.

7- Elytra with four light yellow, straw-coloured, spots, two at shoulder and two
towards apex : B. quadrimaculahun (very small), B. quadripustulatiun (intermediate),
B. quddrlgultatinn (lar<^er).

8. Klytra with four orange spots or patches, two at shoulder and two at apex
(sometimes confluent) : B. saxatile, femoratum, ano//can>i.m, brvxellense, concinnum,
litlorale, JIuviatile, testaceum (in the last species the markings are often indistinct
and sutfused).

9. Klytra with two distinct crescent-shaped patches at apes, and no other markings
(one of the largest species) : B. Innafur.i.

10. Elytra testaceous either with distinct dark markings across middle : B. pallidi-
penne ; or with more or less suffused and indistinct dark markings towards sides and
apex : B. ephippium.

11. Elytra with irregular yellow or testaceous markings on a dark ground : B.
articulatum, Sturmi, fumigahim, adustum, obliquvm {small species) ; B.Jlainmulaiuin,
varinm (larger species).

12. Elytra brown or reddish brown, thorax rufous : B. riifescens.

Group I. (Ocys, Stephens.)

1. Elytra brown or reddish brown, thora.x rufous
(sometimes concolorous with elytra) ; lateral border

of thorax widened B. UUFESCENS, Gucr.

2. Upper surface entirely of a metallic blue colour ;

lateral border of thorax not widened IJ. QUIXQUESTKIATUm, Gyll.

B. rufescens, Guer. {7nela?iorephal'is, Stepli., tempest ivus, Stepli.,
Iiarjialo'ulcs, Scrv.). Colour as above, occasionally unicolorous reddisli-
l)ro\vu ; antennae and palpi testaceous ; thorax short, transverse, about
as wide behind as in front, broadly margined, dorsal furrow distinct,
posterior angles acute, somewhat projecting, with depressions at angles
liiit without longitudinal fold; elytra oval, rather convex, with plain
punctured striae on disc, the apex and sides smooth ; third interstice
with one pore ; legs testaceous. L. 4-5 mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass, (tc, also hibernating under bark. RuMier local,
but widely distributed, and common where it occurs. Scotland, local, Lowlands,
Forth, Solway, Clyde. Ireland local, and not so common as in England.

B. quinquestriatum, Gyll. ('■?//-?v?/.s-, Stejih.). Upper side liluish
or dark metallic green ; antennae and palpi reddish testaceous, penultimate
joint of the latter dusky ; thorax shaped much as in the precetling species,
except that the margins are not so wide, nor the posterior angles so acute ;
elytra ol)long-ovate, disc with plaiidy punctured striae, the two next the
suture entire, the three next alibreviated, the rest rudimentary or nearly

* In B. nil'idnlum and often in B. affine the femora are more or less dusky, but never
entirely deep black as iu B. libiale.

104 ADEPHAGA. [Bemhuluim.

obliterated, apex and sides smooth, third interstice with a pore behind ;
underside brownish black or reddisli, legs reddish testaceous. L. 4 mm.

Sandy places, at roots of grass, and under moss; found also running in the sun
on walls, &c. ; London district, not common ; Hastings; Deal; Tonbridge; Brighton;
Isle of Wight ; Liverpool (common at West Derby) ; Repton, Burton-on-Trent, and
other midland localities ; Lincolnshire ; Yorkshire ; Northumberland ; Scotland,
local, Glasgow, Kircaldy, Orkney Islands; Ireland, near Belfast and banks of the
Dodder. It has been taken by Mr. T. Wood at Ramsgate in the burrows of saud-
hoppers.

Group II. (PhilocthuB, Stephens.)

I. Thorax with posterior margin almost straight from cue

angle to the other.
i. Thorax distinctly more rounded in front than behind B. OBTUS0M, Sturm.
ii. Thorax evenly roumled in front and behind,

1. Thorax ut widest distinctly narrower than elytra ;

subapical elytral spot plain B. GUTTULA, F.

2. Thorax at widest as broad as elytra ; subapical

elytral spot absent B. Manneeheimi, Sahib.

II. Thorax with central portion of base projecting,

emarginate between this and the posterior angles.
i. Legs and first joint of antenntc pitchy brown or
reddish; elytral spot well niiirked.

1. 7th stria of elytra marked by a series of punctures B. BIGTJTTatttm, F.

2. 7th stria of elytra absent, not indicated . . . B. KirAKiusi, 0/.
ii. Legs and autennaj black ; elytral spot Indistinct . . B. inXEUM, Germ.

B. obtusum, Sturm {Tachys ohtusus, Stcph.). Black, Avith a very
slight brassy or greenish reflection ; antennae brownish with the base
testaceous ; thorax transverse, convex, with sides rounded in front,
broadest before middle, scarcely contracted behind, posterior angles
blunt, dorsal furrow slender, base with a deep fovea on either side ;
elytra long oval, one and a half times as long as the base of thorax, one
or two striae reaching apex, the outer ones finer, becoming gradually
obsolete ; legs red, femora generally pitchy. L. 2| mm.

Common and widely distributed as far north as the Tay district of Scotland, also in
Ireland.

B. g'uttula, F. [hidgnatum, Serv.). Shining bluish black, with a
slight metallic rcHection ; antennae brown, first joint red ; thorax short,
transverse, rounded at the sides, posterior angles obtuse but evident,
dorsal furrow fine, basal foveae large and deep ; elytra rather long oval,
broader than thorax, with strongly punctured striae on disc, becoming
gradually finer and more obsolete towards sides, exterior margin with a
round reddish or testaceous spot a little before apex ; legs reddish
testaceous. L. 3 mm.

One of the commonest and most abundant of British beetles : it is generally
distributed over almost the whole of Europe.

B. Mannerheimi, Sahl. (hccmorrhoiim, Stcph.). Very like the
preceding, but black without any Ijluisb tinge or metallic refiection, and
without the reddish spot on the elytra, which are at most slightly paler
at the extreme apex ; the thorax is broader than in B. guttula, and more
strongly rounded at the sides ; the elytra are shorter oval, with the sides

Bembidiiim.] adephaga. 105

more rounded, and the legs are paler, being of a bright reddi.sh-yello\v
colour. L. 3 mra.

Mai'shy places, especially on heaths, at roots of prass, <fec.; local, but often
comniou where it occurs. Dartford, Maidstone, Wiinl)ledon, Esher, Weyhriilg-e,
Dareiith ; Tonbriilge ; Lancashii'e ; Qostbrth ; also found in the Midlands ; Scotland,
commoH Lowlands, and has been found as far north as Tain, Hoss-shire ; Ireland, near
Armagh.

B. big-uttatum, F. Eluish black, occasionally -with a greenish or
purplish tinge ; larger, more shiny, and with the elytral spot plainer
than in B. guttula, -which it closely resembles : from larger specimens ol
the latter species it is difficult sometimes at first sight to distinguish
small specimens of B. bigidtatum ; as a rule, the latter insect may be at
once distinguished by its size, but it diff"ers further by having the sides
of the thorax more strongly rounded, the posterior angles less evident,
and the central portion of the base of thorax plainly produced, so that
there is a much more distinct emargination between the posterior angles
and the produced portion. L. 3-4 mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout England ; Scotland, Lowlands, Tweed,
Forth, and Clyde; Ireland.

S. riparium, 01. {hinulatum, Fourc). Yery like the preceding,
of which it may very probably be, as it has been considered by many
authors, merely a variety ; it diflfers, however, in being as a rule larger,
in its colour, which is bronze black with the legs and base of antenna
reddish brown instead of testaceous, and in the fact that the seventh
stria of the elytra is altogether wanting. L. 3^-4| mm.

Not nearly as common as the preceding, but appt^ars to be widely distributed, and
to occur in coni]iany with it; occasionally, as iu Plumstead Marshes, it seems to ba
the commoner of the two.

B. eeneum, (Icrra. This species also has been considered a variety
of B. bu/iitfatiim by Dejean and other authors, but whatever may be
said of the preceding species, there can be no question that this one is
distinct ; its obscure bronze coloiir and quite black antennte and le^s
will at once distinguish it from all the allied species ; the thorax is
shorter and more transverse than in B. higuttatum, and the posterior
angles more evident ; the elytra are narrower in front, the sides more
rounded, and the disc has more finely punctured strife, which are less
efFaced towards apex : the elytral spot is present, but is almost always
more or less obsolete, and in some cases is hardly visible. L. 3^ mm.

On banks of rivers; also iu brackish muddy places on or near the co.ast, under
tidal refuse. Stones, &c. ; local, but widely distributed ; not always common where it
occurs, but sometimes abuiidaut : for instance, it is found in great ahundauce on the
banks of the William near Lincoln, but on the banks of the Trent at Repton I used
1o take it very sparingly. Scotland, local. Forth, Solway, Clyde. Ireland, near
IJi'lfast, local near Dublin, and near .Xrniagh,

Group 111. (Campa, Mdtsdiulsky.)

I. Klytra with variejrated yellow markiiii^s B. FCMIOATUM, Ditft,

II. Elytra unicolorous, with the exception of a more or less
distinct subapical spot.

106 ADEPHAGA. [Be}7ihidiur7h

i. Antennae with the first three or four joiuts red . . . B. assimile. Gt/ll.
ii. Aiiteniia? with the first joint only red B. Clakei, Dates.

B. fumig-atum, Duft. In general contour and appearance this
species agrees very closely with the KofapJnis group, and especially
resembles B. adustum; it is, however, distinguished from all the
members of that group by the double frontal furrows, and the fact that
the striai of the elytra are evanescent at sides and apex ; the head and
thorax are obscure greenish bronze, elytra testaceous spotted or banded
with black, or black with testaceous markings, as in B. flammulatum,
&c ; antennae fuscous -with first two joints red ; thorax transverse, "with
sides rounded in front and c^^ntracted behind, posterior angles shai-p
right angles, dorsal furrovr distinct, base with a small deep fovea on
each side ; elytra ovate, fii-st stria next suture reaching apex, the next
abbreAriated, the others still more so, or evanescent ; legs testaceous.
L. 3-4 mm.

Local, and not common, although occasionally plentiful where it occurs ; formerly
found at Xotting Hill and in Hammersmith Marshes; Swansea : Alverstoke ; Essex
and Lincolnshire Fens; not recorded from the north of England, Scotland, or
Ireland.

S. assimile, GyU. (Spencei, Steph.). Bluish black or greenish ;
antenn;^ fuscous with three or four basal joints red ; thorax a little
broader than long, rounded in front, rather strong!}- contracted behind,
somewhat convex, posterior angles right angles, dorsal furrow terminated
in front and behind in a transverse depression, base with a deep but
small fovea at each angle ; elytra with a plain subapical spot and the
apex itself testaceous, with strongly punctured striae on disc, becoming
obsolete towards sides ; legs testaceous or reddish. L. 3 mm.

Marshy places, amongst dehris of reeds, &c. ; local, but not uncommon ; Gravesend,
Sheerness, Chatham, Battersea ; Eeigate : Deal ; Hythe ; Isle of Wight ; Slapton
Ley, Devonshire ; Hornsea, Yorks ; Whittlesea Mere ; Lincolnshire and Cambridge-
shire Fens; recorded from Ireland, but not from the north-of England or Scotland.

B. Clarki, Daws. Rather larger thaji B. assimile, from which it is
distinguished by its elytra being shorter in proportion, and by the much
greater breadth of the thorax .especially at base : it is also a brighter
insect and darker coloured ; the anteimae are pitchy with only the basal
joint red ; thorax with sides moderately rounded in front and not
strongly narrowed behind, posterior angles right angles or slightly pro-
minent, disc convex, base with a rather large fovea on each side;
elytra rather convex, strongly striated, the strice next sxiture very deep,
becoming more feeble towards sides, with a reddish testaceous subapical
spot near margin (sometimes almost obsolete), and the apex itself
often testaceous ; legs entirely reddish testaceous. L. 3-3 j mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass and in moss ; local and not common ; Lee, Strood,
Wimbledon; Ramsgate ; Thornton Ee^ervoir, Leicestershire; Shipley, near Horsham ;
Dorchester; Colchester; Scotland, rare, Tweed district.

As Dawson, who first described the species, remarks (G. Brit. 199), in
its general structure and in the deep strias and punctuation of the elytra,
this species is allied both to assimile and ijilrijies, but it is a more

Iie7nhidium.] adephaga. 107

robust insect, the thorax especially is larger and broader at the base, and
the head is more deeply sulcated than in either ; from guttnia, which it
somewhat resembles superficially, it is at once distinguished by the
shape of the thorax.

Group r\". (Ziopha, ^Slegerle, pars.)

I. Thorax strongly transverse ; elytra with variegated

yellow markings B. SxrHMi, Panz.

II. Thorax not strongly transverse.

i. Elytra with varie^'ated testaceous markings . . . B. AKTlCtTLiirM, Panz.
ii. Elytra dark with plain yellow spot before apex . . B. doeis, Panz.

B. Sturmi, Panz. {odomaculatutn, G(Eze). Head and thorax
shining bronze black, elytra black, or brownish black, with the apex, a
subapical spot near margin, and several small longitudinal patches and
spots towards base testaceous ; antennai brownish, first joint and base of
the two following reddish -yellow ; frontal furrows very strong, converging,
eyes prominent ; thorax transverse with sides rounded in front and con-
tracted behind, posterior angles sharp rather projecting, dorsal furrow
fine, base with a fovea and also one or two large punctures on each side
at angles ; elytra oval, slightly convex, with strongly punctured striie,
which are evanescent, all but one or two near- suture, towards sides
and apex ; underside black, legs pale testaceous. L. 2-2^ mm.

This very distinct and pretty little species is one of the rarest of the British
Carabidse, although there seems no reason why it should not be found more plentifully,
as it is by no means uncommon in France and central Europe : first taken by Dr.
Power in Hammersmith Marshes, and afterwards al<o at Netting Hill, Bearsted
uear Maidstone and Hythe (Gorham); near Westenhauger (Rye); Mickleham (one
example on the banks of the river Mole, May 1S75 (Champion) ; it has, I believe,
been also taken at Dover.

B. articulatum, Panz. Head and thorax metallic green or bluish,
elytra brownish yellow with a lighter band as a rule behind midelle, with
apex and irregular bands and markings fuscous or almost black ; head
large, eyes prominent, frontal furrows very strong meeting in front in
rather a sharp point ; antennas fuscous with base testaceous ; thorax
rather long, convex, cordiform, with sides much rounded in front and
contracted behind, posterior angles right angles with tip acute and
elevated, dorsal furrow slight, base with a fovea on each side, and a row
of large pimctures between them ; elytra almost double as broad as base
of thorax, with strongly punctured striie, evanescent towards apex and
sides, legs testaceous. L. 3 mm.

Sandy banks of ponds and rivers; generally distributed and common in the south
and midland districts of England, but has not been recorded, as far as I can gather,
from Yorkshire or the northern counties; the only Scotch recovd, " Ben Lomond,
Dr. Leach" (Steph. Illust. ii. 22), is believed by Dr. Sharp (Scot. Nat. ii. -iti) to be
erroneous : it does not appear to have been recorded from Ireland.

B. doris, Panz. ^letallic black, sometimes greenish or bluish ;
elytra with the apex and a subapical spot near margin testaceous ; head
large, eyes prominent, frontal furrows very strong, converging ; antennjB
fuocous with base red ; thorax very convex, cordiform, shaped much as

108 ADEPHAGA. [Bemhiduim,

in the preceding species, posterior angles sharp, projecting, dorsal furrow
fine, base with a fovea on each side and also one or two large punctures
between them and the central line ; elytra rather convex, long oval,
striag rather finely punctured, evanescent towards apex and sides ; legs
reddish. L. 3 mm.

Sandy banks of ponds, &c. ; also in salt marshes ; very local, but occasionally
common where it occurs. Cobham, Darenth Wood, Strood, Wimbledon, Battersea,
Horsell ; Glanvilles Wooton ; taken on the Till, Northumberland, by J. Hardy ;
Scotland, local, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Solway, Clyde, Moray; Ireland, near Belfast,
and local near Dublin. I know of no record from Yorkshire or the Midlands.

Group V, (lieja, Megerle.)

I. Colour black (with or without a bluish or pitchy tinge).
i. Legs black or pitchy brown.

1. Thorax shorter and broader; antennfE and legs bhick B. MINIMUM, F.

2. Thorax longer and narrower ; legs and base of anteuuse

brown B. nohmannum, Dej.

ii. Legs red, femora (at least underneath) pitchy; punctua-
tion of elytra weaker B. Schuppbli, Dej.

iii. Legs entirely red ; punctuation of elytra very strong . B. GiLTlPJiS, Sturm.
IL Colour shining bronze.

i. First joint of antennae red ; thorax strongly contracted

towards base B. lampeos, Herlst.

ii. First joint of antennae black ; thorax not strongly con-
tracted towards base B. nigeicobne, Gyll.

S. minimum, F. {pusillum, GylL). Black or black with a slight
bluish tinge, shining, elytra nnicolorous, with the apex occasionally
lighter ; head large, eyes rather prominent, frontal furrows parallel,
antennae black ; thorax transverse, cordiform, with sides strongly rounded
in front and contracted behind, posterior angles rather acute and pro-
jecting, dorsal furrow faint, basal fovete small, base depressed and
punctured ; elytra long oval with seven strongly punctured stripe, entire
at sides but evanescent towards apex ; legs black (tibise occasionally
with a slight brown tinge). L. 2^ mm.

Wet muddy places on or near the coast ; common and widely distributed in
the south, more local iu the north. Scotland, local. Forth, Solway. Ireland, near
Belfast.

S. normannum, Dej. This species bears a rather close resemblance
to the preceding, of which it has been considered a variety ; it differs,
however, by its evidently longer and narrower thorax, which is less
rounded at the sides, and also by its colour which is more or less
pitchy ; the legs are brownish or pitchy ; the apex of the elytra is
occasionally lighter, and sometimes an obscure subapical patch is trace-
able, but there is no regular spot as in many other species. L. 3 mm.

Wet muddy places on or near the coast; local but not uncommon; often taken
in company with the preceding in the southern and south-eastern districts of
England.

B. Schiippeli, Dej. Obscure greenish or l)luish black ; antennae
fuscous with the base red ; frontal furrows parallel behind converging

Bemhidmm.] adephaga. 109

in front of the eyes ; thorax short and broad, rather convex, ■witli
sides rounded from below the anterior angles to behind middle, and
thence contracted, posterior angles right angles, dorsal furrow distinct,
l)asal fovefe broad and rather deep ; elytra oval, rather convex, with
rather strongly punctured strire, which are carried (at all events the
inner ones) nearly to apex ; legs reddish-yellow, femora (at least on the
under side) pitchy. L. 2^ mm.

A northern species; first taken by Messrs. Bold and Murray on the banks of the
Irthing, Cuniberhmd, and afterwards in other localities in the district amongst grass
on the margins of streams ; in Scotland it is local in the Tweed, Solway, and Forth
districts, and sometimes is found not uncommonly where it occurs.

This species comes nearest to B. gilv/'pes, but is distinguislied by its
broader thorax, which is less narrowed behind, by the darker femora,
and especially the evidently less strong punctuation of the elytra.

B. g-ilvipes, Sturm {Mannerheimi, Dej., nee, Sahib.). Black,
shining ; rather smaller than the preceding ; antennce blackish with base
red ; thorax convex, more narrowed behind than in Sdii'q^X'di, but
otherwise much the same as in that species ; elytra ovate, very convex,
with sides evenly rounded, with very strongly punctured striae, becoming
much finer towards sides, and evanescent at apex (except one or two
inner ones) ; legs entirely reddish testaceous : the very strong sculpture
of the disc of the elytra is the best distinguishing mark of this species.
L. 2-2i mm.

Sandy and gravelly places on banks of rivers; often found in numbers in flood
refuse. Local, but widely ilistributed throughout England; it occurs in the Nortli-
umberland and Durham district, but the only Scotch record, " Kaehills, Kev. W.
Little," appears somewhat doubtful.

B. laxapros, TIcrbst. Brassy, very shining, rarely bluish or blackisli ;
head witli two deep parallel impiessions between eyes ; antenn;e black
with tlie first joint (and sometimes the second) red, at all events be-
niiatli ; thorax with sides rounded in front and very strongly contracted
behind, posterior angles riglit angles, sharp and somewhat projecting,
dorsal furrow distinct, base with a deep furrow on each side, the space
between punctured ; elytra long oval, narrowed and rounded at shoulders,
Avith six punctured striie distinctly marked, apex and sides smooth,
or almost smooth; legs reddish brown or reddish, tibiae paler. L. 2A-
3^ mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kiugilom ; also over all Europe,
and a great portion of Asia.

The V. vclox (B. 14-striatum, Tliunif.) is ratlier larger and has seven
rows of punctures instead of six as in the type form ; it is usually
darker and duller, but is often coloured like the type ; it is the B.
relax of Erichson, and might perhaps be regarded as a separate species
witli as much right as B. riparium ; it occurs not uncommonly with tho
type in England and Scotland, and probably in Ireland.

1 1 0 ADEPHAGA. [BemUdium.

B. celere, Fabr. (^TacJiyjjus celer, Steph.), is a small variety of this
species.

B. nigricorne, Gyll. Very like the preceding, but differs in having
the first joint of the antennae black, slightly brassy, and in the shape of
the thorax, which is wide, very short, and very little constricted behind,
appearing to be almost rounded in the middle at the sides as in B.
higuttatiim, &c. ; elytra more convex, with sides more strongly rounded
than in lampros, not very strongly striate-punctate, seventh stria absent.
Legs ferruginous red, slightly brownish on the thighs, which have a
faint seneous tint. L. 3-3j mm.

Sandy heaths, at roots of plants, &c. ; a rare species ; it was first taken by Mr. G.
Wailesin the Newcastle district, and has since beun found in some numbers at
Chobham, Surrey, by Mr. Champion, Mr. L(?\vis and others; Cannock Chase (W. G.
Blatcli) ; Heswell Heath, Cheshire (R. Wildingj ; Thurstaston, Cheshire (J. Smedley) ;
Liverpool (J. W. Ellis). It has not been recorded from Scotland, as far as I am
aware, but it probably occurs in that country : until discovered in England it was
only known to inhabit high European latitudes.

Group YI. (Peryphus, Megerle, pars.)

I. Femora entirely black. "

i. Anterior margin of thorax not much broader than

posterior margin, size larger B. tibiale, Duft.

ii. Anterior margin of thorax much broader than

posterior margin, size smaller B. ateoc^eULEUM, (SYepA.

II. Femora testaceous, at most darker at base.

i. Thorax without longitudinal fold near posterior

angles B. decoeum, Fanz.

ii. Thorax with longitudinal fold near posterior angles.

1. Thorax rather flat with sides contiacted but not
strongly rounded behind middle; penultimate

joint of palpi dark.

A. Strife of elytra strongly punctured towards

base ; femora with base broadly darker . . . B. nitidtjltjm:, Marsh.

B. Strife of elytra less strongly punctured.

a. Antennaj with at least first three joints
red ; femora sometimes slightly darker to-
wards base B. ATTINE, Steph.

b. Antenna; with first joint (and occasionally

second) testaceous ; legs entirely testaceous B. monticola, Sturm.

2. Thorax convex with sides strongly rounded
behind middle ; antenuse rather short and stout ;

palpi entirely yellow B. STOMOlDEd, Dej.

B. titoiale, Duft. (fasciolatum var, C, Duv.). Obscure brassy green
or bluish, almost black, antennse fuscous black with the first joint red ;
thorax not much broader in front than behind, with sides not much
rounded from below anterior angles to behind middle, and from thence
straight, posterior angles sharp, rather elevated, dorsal furrow distinct,
base much depressed, with a large fovea on each side, the space between
them striated longitudinally ; elytra broad, depressed, Avith moderately
strong distinctly punctured striae, continued to apex ; femora black, tibiee
and tarsi testaceous. L. 4^-6 mm.

IJemhuliuni.] adephaga. IM

Gravelly banks of rivers and streams ; also damp sandy places near the coast ; local
but widely distributed ; rare in the London district; Tonbridb^e ; New Forest; banks
of Trent and Dove, Repton, Burton-on-Trent ; Hewdley ; Church Stretton ; Llan-
gollen ; Bridlino;ton, Yorkshire; Northuuiberhmd and Durbani ; and many other
localides. Scotland, abundant throughout tlie country; Ireland, near Dablin.

A large variet}' 7 mm. in length occurs in Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire, which may perhaps be referred to the type form fa^riolatuin,
but in a large series so many gradations of form both of thorax and elytra
are to be observed that it is almost impossible to separate the varieties
satisfactorily ; it is very probable that D. atrocceruleum and B. tibiale
ought both to be considered varieties of the type, as they have been by
many authors, and not separate species.

S. atrocaeruleum, Stcph. {fasciolatum var. B., Duv,). Very like
B. tibial:, but smaller and narrower and usually of a brighter blue colour ;
the thorax is more contracted behind, so that the anterior margin is con-
siderably broader than the posterior, and the hind angles are slightly
more projecting ; the elytra also are longer in proportion, and the striw
are usually more slender and less strongly punctured. L. 3|-4 mm.

Widely distributed both in Euyjlaud and Scotland, and found under the same
circumstances and in the same localities as the preceding, of whiidi it is probably only
a variety; Ireland, near Belfast, and probably to be found in many other districts;
in its general appearance it is certainly very distinct.

B. decorum, Panz. ]Morc elongate and flatter than any of the
following species of the group, and with more parallel-sided elytra ; blue
or bluish green, unicolorous ; antennae dark with the first joint and base
of the three following reddish yellow ; thorax cordiform, nearly as long
as broad, posterior angles right angles, somewhat prominent, dorsal furrow
strong, basal foveoi wide, rugosely punctured, base with no trace of a
loiigiuidinal fold near the posterior angles (which is evident in the suc-
ceeding species); elytra elongate, depressed, almost parallel-sided, with
strong punctured stria;, evanescent towards sides and apex ; legs red.
L. 5-13 mm.

Gravelly places on the banks of rivers and streams; rare in the south of England,
and in the London district (G. C. (.hampion); very conunon in the Midlands and the
north (banks of Trent, Ouse, &c.); Scollaud, abundant; Ireland, near Belliist and
Dublin, and probably widely distributed.

B. nitidulum, Marsh {hrunnipes, Sturm). Shining metallic gi-cen,
sometimes bluish ; antennae dark with the first joint and base of tho
three following (sometimes the first three entirely) red ; head rather
short, eyes somewhat prominent; thorax .short, transverse, cordiform,
posterior angles sharp riglit angles, dorsal furrow distinct, Tjasal foveic
deep and large, base coarsely punctured ; elytra oval, rather convex, with
very strong coarsely punctured slrite on disc, which become much feebler
lowards sides and apex; legs testaceous, femora more or less pitchy.
L. 4-5 mm.

Damp sandy places in woods or open places and on the coast, common and widely

112 ADEPHAGA. [BemUJium,.

distributed in the south and Midlands ; more local in the north. Scotland, rare,
Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Clyde.

B. affine, Steph. {Stephensi, Crotch, nitidulum var., H. E. W.).
Considerably larger than the preceding species, which it otherwise very
closely resembles : the head is more oblong, so that the eyes do not
appear prominent ; antennae dark, first three joints, and often base of
fourth, red ; thorax longer with the sides less dilated in front and less
abruptly narrowed behind ; elytra much less strongly and coarsely
punctured on disc ; legs testaceous, femora slightly clouded at base.
L. 6 mm.

Sandy and gravelly places inland and on the coast, local and not very common ;
Red Hill, Reigate, Woking, Charlton, Lewishara ; Jsle of Wight; Hastings district;
Brighton ; Southampton ; Sutton Park, Birmingham ; Repton ; North Wales ;
Liverpool ; Bridlington, Yorkshii-e ; Northumberland and Durham ; not recorded
from Scotland or Ireland.

By some authors this species is considered a variety of the preceding,
but it seems to be distinct.

B. monticola, Sturm [nitidulum var., H. E. "\V.). Bluish or
greenish, metallic ; antennse with first joint clear testaceous, the second
and base of the third often lighter than the rest which are dark ; thorax
rather small, sides very little rounded before middle, narrowed behind,
posterior angles sharp, prominent, dorsal furrow distinct, basal foveas
deep ; elytra long oval, rather convex, with somewhat finely punctured
striae, becoming much feebler towards sides and apex ; legs entirely pale
testaceous. L. 5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from B. decorum (with which I
have taken it in company) by its more convex elytra which are more
rounded at the sides, and rather differently punctured striae^ and also by
its lighter legs and less rounded sides of thorax ; from B. hrunnipes and
affine it ditt'ers in the shape of the thorax, light femora, and in having
only the basal joint of the antennae testaceous.

Local and easily overlooked where it occurs, as it hides itself deeply in the crevices
of sandy banks; it is also found in old stumps of willows, Ac, near streams and
rivers; banks of Dove, Burton-on-Treut ; Sawloy-on-Ribble ; banks of Dee, Llan-
gollen ; Wallitigtoa ; Bewdley ; Draycott, near Derby ; Liverpool district ; North
Yorkshire; Northumberland and Durham; Scotland, common, Tweed, Forth, Tay,
Solway ; not recorded from the south of England; it probably occurs in Ireland, but
I can find no record. Although this species appears to be found more abundantly in
hilly and mountainous districts, yet it is by no means a mountain species, as is proved
by the above localities.

B. stomoides, Dej. Dark obscure metallic green, shining; an-
tennae reddish brown with the base testaceous, palpi entirely testaceous ;
in all the other species of the group the penultimate joint is more or less
fuscous ; thorax oblong, very convex, strongly and evenly rounded from
behind anterior angles to some distance behind middle, thence con-
tracted to base, posterior angles sharp, projecting, dorsal furrow distinct,
abbreviated in front and behind, base coarsely punctured, basal foveas

Borahidium.^ adephaga. 113

very Jeep, close to posterior angles, and bounded as in the three pre-
ceding species by a longiludinal fold ; elytra long oval, with shoulders
much rounded, sides also moderately rounded, convex, with deep punc-
tured strise on disc, becoming evanescent towards sides and apex ; legs
entirely testaceous ; the apex of the abdomen is also sometimes tes-
taceous. L. 5-6 mm.

Hare; first taken by Mr. Bold in Cumberland, and afterwards in otber localities
in the t'xtrcine north of England; Whalley, Blackburn; banks of Calder ; Tecsdale
(.1. T. Harris in some numbers); Scotland, vcrj- rare on the banks of the Nith at
Tliornliill and Dumfries; Perthshire (Beaumont).

This very distinct insect might with good reason be placed in a
separate group in company with the continental B. rujipes, 111. : it is
easily distinguished by its very convex form and long convex thorax ;
it is at first sight not like a Bemhidium, but bears a strong resemblance
to the insect from which its name is derived, Stomis pumicatus.

Group VIl. (Xiopha, ^leg. pars, Peryphus, Meg. pars.)
I. Elvtra with four well-marked lii^ht yellow, straw-
colonred sjiots.
i. Frontal fui-rows parallel; thorax elongate;

leui^th 4-5 nun B. QrADRiarTTATtTM, F.

ii. Frontal furrows oonvcrfjent ; thorax trans-
verse; length 3 to l- nun.

1. First joint of antennic, and legs, black

bronze B. QUADRIPUSTtTLATUM, Dej.

2. First four joints of anteima-, and legs, red . B. quadrimaculatum, L.
IT. Klytra witli two large orange-coloured eresceut-

shajied spots before apex B. LUNATUM, Diift.

III. Elytra orange testaceous except suture and a
transverse band behind ndddle which are ob-
scurely brassy green, the orange colour often

diffused over tlie whole s\n-face B. TESTACEU^r, Duff.

IV. Elytra with four distinct orange-coloured s])ots
or patches, two at slioniders and two before
npex, sometimes continent.

i. Thorax distinctly transverse.

1. Antenuic entirely pale B. cONClSNtTM, .S^^-^A,

2. Antenniu with first, or first and second

joints pale.

A. Femora brownish towards base ; base of

thorax indistinctly punctured . . . . B. FEMOUATrJI, Sturm.

B. Femora dark brown or blackish (except
extreme apex); base of thorax distinctly

punctured B. BBUXELLENSE, Wesm.

3. AntenniE with first three joints pale.

A. Outer striaj of elytra feebler but distinctly

traceable to apex B. SAXATILE, Gifll.

B. Outer striie of elytra etl'aced behind, often

altogether evanescent.

a. Base of thorax almost impnnctate;

size smaller; upper surface Hatter . . B. axglicANTM, NZ/iir/).

b. Base of thorax distinctly punctnri'd ;

size larger; upper surface more convex B. LITTokat.k, O/.

ii. Thorax at least as long as broad B. FLIVIatile, D<j.

I

114 ADEPHAGA. [^BemUdluM.

B. quadrig-uttatum, F, Head and thorax brilliant black, with a
brassy or greenish reflection, elytra black with four light yellow patches,
two at shoulders more or less triangular, and two round ones before
apex ; forehead with two strong parallel furroAvs ; thorax about as long
as broad, cordiform, very convex, with sides rounded in front and
strongly but gradually contracted from about middle to base, posterior
angles almost right angles but scarcely prominent,dorsal line distinct, basal
foveae deep ; elytra oblong-ovate, with punctured strife plain towards
base only, smooth from middle to apex ; legs testaceous, femora (at least
above) and knees dark. L. 4-5 mm.

Sandy banks of ponds, streams, and rivers ; common and generally distributed in
the southern and midland districts ; local, but not rare in the north. Scotland, rare,
Lowlands, Tweed, Forth : a small variety occurs at Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wight,
which Mr. Gorham discovered in company with Dr. Sharp and myself, and which we
thought at tiist must be B. quadripusttdatum , the smallest specimens being only
from '6 to 3i mm. in length.

B. quadripustulatum, Dej. (Fig. Ent. Annual, 1871). Inter-
mediate betAveen the preceding and B. quadrimaculatum ; from the
latter it differs in its larger size and dark legs, from the former in its
smaller size, shorter build, more transverse thorax, smaller and rounder
elytral spots, and much more regular sculpture of the elytra, the punctured
striae extending much further towards apex ; from both species it may ,
be distinguished by its entirely black antennae. L. 3|-4 mm.

Rare ; first taken by Mr. Gorham in a marshy place at Bearsted near Maidstone,
and afterwards at Rusper nt-ar Horsham ; one specimen was recorded from Repton,
Burton-on-Trent, by the late Mr. \V. Garneys.

B. quadrimaculatum, Gyll. Head and thorax dark metallic
greeii or brassy black ; elytra black, with four light yellow patches
shaped as in quadriguttatum ; thorax sciilptured as in that species,
distinctly broader than long, with the posterior angles acute, minutely
prominent ; antennae dark with four basal joints red ; elytra ovate, with
fine but distinct punctured striae reaching nearly to apex, evanescent at
sides ; legs entirely testaceous, femora sometimes dusky. L. 3 ram.

Damp and sandy places near ponds or streams ; common and generally distributed
in the southern and midland districts, local in Yorkshire and Lancasliire, but ap-
parently entirely wanting in the extreme north ; I can find no record from the
Northumberland district, Scotland, or Ireland, but it probably occurs in the latter
country ; according to Schaum it is abundant over the whole of Europe, and also in
North America, where it appears as B. oppositum. Say.

B. lunatum, Duft. Blackish or greenish bronze, shining, elytra
with a very distinct more or less crescent-shaped orange spot on each on
the posterior third, which meet or almost meet at suture ; antennae dark
with three basal joints testaceous ; thorax transverse, convex, rather
short with sides very strongly rounded in front and contracted behind,
posterior angles acute, projecting, dorsal furrow distinct, basal foveae
deep, base coarsely punctured ; elytra about twice as broad as thorax at
base, rather depressed, with very deep, plainly punctured striie, which

B'imhiHui/i.] ADErn.vo.v. 11;")

are evanescent at sides and apex ; legs entirely pale testaceous. L.
5|-7 mm.

One of the largest and most distinct of our Bembidia.

Banks of streams and rivers, also damp places near the coast. Swansea ; Norfolk ;
Bristol district; banks of Wye near Koss; Whalley, near Blackburn; Preston
(Lancashire); Bridlington, Yorkshire (rare); banks of Ribble, Manchester ; abundant
uear Liverpool, also on the shores of the Humber, and on the banks of the Irthin;?
and other rivers in the north. Scotland rare, Twec-d, Solway, Clyde. Two specimens
have been recorded as taken at Shooter's Hill, Greenwich,* but there is no other record
from the London district, and none at all from the southern districts of Eujjlanl,
where it must, at all events, be very locul, if it occurs at all.

S. testaceum, Duft. (ohsolttum, Dej.). Head and thorax dark
metallic green, shining, elytra orange or reddish testaceous, except the
suture and a very indistinct fascia or baud behind middle which are
obscure bras.sy green ; the whole surface is often orange testaceous with
a few cloudy markings ; thorax subcordiform, rather narrow, almost as
long as broad, posterior angles right angles, rather prominent, base more
or less punctured between the basal fovese ; elytra rather long, twice as
broad at base as base of thorax, with strongly punctured striae evanescent
at sides and apex, seventh stria .short and feeble ; legs reddish testaceous.
L. 5 mm.

Rare ; has occurred at Cobham near Horsell, Surrey (Power), and also in Sussex
(Horner) : it is however, as a rule, a northern species ; it is found in the Northum-
berland district aud elsewhere in the north of England ; in Scotland it is verv local,
but is commou in one or two places on the banks of the Nitb in the Solway
district.

B. concinnum, Steph. Distinguished from all the allied species by
its enlirt'ly jiale antennae ; broader and more depressed than either of
the two following species ; head and thorax greenish brassy ; thorax
shorter and wider than in B. femoratinn, posterior angles slightly acute ;
elytra somewhat parallel-sided with the orange-testaceous markings well
marked and confluent, never divided by a dark band behind middle, disc
Avith deep punctured striae evanescent towards sides and apex ; Ics
entirely pale testaceous. L. 5 mm.

Gravelly banks of rivers, kc. ; local, but common where it occuis. Gravesend,
Chatham, Barne?, Richmond, Barkin^r, Plumstead ; Swansea; Barmouth; banks of
Derwent, Tyne and Tees; Preston, Lancashire; Yorkshire; Northumberland and
Durham ; Scotland, local, maritime, Tay, Solway, Clyde, Moray. Ireland, mouth of
the Dodder and estuary of the Shannon near Limerick.

B. femoratum, Sturm. Head and thorax brassy l)lack, hardly ever
witli a green tinge ; antennae as a rule willi the first joint and base of
the three following ones testaceous, but sometimes the second is entirely
light; thorax subcordiform more narrowed behiml than in either the
preceding or following species, posterior angles sharp, ]irojecting, disc
convex, dorsal fovea slender but distinct, ba.sal foveaj deep, Ita.-^e between
foveas slightly rugose or punctate ; elytra with sides only slightly rounded,

* Since writ inK the above I have found rivis m to bjli.-ve tint tlieiv is \e\-y pro-
bably some mistake with regard to this recopi.

I L'

116 ADEPHAGA. [Bemhi'llum.

with ratlier fine punctured striae evanescent towards sides and apex,
testaceous markings not confluent (or only at extreme sides) ; legs
testaceous, femora pitchy at base. L. 4|-5 mm.

D'amp saudy places ; widely distributed throughout England : Scotland, local,
Lowlands. Ireland, near Belfast ; Killiney, Kingstown.

S. bruxellense, Wesm. (nqjestre, L. (?), femoratwn, GylL). Much
darker than the other species of the group ; somewhat resembles femora-
tum, but may at once be distinguished by its much darker legs, the
femora being entirely pitchy ; the head and thorax have a distinct
greenish tinge ; the antennae are brownish black, the basal joint alone
being entirely reddish testaceous ; the thorax is broader than in femora-
tum, with the posterior angles more acute, the dorsal furrow stronger,
and the basal foveas larger ; the elytra are broader with stronger stride ;
the orange spots are smaller, and are divided by a miich broader dark
space, so that the prevailing colour appears to be dark ; femora as above,
tibiae reddish testaceous, tarsi darker red. L. 5 mm.

Marshy places, on the banks of rivers, near ponds in woods, &c. Local, but often
abundant where it occurs ; not common in the London district ; Bearsted, near
Maidstone ; Southampton ; Forest of Dean ; Bewdlcj- ; Sutton Park, Birmingham ;
Reptou (very common on the sides of a pond in Robins Wood); Cannock Cliase ;
Scarborough ; Northumberland and Durham, widely distributed, but rather rare ;
Scotland, common, Lowlands ; Ireland, local near Dublin and elsewhere.

B. saxatile, Gyll. Dark brassy green, elytra with two testaceous
spots on eacli, the one at shoulder extending from the outer margin
almost, if not quite, to the suture, the posterior one round, lighter, and
more conspicuous ; antennae dark with three basal joints, and the base of
the two following, reddish testaceous ; thorax transverse, rather short,
with sides strongly rounded in front and contracted behind, posterior
angles sharp, somewhat projecting, basal furrow strong, basal foveas
deep, punctured ; elytra with sides somewhat parallel with strong
punctured striae, which become as usual feebler towards sides and apex,
but are all, even the exterior ones, distinctly carried to apex, a point which
at once distinguishes the species from its allies ; legs testaceous, femora
occasionally dusky at base, L. 4-4| mm.

Marshy places ; river banks and on the coast ; widely distributed and not un-
common throughout England. Scotland, very local, Tweed, Tay, Solway ; Ireland,
near Dublin and other localities : the northern specimens are dark, and the southern
ones light : there is a permanent variety found in the Isle of Wight which I would
separate under the name var. vecfensis ,- the elytra are more parallel-sided than in
the type, the colour is paler, and the spots larger, the humeral ones being suffused
over almost the whole anterior half of the elytra, and the posterior ones round, very
large, and conspicuous.

B. ang-licanum, Sharp. Closely allied to B. femoratum, but rather
larger on an average, with the head, thorax, and dark parts of the elytra
of a distinct metallic green colour, instead of dark-brassy ; it differs also
in having at least three joints of the base of the antennae entirely pale,
and the bases of the following joints more or less so, instead of only one
or two entirely, and the base of the third being pale ; also in its lunger

Bi'.mhidinm.'] adephaga. 117

anteniiK, li.i,^hter palpi, broader and flatter elytra, slightly broader and
ilatter thorax, and generally entirely pale legs, the femora being some-
times a little pitchy in the middle, instead of always entirely pitchy.

Local ; banks of rivers aud streams near Dumfries ; also in the Tweed, Forth,
and Moray districts ; Dr. Sharp considers that in all probability this is the insect
described by Stephens as Peryphus marifimus, |takea by Mr. Rudd ou the banks of
the Tees; near Lanercost, Cumberland (Bold).

B. littorale, 01. {Andrece, Er., listulatum, L. (H. E. W.) ). Head

and thorax bronze green, elytra obscure bronze with two orange testaceous
})atches on each, separated by a broad dark space ; antemue brownish
with the three hrst joints and base of the two following reddish testa-
ceous ; thorax distinctly transverse, with the sides strongly rounded in
front and contracted behind, posterior angles sharp riglit angles, base
]ilainly punctured in the middle, with a large deep punctured fovea ou
each side, dorsal furrow distinct ; elytra long o\'al, rather convex, rounded
at sides, with deeply impressed punctured striae, becoming evanescent
towards sides and apex ; legs entirely pale testaceous. L. 5-5| mm.
Very common aud widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

B. fluviatile, Dej. More elongate and convex than the preceding, and
with the orange markings on elytra brighter, especially when the insect
is alive ; head narrower, antenna3 longer ; thorax much narrower and
longer (at least as long as broad), with the sides less rounded in front,
dorsal furrow finer, basal fovetB smaller ; elytra narrower aud longer,
more convex, the inner stria' not quite so strong, but the outer ones
almost as strong as the inner, seventh stria usuall}' distinct ; legs testa-
ceous : easily distinguisheil from the preceding, which is the only
species it is likely to be mistaken for, by its long narrow thorax. L.
5|-6 mm.

Very local ; apparently only found in the midland and mid-western districts of
England ; banks of Wye near Ross ; Bewdley ; Draycolt, near Derby ; banks of
Trent and Dove near Reptou aud Burton-ou-Trent ; banks of Trent near Newark :
it burrows in sandy places, and conceals itself in crevices in the clayey banks of
streams ; I have ol)taiiied it and many othei- Bemhidia by dashing the water up
ag;iiiist the hanks, when tlie beetles rusli out apparently under the ideu that w,
lliiod is rising; it apjiears to be a local aud somewhat rare species ou the Cou-
tiuent.

Grouj) YIII. (Notaphus, Steph. pars.)

I. Elytra testaceous with dark markings; aulenu;e and legs

pate B. I'ALLIDIITXXE, ///.

II. Upper side entirely brouze, unicolorous ; autenuaj aud

legs black B. BirrNCTArrM, L.

B. pallidlpenne, 111. (ylj^frpfr, Dej., Stepli., 111.). Head and thorax
bronze gri'en, Avitli a coppery reflection, elytra light tostai.'eous with an
irregular transverse dentate band a little behind miihlle, and also ii
triangular space about s^cutellum brownish bronze or greenish ; antenn*
short and stout entirely testaceou.s, eyes black and prominent ; head

118 ADEPHAGA. [Bembidium.

pvinctiired ; thorax scnrcely broader tlian the head with eyes, rather
short, dilated and rounded below anterior angles (which are punctured),
contracted behind, posterior angles right angles, not projecting, dorsal
furrow distinct, base depressed and punctured, basal fovese shallow ;
elytra broad, short, round oval, convex, disc with punctured striae
reaching beyond middle, evanescent towards sides and apex ; legs testa-
ceous. L. 4| mm.

Sedgy margins of streams, and damp places, near the sea in Norfolk, Suffolk,
Essex, Dorset, Devon, &.c. ; Bournemouth ; shores of Bristol Channel ; Swansea ;
Ljtbam and Liverpool; Norfolk; Northumberland; Holy Island; Scotland, local.
Forth, Moray, Clyde, Argyle. Ireland, near Belfast ; Baldoyle ; Killarney ; Lough
Neagh.

B. bipunctatum, L. Bronze or brassy, sometimes bluish black or
blackish ; antennae and palpi black ; head and anterior and posterior
margins of thorax strongly punctured ; thorax transverse, si;bcordiform,
posterior angles sharp, rather prominent, dorsal furrow and basal fovese
near posterior angles distinct ; elytra considerably broader than thorax,
with fine punctured strite, evanescent towards sides and apex, third
interstice with two large deep impressions, from Avhich the species derives
its name ; legs black, somewhat metallic. L. 4 mm.

Gravelly banks of rivers, &c. ; local, but widely distributed. Richmond, Wands-
worth, Putney, Notting Hill ; Bewdley ; Cannock Cliase; Swansea ; Cheshire ; I/iver-
pool; Northumberland and Durham ; Scotland, commou, as far north as the Moray
district ; Ireland, Portmaruock and near Belfast.

Group IX. (Notaphus, Steph. pars.)

I. Head and thorax punctured ; upper side uuicolorous

bronze B. PUNCTULATITM, Drap.

II. Head and thorax smooth.

i. Upper side unicolorous black ; stria; of elytra im-

punctate B. PEASixuir, Dvfl.

ii. Elytra with more or less distinct markings ;
stria; of elytra punctured at all events to middle.

1. Antennffi entirely testaceous; elytra testaceous
with a dark, more or less indistinct band behind

middle B. ephippium, Marsh.

2. Antenna? dark, except base ; elytra bronze

with wavy yellow markings.

A. Thorax with well-marked lateral border;

apex of abdomen testaceous B. flammulatum, C'lairv.

B. Thorax with narrow and indistinct lateral

border; abdomen unicolorous.

a. Legs and base of antennae light (femora

darker),
a*. Striae of elytra finer; size larger . . B. vaeium, 01.
h*. Striffi of elytra deeper ; size suialler . B. AJiVSTUM, iSckaum.

b. Legs and antennae (except first joint)

black B. OBLIQTJTJM, Sturm.

S. punctulatum, Drap. (velax, Daws. G. Brit.). Bronze or brownish
brassy, occasionally blue black : in general appearance it much resembles
B. hipimdahim, but is larger, and has all the striae of the elytra entire
and plainly continued to apex ; head coarsely punctured ; antennic dark

Bemhiduun.] adephaga. 119

with tJie first joint red ; thorax hardly broader than Ion;,', cordifurm,
coarsely punctured, especially on the sides, with strong dorsal furrow
and feeble basal fovere, jiosterior angles not projecting ; elytra double as
broad as the base of thorax, sonaewhat rounded at sides, striaj entire,
plainly punctured. L. 5 mm.

GniveHy banks of rivers; rare in the London district, Kew and Richmond (batiks
of Thames), Burford Bridge, Surrey (banks of Mole) ; much commoner in tlie Mialauds
and the nortli than furtlier south ; Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, Cumberland,
Durham, &c. ; common on the banks of the Dove near Burton-on-Trent ; Scotland
common as far north as the Moray district ; Ireland, banks of Dodder and near
Belfast.

B. prasinum, Duft. (olivaceum, OylL). Obscure greenish bronze,
almost black ; antennae blackish, first joint reddish, either entirely, or at
least on the underside ; thorax distinctly broader than long, with sides
not strongly rounded in front and slightly narrowed behind, so that the
base is plainly wider than in most of the allied species, posterior angles
prominent, dorsal furrow distinct, basal foveae deep and broad, rugose,
bounded by a strong longitudinal fold ; elytra very flat, deeply striated,
the strise impunctate, all entire to apex ; legs black, base of femora
brownish. L. 5 mm.

Rare, or rather very local; Biilverhytho, near Hastings; banlis of Severn, Bewdley ;
banks of Dee, Llangollen; banks of Kibble, Lancashire; lielmsley, Yorks; Carlisle;
Is'orthuniberlaud and Durham. Scotland, local, Sohvay, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Moray ;
not recorded from Ireland.

B. ephipplum, ^larsh {pallid ipenne, Dej.). Head and thorax
greenisli bruuzc, shining, elytra testaceous with a common more or less in-
distinct, sometimes almost obsolete dusky patch behind, and another about
scutellum ; antennte testaceous ; thorax a little broader than long, sub-
cordiform, with the posterior angles sharp, elevated and projecting,
dorsal furrow very distinct, basal foveaj large, base Avith a large pore
on each side of dorsal furrow ; elytra oblong, rather parallel-sided, striie
all entire and distinct to apex, where some of them unite in pairs ;
legs testaceous, femora often with a sliglit metallic rellection, which is
also often apparent on the elytra. L. 3 mm.

Salt marshes ; on the muddy banks of ponds, kc. ; local, but common where it is
found; Whitstable ; Sheerness ; Lymingion Salterns and Cbristchurch, Hants;
Hastings; Isle of Sheiii)y ; Norfolk coast ; Bircliington, near Margate; apparently
con lined to the south anil south-eastern districts of England.

B. flammulatum, Clairv. (ileidrllinii, Thunb.). Head autl thorax
bronze or greeiii.-^h bronze, rather dull ; el} tra darker or lighter browu,
somewhat brassy, with a distinct wavy band stretching riglit acro.ss be-
tween middle and apex, and other more or less obscure testaceous
markings; antennaj dark with the first joint (at all events underneath)
and the base of the three following yellowish or yellowish-brown ; tlK>rax
subcordiform, disc convex, posterior angles sharp, dorsal furrow strong,
especially in middle, basal foveas large, space between them depresseil

120 ADEPHAGA. \_Beralidiuin.

and striated longitudinally ; elytra long oval, all the striss distinct and
entire, plainly punctured until bej^ond middle, where the punctures
cease and the stride become slightly feebler ; legs brownish testaceous,
upper side of femora metallic ; apex of abdomen testaceous. L. 5-5f
mm.

Marshy places, at roots of grass, beneath dead leaves, &c. ; also on the banks of
rivers and streams ; rather local, but widely distributed and common where it occurs,
as far north as Yorkshire ; rare towards the north, and not recorded from Northumber-
land and Durham; Scotland, very rare, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Solway; has not
yet, apparently, been found in Ireland, but probably occurs at all events in the
south.

B. varium, 01. (ustuJatum, Sturm.). Smaller than the jireceding, with
the elj'tra shorter, squarer at shoulders, and testaceous markings much
less distinct, sometimes almost obliterated, although rarely examples
occur in Avhich the light colour predominates ; the thorax is shorter,
with smootlier disc, less distinct dorsal furrow, slightly less prominent
posterior angles, and the base and basal fovete smoother ; elytra much
more finely striated, especially towards apex; apex of abdomen con-
colorous (very seldom lighter than the rest) ; legs pitchy testaceous.
L. 5 mm.

Marshy places, banks of ponds, &c. ; local but often abundant on the coast where it
occurs, but always rarer inland ; it occurs as far north :is Yorkshire, where Mr. Hey
has taken it on Spurn Head; further north it appears to be entirely wanting, and
it has not occurred in Scotland; Ireland, Armagh, banks of Liffey, and other localities.

S. adustum, Schaum {rupestre, Daws. G. Brit., varium var. A.,
iHiv.). Aliout the size of JB. famigatum, which it very much resembles
in general appearance, but may be at once distinguished by having the
striae of the elytra entire and complete to aj^ex, Avhereas in fumigahim
the apex and sides are smooth ; the thorax is less contracted at base than
in that species, and the legs are darker : compared with varium, it may
at once be distinguished by its much smaller size ; the thorax also is
less rounded at the sides and less contracted behind (although in these
points the species seems liable to a little variation) ; the elytra are more
oval and less parallel-sided, the testaceous bands and markings as a rule
much more distinct, and the strite are dee^ier and more strongly punctured.
L. 3|-4 mm.

Margins of rivers and streams, among shingle, or concealed in crevices in the
lianks : this and the succeeding species are instances of the way in which those insects
which have been considered extremely rare occasionally turn up in numbers : Dawson
(G. Brit. p. 197) states that the only examples that he had seen were in Stephens'
cabinet, and were stated to have been taken in Swansea: no other example was taken
until about 1878, when Mr. .1. T. Harris found a specimen on the banks of the Severn
at L'pton-on-Severn ; in 1S79, however. Mi-. W. (j. Blatch found it in profusion on
the banks of the Severn near Tewkesbury, a few miles below Upton, and I have since
taken it there myself; it has not, however, been recorded from any other locality. In-
stances like the capture of this insect, of fipp.rcheus emarginafus by Mr. Billups,
and lately of Hydvohius Perrisii hy Mr. Gardner of Hartlepool, tend to prove that
very few beetles are really rare if we can find out their localities and habitats ; at the
same time a study of the localities above given for the Bembidia will show that there

Bciilhliliuiii..^ ADEl'IIAOA. 121

are very few boutlos tliat can be called common in the sense of being generally dis-
tril)uted throughout the kingdom.

B. obliquuxn, .Sturm. This species in many ways closely resembles
B. ran' inn, Imt it is considerably smaller, and may be distinguished,
apart from this, by the much more rounded shoulders and sides of the
elytra, and by the darker legs and base of antennae ; thorax short, witli
sides not much narrowed behind, posterior angles sharp, projecting,
dort^al furrow rather fine, basal foveas deep ; elytra rather more strongly
sculptured than in varium, especially at apex, punctures of stria; ceasing
towards apex, testaceous bands and markings very irregular and inter-
rupted ; apex of abdomen concolorous ; legs black, or very dark pitchy.
L. 4 mm.

Sandy banks of ponds, rivers, &c.: Dawson (G. Brit. 196) says that he know of only
one example taken by Mr. Bold at (losfoitli (near Newcastle-on-Tyne) ; since then it
has been found at Hornsea, Yorksliire ; Brighton ; Maidstone ; banks of Trent near
Burton (one specimen), Thornton Reservoir, Leicestershire, in numbers (Dr. Bower),
Clifton, near Maiichoter (T. Morley), St. Leonards, Sussex, rather common (H. S.
Gorham), and also at Duhvich (one specimen on the borders of a pond, T. Wood).

Group X. (Sracteon, IJedel.)

B. paludosum, Paiiz. [liitnrale, 01.). Head and thorax coppery
bronze,, s()iiietim(!S purplish, dull, elytra of the same colour but more
shining, especially on disc; antennae dark, underside of the first joint
sometimes yellowish ; thorax broader than head, about as liroad as long,
with sides slightly rounded in front, sinuate behind middle and slightly
contracted to base, anterior angles somewhat projecting, posterior angles
small, acute, slightl}' prominent, dorsal furrow distinct in middle, basal
fovete small but distinct ; elytra oval, somewhat convex, with striae all
entire, plainly punctured until behind middle, punctures effaced towards
apex ; third interstice very broad with two large dull oblong silvery
jiits, one about middle, the other behind ; legs obscure greenish bronze,
extreme base of femora testaceous. L. 5-6 mm.

Tliis insect is more brightly coloured when alive than dead ; it runs with sur-
))risiiig agility, and is very difticult to secure, as it takes to wing if disturbed, like a
Cicindela, and tiles out over the water, especially in hot sunshine : it is found on the
sandy and gravelly banks of rivers and streams, and is very local, lint somelimes very
alnimlant where il occurs; it is mostly a northern >iiecies, and does not si'em to l)o
found in the south ; Matlock, Lovers' Walks; haidcs of Derwent, Cumberland ; banks
of Till, Nortliumberlaiul ; banks of llye, near llelmsley, Yorkshire ; Durham; Ashley,
connnon ; Scotland, very local, Tay, Clyde, Moray ; Ireland, near Beli'ast ; Lougli
Neagh ; Kerry.

TACHVPUS, Lacordairc.

This genus comprises about a dozen species, most of which are fnund
in Europe and Northern Asia; one only is found as far south as India,
and one occurs in Japan ; their appearance is very distinct, owing to
llii'ir very large eyes and the pubescence and pecvdiar .srulpturc of the
elytra ; the importance of the pubescent soles of tlie dilated joints of
the anterior tarsi of the mules has already been pointed out.

122 ADEPHAGA. [Tachyptis.

1. Thorax at least as long as broad ; femora metallic on
upper surface; first or first aud second joints of antennas

bronze green; size larger T, VAJ. J aves, Du/L

2. Thorax broader than long; femora entirely testaceous;
antennae with four or five basal joints entirely testaceous;

size smaller T. FLAVIPES, L.

T. pallipes, Duft. Upper side coppery bronze, elytra spotted with
metallic green or purple, especially at sides ; head and thorax rugose,
the latter finely punctured on disc ; antennte with the basal joint and
part of the second, at all events above, bronze green, third, fourth, and
sometimes fifth testaceous, the rest fuscous ; thorax as long as broad,
with sides rounded in front and rather gradually contracted behind,
posterior angles right angles, minutely projecting, dorsal furrow slight,
basal fovese small ; elytra exceedingly finely and minutely punctured,
clothed sparingly and irregularly with asliy pubescence, especially at
sides, striae faintly indicated on disc, third interstice with two large
deep pores ; legs testaceous. L. 5-6 mm.

Banks of rivers and streams ; very local, and by no means common, although it has
been taken in some numbers in a few localities ; Preston, Lancashire ; Swansea ; Nor-
folk ; Colchester ; banks of the Till and Irthing in the Northumberland district.
Scotland, rare, Solway, Moray, Clyde.

T. flavipes, L. Upper side coppery or greenish bronze ; much
smaller than the preceding ; base of the antenna? entirely testaceous ;
thorax short, with sides more strongly contracted behind middle than in
T. pallipes ; the sculpture also of the whole upper surface is coarser ; the
elytra are duller and less brightly coloured, with more evident and
closer pubescence. L. 4-4:| mm.

Common and generally distributed from the Midlands southward ; less common to-
wards the north ; Scotland, not common, Lowlands ; Ireland, Killiney Beach,
Kingstown, and other localities ; it is found on the banks of rivers and streams, aud
also in damp places beneath moss, stones, dead leaves, &c.

TRECHINA.

This tribe contains several genera which differ very widely from one
another, and seem at first sight to have very little in common except that
they have the first two joints of the anterior tarsi dilated in the male ;
the genera Aepus and Perileptus, for instance, are very ditierent from
Trechus, and all three appear to be widely separated from Patrobus and
Pogonus; the two first-mentioned genera, however, show a decided
affinity with the Bembidiina, so much so that it is very doubtful whether
Perileptus at all events ought not to be classed with that tribe ; Aepus
shows a connection with Trechus; and Pogonus (with which Patrobus must
provisionally be classed) exhibits a decided leaning towards Bemhidiuni,
certain species of which, e.g. B. oigijptiacum and B. pygmwum, are very
like species of this genus : the real afiinity, however, between the two
genera lies in the genus Octhozetus (from the Pampas), which is a close
connecting link between Po(iona!s and the Bradeon section of Bemhidiam.

TrecJiina.] ADKPiiArsA. 123

Patrohua and Pogrmvs again resemble the Bemhidia in having the apiral
edge of the ligula unisetose, Avhile Aiqms and Pcrilcpfus ditfer from that
genus (with wliich in many ways they are so closely connecteil) l)y
having this part phirisetose, in which point they resemble Trechus.
Dr. Horn divides the tribe, which he names Pogonina, as follows : —

Terminal joint of palpi more or less cylindrical and obtvise at tip, that

of tli(i libial palpi as long as the preceding Pogoni.

Terminal joint of palpi slender, acute at tip, that of the labial palpi

shorter than the preceding Trechi.

This division, however, will not hold good, as the comparative length
of the terminal and penultimate joints of palpi is very variable, especially
in Pogonus ; they may, perhaps, be classed as follows: —

I. Ligula plurisetose in front.

1. Apical joint of all the palpi much shorter than penul-
timate, which is dilated Group AEPYES.

2. Apical joint of maxillary palpi about as long as penul-
timate, which is not dilated Group TltECUI.

II. Ligula unisetose iu frout Group FUGOSI.

As, however, these characters are somewhat obscure, the more obvious
characters that separate the genera belonging to the groufts (wliieh are
re.spectively Aepiis and Perilejjtus, Tredius, and Pogonus and Palwbus)
are here given in a combined table.

I. Lateral margin of elytra not prolonged at base from
shoulder to scutcUuui; upper side of tarsi not longi-
tudinally furrowe<l.
i. Elytra separately rounded, about as long as the head

and thorax combined ; apex of abdomen exposed . . Ai:rus, <Srt)n.
ii. Elytra jointly rounded, longer than head and thorax
combined ; apex of abdomen completely covered.

1. Sutural stria recurved at apex TeecqUS, Claim.

2. Sutural stria not recurved at apex.

A. Elytra pubescent ; maximum size 3 mm. . . Perileptus, "ScAauffi,

B. Elytra smooth ; minimum size about 7 mm. . Patkobcs, Dij.
II. Lateral margin of elytra prolonged at base from

shoulder to scutellum ; upper side of tarsi longitudinally

furrowed PoGONUS, Dej.

PERZXiZiPTUS, Schaum. {Blcmus, Daws.)

This genus is intermediate between the Trechina and the P.embidiina:
in the form of the ]>alpi it much resembles BemOu/iian, but at the same
time the terminal joint, although very short in comparison with that of
Tree// us, is considcralily longer than it is in Beuddilnun, and iu the
formation of the ligula (which is plurisetose in front) anil paragluss.u
it more nearly approaches Trednts : on tlie other hautl it dillers from
the latter genus and resembles the former in the fact that the sutural
stria of the elytra is not recurved at apex, and it closely rcseuibh-s
Li/mnc'U}//, which is now very often classed with Bnidddiuin, in the
fact that both se.xes have the penultimate joint of the anterior larsi

124 ADEPiiAGA. [rcrilephis.

armed with a curved spine beneath : three species are comprised in the
genus besides our own, which is the only one found in Europe ; these
are found respectively in the Island of Bourbon, in TeneriOe, and in
JSTubia.

P. areolatus, Creutz. Oblong, pubescent ; head and thorax pitch-
black, elytra pitchy or brownish, with a common lighter patch across the
middle ; antennae- brownish with base lighter ; thorax hardly broader
than the head with eyes, almost as long as broad, cordiform, much con-
tracted behind, posterior angles sharp, projecting, dorsal furrow deep,
base with a shallow fovea on each side near posterior angles ; elytra much
depressed, almost parallel-sided, more finely pubescent than thorax, with
rather well markecl, feebly punctured striae,, becoming evanescent towards
sides and feebler towards apex, third interstice with the usual two pores ;
legs yellowish red. L. 2| mm.

Rare, although found in some numbers where it occurs. Dudden Sands, near
Broughton-in-Purness, Lancashire ; Conway (confluence of the Conway and Lhigwy),
Nortli Wales (Brewer, &c.); Scotland very local, riparial, Solway district (taken in
some numbers by Dr. Sharp) ; it ranges over the middle and south of Europe, and
has occurred in Norway, and it is found also in Algeria and the Caucasus district.

AEPUS, Samouelle.

This genus comes nearer to Trechus than does the genus PeriJephis,
and forms a further link in the chain of connection between the Eem-
bidiina and Trechina, the palpi being intermediate in form between the
two above-mentioned genera ; the ligula is plurisetose as in Treclnis ;
the anterior tarsi have the penultimate joint armed with a spine as in
Perileptus and Lymnoium: the species are remarkable for their structure,
and also for their peculiar habits ; they are found under stones, usually
below high-water mark in spots that are entirely submerged at high
water ; occasionally a curious Hemipteron AepopMlus is found in com-
pany with them ; four species are known, two from Europe, one from
Madeira, and one from Chili : the larva of Aiipus is described by
Co(iuerel (Annal. de la Soc. Ent. Fr. 1850, p. 529, PI. xvi., Fig. 3);
it is found in the same situations as the perfect insect, and is distin-
guished by its very large head and mandibles ; like the larvte of Bem-
bidium it possesses only one tarsal claw ; Westwood figures this larva
and the pupa in error as those of Mkrahjmma Johnsfoni, a species which
is found in the same situations as Aepus. (Classif. i. p. 166, Fig. 15, 16 ;
see also page 169.) Cf. Laboulbene, Ann. Fr. 1862, p. 564-65,

I. Dorsal furrow of thorax deep ; elytra longer, parallel-
sided A. MAEINUS, Strom.

II. Dorsal furrow of thorax indistinct ; elytra short, some-
what widened behind A. ROBINII, Lahoulb.

A. xnarinus, Strom. {fuJvescem, Sam.). Entirely testaceous,
apterous, very depressed, slightly pubescent, with long outstanding hairs
especially at apex and sides of elytra ; head very large, as long as thorax,

ArpUS.] ADEPIIAGA. 125

eyes very small sunk into the hcatl, black, mandibles large and strong ;
thorax cordiform with anterior margin straight, sides obliquely con-
tracted towards base, posterior angles sharp, rather minute ; elytra
parallel-sided, with irregular traces of strife and punctuation, usually
with two or three or more distinct large pores or impressions on each ; legs
testaceous. L. 2 mm.

Lociil, Init occasioiKilly ])lontiful wliorc it oconrs ; Lnccombe Cliinp, and Vcntnor, Tsle
of VV'itjlit ; Woyiiiouth ; VVateriiioutli (North Devon); I )oiiif()i-(l (Somerset) ; mouths
of tlic Tamar and Yeanie and other h)ealities in the south-west ; Northninl)erhind and
Durham district, 15er\vi('k-u])(jii-'r\v('ed, &c. ; .Seotlaud, h)cal, Tweed, Forlli, and Clyde
districts, iu the Isles of liute and Arran, &c. ; Irehmd, near Duhhu, and Slraiigford
Lough.

A. Robinii, Laboulb. Very like the preceding, but differs in the
following jiarliculars : the thorax has the iJosterior angles considerably
blunter, and the sides less sinuate before base, the dorsal furrow Itcing
much less apparent ; the elytra are less parallel-sided and are dilated
behind middle and shorter, and the entire upper surface is smoother and
shows less trace of sculpture. L. 2 mm.

Karer than the jirocediug ; Weymoutli ; Ventnor ; Plymouth ; Xorthumberiaud
and Durham district. Scotland, Tweed and Forth districts.

TXLSCHUS, Clairville.

The genus Trorhvs proper comprises about one hundred and thirty
speci(;s, which vary considerably in size and general appearance ; they are
chieHy found in Europe, Xorth America, and the Atlantic islands
(]\ladeira, &c.) ; a very small proportion come from the southern hemi-
sphere : some authors include under Tri'cltiis the peculiar genera Anoph-
thahnus and A2>httnops, which are distingiiished b}' having no eyes ;
these are found in the caves of the Pyrenees and the Alps and in North
America (especially Kentucky), and number about fifty species ; two
species of Aplatnops, as Bedel points out (1. c. p. 40), have the anterit)r
tarsi simple in both sexes as is the case in some species of Tarliijs, and
one species of Trechus {T. oclrreafu.s) from the Ausliian Alps has the
posterior femora dilated and denticulate in the male.

Our species may be subdivided as fullows : —

I. Elyti'a finely pubescent.

i. Elytra reddish, with a broad black liand

behind middle ; striic plainly jiuncUired T. Discrs, F.

ii. Elytra reddish yellow, with u very ob-
scure black spot (often absent) towards
npex of each ; stri:c almost impnuctate T. MICR03, Ilerlsl.

II. Elytra not pubescent.

i. Posterior angles of thorax sometimes
sharp, sometimes very blunt, but always
traceable.

1. Elytra with parallel sides; antenna"'

very long T. lONOICOBNiS, Sfiirm.

2. Elytra with sides rounded ; antenmu
nioilerate.

126 ADEPHAGA, [Trechus.

A. Elytra with strise broad and deep

to margins T. IAPIDOSUS, Daws.

B. Elytra with striaj plainly feebler

at sides.

a. Size larger ; thorax cordiform ;

posterior angles sharp . . . . T. etibens, F.

b. Size smaller; thorax not cordi-
form ; posterior angles blunt . T. minutus, F., and v. OBTUSUS, Fr.

C. Elytra with three deep striaj near
suture, the second and third, as a
rule, not or scarcely reaching be-
yond middle T. eivttlaeis, Gi/ll.

ii. Posterior angles of thorax completely

rounded T. SECALIS, Payk.

T. discus, F. Testaceous red, rather pubescent, elytra with a com-
mon l)lackish or blue-black patch behind middle ; eyes black, prominent ;
antennae long, testaceous ; thorax cordate, much narrowed behind, pos-
terior angles acute, projecting, disc convex, dorsal furrow deep, base
with a deep fovea on each side ; elytra long, with sides slightly rounded,
finely striated, interstices finely but distinctly punctured, third stria with
two large pores which stretch over the fourth interstice ; legs j^ale
testaceous. L. 4|-5 mm.

Very local, but not uncommon in the midland counties : it occurs on the banks of
streams and rivers; banks of Trent, Repton and Newark ; hanks of Dove, Burton-ou-
Trent ; banks of Derwent below Derby ; banks of Severn, Bewdley and Tewkesbury ;
Draycott ; Salford Priors; Boxted, Essex; banks of Ribble, Sawley, Lancashire;
Hornsea, Pontefract, Scarborough, Yorkshire ; Vale of Towey, Wales ; it has also
occurred in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Bedfordshire ; also formerly at
Netting Hill ; it is not recorded from the extreme north or south of England, or from
Scotland or Ireland.

T. micros, Herbst. More elongate, and narrower than the pre-
ceding, with the elytra more parallel-sided : it is also of a duller testa-
ceous colour, and has the dark markings on the elytra obscure and often
absent or nearly so ; eyes not prominent ; antennae testaceous ; thorax
much as in T. discus, except that it is rather narrower in front, with the
sides somewhat less strongly narrowed behind, and the posterior angles
quite as sharp, but slightly less prominent ; elytra finely striated, inter-
stices very thickly and finely punctured, with two pores on each as in
the preceding species. L. 4 mm.

Very local, but much more widely distributed than the preceding : it is found in
the majority of the localities just mentioned for discus, and further occurs at Darenth
Wood, Horsham, Tonbridge, Matlock, York, Carlisle, .and other places; Northumber-
land and Durham in rejectamenta on the banks of streams ; Scotland, rare, Tweed,
Forth, Solway, Clyde, Argyle ; it does not, however, appear to be a southern insect :
these two species conceal themselves in the crevices of sandy or clayey banks ; I have
taken both by dashing water against the sides, and thus causing them to run out
from their hiding-places.

T. long-icornis, Sturm. {Thalassophilus, Woll.). Somewhat re-
sembles a small specimen of the preceding, but may at once be distin-
gui.shed by its very long anteuuie, which arc at least two-thirds as long

Trcrhus.] adepiiaga. 1-27

as the whole body ; colour testaceous, or reddish brown, often darker at
sides and suture ; thorax short about the length of the head, witli sides
rounded in front and rather jj;radually contracted to base, posterior angles
almost right angles, dorsal furrow rather fine, base with two fovea; ;
elytra ]iarallel-sided, depressed, finely striated, the three striae next suture,
more distinct, tliird stria with two pores ; legs testaceous. L. 3.v mm.

Very rare ; first taken at Dnddeii Sands, near Broufrliton, Lancasliire ; banks of
Kihlile ; banks of Irthiiii^, Noi-thuinberland (liold) ; near Kelso (K. Hislop); banks
of the Nith at ThornhiU and Dumfries (Sharp and Lennon).

T. lapidosus, Daws, (fuhus, Dej. 1). Testaceous or reddish tes-
taceous; cyi's not prominent; antennae testaceous ; tlioraxnearly as broad
in front as behind, with sides strongly rounded almost to base, and margins
elevated, posterior angles sliarjt, somewhat projecting, dorsal furrow fine,
base with two rather large fovese ; elytra ovate, much depressed, with
strong, broad, finely punctured striae, which are not feebler at sides or
apex, third stria with two pores; legs pale testaceous. L. 5| mm.

Sandy places on the coast, under stones, just above hij^h-water mark ; also at the
mouths of tidal rivers; very local, but sometimes found in numbers where it occurs.
A'eutnor, Isle of Wight (not common under large stones to the west of the town) ;
Southend ; Shoreham ; Deal ; Dover ; Sheerness ; Hythe ; North Wales ; Nortlmm-
berland and Durham district, banks of streams and sea coast, rare ; Scotland, very
local, Lowlands, Tweed and Clyde districts, and also at Tain, Koss-shire. Ireland,
Ilolywood, one specimen (Haliday); Killiuey Beach, one specimen (McNab's Dublin
list)!

T. rubens, F. {palwlosus, Dej., &c.). Pitchy red, more or less
dark, shining ; antennae and palpi reddish testaceous ; thora.x rather
broad cordiform, distinctly transverse, with sides strongly rounded in
front, narrowed behind, posterior angles acute and somewhat prominent,
disc convex, dorsal furrow strong, basal foveae deep ; elytra long oval,
with sides wider and more rounded behind middle, rather lighter than
head and thorax, with metallic reflection, each with seven punctured
striae, of which the inner five are plain, the sixtli and seventh feebler
but plainly traceable ; underside pitchy black, apex of abdomen pale ;
legs testaceous. L. 5-5 i- mm.

Local and rare; on the banks of ponds and streams, under dead leaves and rejecta-
menta, &c. ; Whittlesca Mere (formerly common); Llanberis ; Lydford (Devon);
Cannock Chase; Eirf^inton, near Hurton-on-Ticnt ; Rejiton (side of ]M)n<l in Kobins
Wood) ; Stndley, near Hijion ; Hull ; NDrthunilxrlaiid and Durham district (Hcttou
Hall, Lonsj Henton, Winlaton Mill and by the Irthin<,'); S.-iitland, rather widely
distributed but never common, Tweed, Forili, lay, Solway, Clyde, iil>o taken in tlie
Shetland and (Jrkney Islands; Ireland, Clontarf ( Dublin) and Killiuey ( Kinjjstown],
very rare ; not recorded from the London district or the south of Eiiirhind.

T. minutus, F. (qiiadristriafuf^, Schrank.). Pitchy red or ferruginou.s,
tin; head d.irkcr and almost black, elytra lighter at the shoulders and
often at sides ; antennae testaceous ; tliorax transverse, feebly rouinlcd
at the sides and slightly contracted towards base, posterior angles liliint
but traceabli', dise very smnolli, with a di'ep dur.sal furmw, husv. with a

128 ADErnAGA. [Trechns.

large fovea on each side near angles ; elytra oblong ovate, much broader
than thorax, slightly dilated behind middle, with four strise next suture
distinct, the rest more or less obsolete, third stria with two incon-
spicuous pores ; legs testaceous. L. 3| mm.

Sandy places on the coast and inland ; common and widely distributed throughout
the kingdom.

V. nltusus, Er. This variety, which has by many authors been
considered a separate species, differs from the type in the following
particulars : the thorax is more rounded at the sides, and has the pos-
terior angles blunter, so that they almost appear to be rounded ; the
elytra are shorter, more rounded at the sides, and rather more dilated
behind middle, with two striae next the suture plain instead of four; the
pores on the third stria are also more conspicuous ; the wings, more-
over, are more or less rudimentary instead of being fully developed as in
the type; this last point, however, as we have seen in the case of Qdathus
fuscus (supra, p. 81), is of not much weight specifically, and taking into
consideration intermediate forms, the other distinctions are so com-
paratively slight that they are hardly enough to found a species on.

This variety is widely distributed over England, and is found in
much the same localities as the type, but is always much rarer ; it is
common in Scotland both in the Lowlands and Highlands, being
apparently the commoner in the latter districts.

T. rivularis, Gyll. {inciJis, Daws.). Pitchy-black or brown, some-
times ferruginous, with a metallic reflection on the elytra ; antenna;
reddish testaceous, the second, third, and fourth joints brownish, lighter
at apex ; thorax transverse, with the sides rounded, very slightly co]\-
tracted behind, side margins plain especially behind, posterior angles
small, acute, somewhat projecting, disc rather convex, dorsal furrow
fine, basal fovese large ; elytra long oval, somewhat convex, with three
deep broad striae near suture, of which the first reaches nearly to apex
and is recurved, and the second and third are abbreviated ; a fourth
stria is more or less plainly indicated ; underside blackish or reddish
with the apex of the abdomen lighter ; legs reddish testaceous. L. 5
mm.

Very rare ; has not occurred for many years, and is perliaps extinct ; Whittlesea
Mere, July 1847 (Dawson); Holme Fen, several specimens (Power): the latter
locality has been brought under cultivation, or at all events the portion in which the
specimens were taken.

T. secalis, Payk. (Epaphius, Leach). Pitch-brown or ferruginous,
shining ; antennae testaceous ; thorax short, very convex, with sides
strongly rounded, contracted behind, posterior angles quite rounded ;
elytra oval, convex, Avith very coarsely punctured striae, becoming
olisolete towards sides, third stria with the two usual pores ; legs testa-
ceous. L. 3| mm.

This very distinct species may be at once known by its short oval

T/rrhus.] ADEPHAGA. 129

elytra, and the very strong an<l coarse punctuation of the strise on disc :
it is found on damp sandy hanks of ponds and rivers, and is often
common in fiood refuse ; it is, however, ratlier local, althougli -widely
distrihuted tluoughout the country as far north as Xorthumherland ;
here, however, it appears to ce^se, as it is only found rarely in Scot-
land in the Tweed district, and there are no records from any other
luraliiy.

PATROBUS, Dejean.

The species belonging to this genus are entirely confined to the
northern districts of Europe, Asia, and North America ; in the Munich
Catalogue twenty-seven species an; enumerated, but the species that
inhabit the more southern districts of Europe have been divided off
under the genera Penetretiis and Deltomerns, and several of the others
have been sunk as varieties, so that about ten species now remain ;
these are of moderate size, usually dark coloured, or with the elytra
dull testaceous, and are found in damp places, in woods, on the banks
of rivers and streams, or near the coast, under stones and moss, in flood
refuse, &c.

The larva of P. excavatus is figured by Scliiiklte, iii., PI. xxi., Fig. 1, pupa, Fi"'. 6 :
it very much resembles that of Amara convexiuscula ; the head, however, is longer
and more produced in front; it has two short and voi'y deep sulci on the vertex be-
hind eyes ; its colour is rufo-piccons with the mandibles red, and it is plainly reti-
culate ; the prothorax is subquadrate with angles rounded; the dorsal scuta of the
thoracic and abdominal segments are all smootii, chiefly castaneous, tliose of raeso-
and meta-thorax being fuscous on disc; the body is reddish ; the muscular impressions
are round and deej) on all the scuta excejjt that of j)rothorax ; the anal appendage is
rather slender, and the cerci moderately long and incurved; the legs are rather long
pale with the apex of the joints inf\)sc:itc, claws equal. Thomson, Skaud. Col. i. 213
also gives a long description of this larva.

I. Thorax as long as broad ; elytra about tliroe times as long

as thorax ; insect apterous.
i. Head smooth ; third interstice of elytra about as broad

as second P. excavatus, Payk.

ii. Head transversely wrinkled ; third interstice of elytra

plainly broader than second P. assimilis, Chaud.

II. Thorax broader than long; elytra about four times as

long as thorax ; insect winged P.skptexti{io.vis,Z)c;'.

P. excavatus, Tayk. Apterous, pitchy black, sometimes lighter,
underside reildish ; hea<l with a deep furruw on each side near eyes
but nearly smooth, as a rule, between these, antennae ferruginous ; thorax
rather elongate, cordiform, posterior angles sharp, prominent, doi-sal
furrow distinct, entire, anterior margin more or less punctured iu the
centre, base with two strongly punctured, deep, large foveas ; elytra lou"
oval, with shoulders much rounded, bi'oader behind than in front, rather
iinely striated, the striaj thickly and finely punctured, continued jilainly
to a})ex, but feebler towards apex and at sides ; legs led. L. 7-.S mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the greater part of Kngland, except
iu the extreme south ; iu iScotlaud it is widely distributed iis far uorlli as the Moray

K

130 ADEPHAGA. \_Patrolms.

district, but is not common, and is contined to the Lowlands ; Ireland, near Belfast
and Dublin : specimens from mountains and moors are darker as a rule, and smaller
thau those found in woods, &c., and are probably intermediate forms between this
and the succeeding species.

P. assixnilis, Chaud. (clavipes, Thorns.). Apterous, pitchy black ;
very like the preceding, of which it is in all probability merely a high-
land variety ; it is, however, smaller, with more convex thorax, and with
the forehead strigose between the frontal furrows ; the thorax also is
somewhat narrower at the base ; the strife of the elytra are almost or
nearly evanescent at apex, and the third interstice is much wider than the
second, and the sculpture of the disc is a little stronger : as, however,
intermediate varieties occur, it is sometimes hard to separate these
species, and it would perhaps be the best course to class them together
as, at all events, races of one species. L. 7-7|- mm.

Rather widely distributed, but always on moors or in hilly and mountainous dis-
tricts ; Cannock Chase ; Matlock and Hathersege Moor, Derbyshire ; Snowdou and
other Welsh mountains; Northnmberland and Durham district, Wallington (Power);
Mr. Bold says (Cat. p. 7) that his own local examples recorded as here cited proved
to be small dark examples of excavatus. Scotland, common in the Highland districts
throughout the country, but not found iu the Lowlands ; this latter fact, compared
with the Scotch record for P. excavatus above given, goes a long way to prove that
this species is nothing but a highland race of the preceding.

P. septentrionis, Dej. Winged, larger and longer than the two
preceding ; pitchy l^lack or with the head and thorax pitchy and the
elytra reddish testaceous ; antennae, pitchy red ; thorax broader than
long, with the posterior angles sharp, prominent, dorsal furrow and
fovese much as in the other species ; elytra longer and with the shoulders
considerably more strongly marked, striae almost obsolete toAvards apex
and sides, punctuation of striae feeble, almost obsolete ; legs ferruginous ;
underside not so thickly or deeply punctured, sides of metathorax
(which are plainly punctured in the others) almost smooth. L. 9 mm.

This is rather a variable species, as may be seen from the list of named varieties
appended to it in the European catalogue : it is entii'cly a northern species ; there is
cne record from near Waketield, Yorkshii-e, but this is probably an error; it is
gumewhat widely distributed but not common iu the Highland districts of Scotland
(Tay, Dee, Moray, Solway, Clyde).

POGONUS, Dejean.

This genus comprises about thirty species, of which about half belong
to Europe ; the remainder occur chiefly in Northern Asia and North
America, a very small proportion only being found in the southern
hemisphere ; they inhabit damp localities, and are never found except
where there is salt ; they occur, therefore, in salt marshes near the coast,
on the shores of salt lakes, or at the mouths of tidal rivers, under
stones, refuse, &c., and especially in cracks in expanses of mud, from
which they emerge in bright sunshine.

I. Thora.x metallic green, elytra yellow testaceous ; an-
tennas red P. LUEiDiPENNis, Qerm.

PofJ07l7lS.] ADEPHAGA. 131

II. Upper side entirely brouze ; antennae dark.

i.^ 8tri;e of elytra us plain at ape.t as at base ; elytra

parall.;l-sided P. MTTORALIS, Bit/l.

ii. StrisB of elytra mueh weaker at apex; elytra

slightly ovate P. chalceus, Marsh.

P. luridipennis, Germ. {Burrellii, Curt., Fig. Brit. Eiit. i. 47).
Very conspicuous by its bright-green head and thorax and testaceous
elytra, which are sometimes slightly clouded on disc ; antennae and pal})i
testaceous ; thorax short, sides rounded to behind middle and thence
nearly straight to base, })osterior angles sharp, dorsal furrow distinct,
base depressed and punctured, with two broad foveas near angles bounded
by a longitudinal fold ; elytra rather broad^ wdth punctured striae ;
underside bronze-green ; legs testaceous. L. G-7 mm.

Rare ; first discovered in England by K'ev. J. Hurrell at Salthouse on the Norfolk
coast in 1806; Wbilstable and Shoroliain (Clianipion) ; Slieerness (salt-marshes,
June, S. Stevens) ; llastinj^s ; Sandwich ; Deal ; Pegwell liay (Matthews) ; Lyniingtoa
Salterns; apparently it used to be very counnon in tlie Island of Sheppy, but of late
yeai's it appears to have become very rare in that locality.

P. littoralis, Duft. Dark bronze, usually with a slight greenish
reflection ; antenme fuscous black ; thorax somewhat transverse with
sides considerably more dilated and rounded in front than in the pre-
ceding species, slightly narrowed behind, posterior angles distinct but
not projecting, dorsal furrow^ distinct, abbreviated in front, base de-
pressed and strongly and rugosely })unctured, basal fovese deep, rugose,
l)ounded by a longitudinal fold ; elytra rather broad, parallel-sided, striae
))unctured, strong and well defined to the extreme apex, the punctures
however ceasing behind middle ; legs ferruginous, femora dark. L.
6|-7s nim.

Local but not uncommon ; Whitstablc, Gravesend, Sheerness, Chatham, Deal,
Hastiny^s; Marirate ; Portland; Isle of Wiijht ; Lymington Salterns; North Devon;
apparently confined to the more southern portions of England.

P. chalceus, ^larsh, IJronzo, or brassy, sometimes bluish or
greenish, or almost black, shining; smaller than the preceding, and dis-
tinguished from it by having the striae of the elytra distinctly feebler
towards apex, and by the fact that the sides are more rounded ; the
sides of the thorax are less dilated in front, whicli give it the appearance
of being somewhat longer, and the posterior angles are .slightly sharper :
in other respects the two species are very similar, but there can be no
question as to their being distinct. L. 6 mm.

Common and widely distributed along the coasts of England towards the south,
but much rarer towards the north. I liave never taken a specimen on the Lincoln-
shire or Yorkshire coast, and only one locality is recorded from Northumberland;
Scotland very local. Forth, Tay, Sohvay ; Ireland, Baldoyle and Portrayne, Dublin.

TRUNCATIPENNES.

The Trunratipenne series contains a largo nundier of exotic forms, of
which, if we except perhajis the Dromius group, only comparatively few

iv -1

132 ADEPHAGA. [Truncafipennes.

are represented in the Eiiropean fauna ; the Odacanthina, for instance,
are represented by one genus and one species, the genera Camonia and
Calophcena being entirely absent ; the Dryptina are only represented by
two genera {Zuphinm and Drypta) and four species, of which Ave possess
one ; the genus BracJdnus contains a fair number of species (about a
sixtli part of those known), but the large genus Pkeropsophus is repre-
sented by one only ; of the two hundred or more species of Lehia about
a dozen only are European, and many of the allied genera (e.g. Catascopus,
&c. ) are altogether exotic.

The series is distinguished by the fact that its members have the
apices of the elytra more or less truncate ; there are, however, several
transitional forms concerning the position of which there has been con-
siderable dispute : we possess but one of these as British, viz. Masoreus.
According to Mr. Bates (Biol. Cent. Am. Carabidaj, p. 152, &c.), before
the true Truncatipennes come the subdivisions Subtruncati containing
Ega and its allies, and the Obtusipennes containing the Ctenodactylinaj.

The tribes, as far as our fauna is concerned, may be divided as
follows : —

I. Head with two supra-orbital setae.

i. Tibial spurs long ; thorax transverse, with siiles

rounded, not cordate or cylindrical Masoeeina.

ii. Tibial spurs short ; thora.x cylindrical, or more or
less cordiform.

1. Intermediate tibiaj of male occasionally dilated

and squamulose beneath Ctmindina.

2. Intermediate tibiae of male never dilated and

squamulose beneath.

A. Penultimate joint of labial palpi bisetose.

a. Head prolonged behind eyes, joined to

thorax by a serai-globular neck Odacantiitna.

b. Head not prolonged behind eyes ; neck not

semi-globular.

a*. Basal joints of antennae glabrous ; apex of
elytra not membranous ; paraglossse, as a
rule, hardly exceeding ligula Lebiina.

b*. Basal joints of antennas pubescent ; apex
of elytra membranous ; paraglossae slen-
der and projecting far beyond ligula . . PoLTSTicniNA.

B. Penultimate joint of labial palpi plurisetose . Detptina.

II. Head with one supra-orbital seta Beachinina.

As, however, the distinctions given above are in many cases rather
scientitic than of practical service, it is better to give as well the follow-
ing table of those genera which are considered by some authors to form
the Lebiina proper : —

I. First joint of antennae as long as the three following

united; mentum somewhat orbicular DetptA, Jl

II. First joint of antennae not elongate; mentum trans-

verse.

i. Tliorax elongate, cylindrical Odacantha, PayJc.

ii. Thorax not cylindrical, usually more or less cordi-
form.

Trunratipennes.'] adepiiaga. 133

1. Basal joints of antennae pubcsceut; apex of elytra

membranous PoLYSTlcntrs, Bon.

2. Basal joints of antennae glabrous j apex of elytra

not membranous.

A. Penultimale joint of tarsi strongly bilobed.

a. Tarsal claws simple ; paraglossse projecting

considerably beyond ligula, crescent-shaped AiiTOPHOEUS, Schm.-Goeb.

b. Tarsal claws pectinate; paraglossaj not or

hardly projecting beyond ligula .... Demeteias, Bon.

B. Penultimate joint of tarsi not bilobed but
plainly emarginate J tarsal claws strongly pec-
tinate Lebia, Latr.

C. Penultimate joint of tarsi simple.

a. Tiusal claws simple LlONYCHCS, Wiss.

b. Tarsal claws pectinate.

a*. Base of thorax with an indistinct fringe
of short hairs ; labial palpi of male some-
times strongly dilated and securiform ;

length 8-10 mm Cymindis, Lair.

h*. Base of thorax without trace of fringe
of short hairs ; labial palj)i always simple ;

length 6-6.V mm. at most.
af . Posterior tarsi with the last joint

about equal to the first ; base of thorax

truncate Deomujs, Bon.

bf. Posterior tarsi with the last joint

plainly shorter than tlie first ; base of tho-
rax extended behind posterior angles.

aj. Mentum not toothed Blechuus, Mots.

bj. Mentum toothed Metauleivs, iickm.-Goeb.

MASOREINA.

The Masoreina are distinguished by the long spurs of the tibia?, and
transverse thorax which is slightly produced in the middle of base ; they
are placed l)y Bates among the true Truncatipennes, to which grouj) they
certainly belong, although tluiir elytra are only subtruncate ; Horn, fol-
lowing Thomson, classes them with the Anchomenina, and regards
them as separated fronr the Anchomeni by the slightly lobed base of
thorax ; they may be looked upon as a transitional genus (in which light
liedel eviilently regards them, as he places them between Olisthopus and
Anchomenus on the one hand, and the Lebiina on the other), but
this may be more ti-uthfuUy said of other undoubtetl Truncatipennes,
e.g. genera of Thyreopterinre, which are exactly like Anchomeuiua, and
can only be distinguished by dissection of the mouth.

MASOREUS, Dejean.

This genus comprises abt)ut twenty species, which are widely dis-
tributed over Africa, Asia, and Europe, two or three o-^curring in Java,
one in Cuba, and one in the Canary Isles ; they live in sandy districts,
and are found usually at the roots of grass and plants or under stones in
sand-hills and other dry localities ; we possess but one species, which
when alive has very much the appearance of a large TrechuK viiiiiif/t.-'.

134 * ADEPiiAGA. [Masoreus.

JUt. Wetterhalli, Gyll. (luxahis, Dej.). Pitchy red, shining,
margins of thorax (occasionally) and base of elytra ferruginous ; head
much narrower than thorax, antennae and palpi red ; thorax short and
broad with sides completely rounded from apex to base, posterior angles
very blunt, almost rounded, dorsal farrow line, anterior and posterior
margins about equal in breadth ; elytra ovate with fine and finely punc-
tured strise, interstices smooth ; legs red. L. 5 mm.

Very local and usually rare, but it is by no means uncommon at Deal and on the
Chesil Bank, Portland, in which latter locality Mr. J. J. Walker has taken it in some
numbers this summer (1885j ; Sheeruess ; Southend; Weymouth; St. Osyth, Esses ;
Hunstanton, Norfolk, where I have taken it very rarely on the sand-hills. I know of
no locality further north.

CYMINDINA.

The species that form this tribe (Avhich contains only two or three
genera besides Cymindi'<) are distinguished from those of the neigh-
bouring tribes by the truncate apical joint of the labial palpi, which in
the males of many species are dilated and securiform ; the occurrence of
numerous species with the middle as well as the anterior tarsi of the
male dilated and furnished beneath with squamae, shows clearly that
Cymindia and its allies form a sub-type quite distinct from the Lebiina,
with which Lacordaire and Schaum combined them. (See Bates, Biol.
Cent. Am. Carabidse., p. 186.)

CVnZZNBZS, Latreille. {Tarus, Clairv.)

This genus comprises, according to the Munich Catalogiie, a hundred
and twenty species, but their number is probably exaggerated, as many
of them are subject to variation (M. Bedel, for instance, says (1. c. p. 118)
that C. axillaris has received twenty different names, and that in all the
Europeo-Mediterranean region not more than thirty species are really
known, although their number has been generally reckoned at about
fifty) ; they chiefly occur in Europe, Northern Asia, and North America,
biit a few species are found in the southern hemisphere : we only possess
two species, which may be distinguished as follows : —

1. Upper surface shining ; elytra black with humeral patch

and margins yellow C. AXILLARIS, F.

2. Upper surface dullj elytra dark brown, red brown at

base C. taporaeioeum, L.

C. axillaris, F. {homagrica, Duft., anriul<iri$, Steph.). Head large,
black, shining ; antennje and palpi ferruginous ; thorax dark ferruginous
with the rather broadly raised margins lighter, about as long as broad,
wide in front and rounded and narrowed behind, posterior angles very
minutely projecting, rugose and punctured, especially on the sides, dorsal
furrow fine, basal foveas distinct; elytra depressed, deeply striated,
interstices with an irregular row of punctures in each, third stria with
three or four large pores, black, shining, not pubescent, with margin and
a narrow oblong spot at shoulders yellow; legs red. L. 8-10 mm.

Cijmlndis.] adepiiaga. 135

Chalky hill-sldcs, under stones nnd at roots of grass ; local, but not unoommnn ;
Box Hill, Kei<,'ate, Mifkl.hain ; Isle of Wiglit; New Forest; Lewes; Swunage ;
Portland; Portsmouth; Weymouth; Lowestoft; Swansea.

C. vaporariorum, L. (//rtW/.s, Gyll.). Dull, somo^vliat pulii'scent ;

head and thorax black or dark brown, thickly and coarptdy punctured,
antennae and palpi ferruginous ; thorax convex, cordiform, much more
strongly punctured and more contracted behind than in the preceding,
posterior angles sharp, projecting, dorsal furrow and basal foveas feeble ;
elytra black with the base reddish brown, plainly striated, tlie inter-
stices thickly and coarsely puucttired in two irregular rows ; legs red.
L. 8-10 mm.

Moors, mountains, and high districts, under stones, at roots of trees or herbage, &c. ;
very local and not common ; Lhuigollen ; Midgley Moor, Halifax, and Tecs district,
Yorkshire ; Heswell, Cheshire ; Liverpool district ; Cannock Chase ; Twizell Moor,
Northumberland. Scotland, local. Highlands and mountains, Tweed, Forth, Dee, and
Clyde districts (Braemar, Avieiuore, Paisley, &c.). Ireland, Donegal.

ODACANTHINA.

A large number of exotic species are contained in this tribe which are
remarkable for their large heads and long thorax, the large genus Cas-
nrmia being especially noticeable ; from the Dryptina as usually consti-
tuted, and from the Brachinina the tribe is distinguished by the fact
that its members have the penultimate joint of the labial palpi bisetose
in front and not plurisetose : if, however, we admit Poiystichjis (in
which it is bisetose) among the Dryptina, and this seems, although
doubtfully, to be its proper place, it is difficult to find a distinguishing
character that will hold universally. As ]\Ir. Bates, however, has sepa-
rated off Ega and its allies (in Avhich the globular or semi-glolndar neck
so characteristic of Odacantha is feebly marked or obsolete) under a sub-
family Lachnophorin;«, this character (the possession of a more or less
cylindi'ical neck) will separate the tribe before tis from all the other true
Truucatipennes Avith bisetose penultimate joint of the labial palj)i, exce])t
Agra, which may at once be distinguished by the strongly securiform last
joint of the labial palpi. The two other tribes "which have been classed
M'ith this group of the Truncatipennes do not really belong to the true
Truncatipennes at all ; these are the Ctenodactylina, Avhich liave tho
elytra rounded at the apex and entire, and which for other reasons
besides this fact ^fr. Bates places under a separate subdivision Obtusi-
pennes, and tho INIormolycina Avhich seem to form a distinct type of
Carabidai altogether.

ODACANTHA, Paykull.

Four species only liddiig to this genus, one from Bunnah, another
from Senegal, a third from Japan, and the fourtli from Euiope ; this
latter is the sole representative of the tribe in thi' European fauna ; they
are found in marshy and rei;dy places on the banks of lakes and swamps.

136 ABEPHAGA. \_Odacantha.

West-wood (Classif. i. p. 77) records the capture of many hundred
specimens of our species under the bark of trees growing in the Avater,
in Italy, in a district where the insect had been very scarce.

O. melanura, Payk. Head and thorax dark bluish green, elytra
testaceous with the apex bluish-black or violet ; head very large, much
produced behind eyes, and gradually narrowed to base, antennte fuscous
with first three joints and base of fourth testaceous ; thorax very elon-
gate, cylindrical, much narrower than head, coarsely punctured and
rugose, with plain dorsal furrow, very narrowly margined ; elytra elon-
gate, parallel-sided, with rows of fine punctures, which are more or less
obsolete ; legs testaceous, knees and more or less of the tarsi pitchy.
L. 6 mm.

Marshy places, among reeds ; also in stems of Typha in winter ; common in the
fen districts of Cambridoreshire and the neiglibourino- counties (Whittlesea Mere,
Horning Fen, Wicken Feu, &c.) ; Earlswood and Merton, Surrey; Birchington,
Margate ; Dagenliavn, Essex ; Balcombe, Sussex ; Sliiplcy, Horsham ; Ilford, Essex ;
Manniiigtree ; Woodbastwick, Norvvicli ; Swansea, Crymlyn Boar ; formerly found in
Hammersmitli Marshes; not recorded from the nortli of England, Scoth\nd, or
Ireland, but it probably occurs in many more localities and districts than have been
hitherto known.

lEBIINA.

This tribe, as here constituted, contains Lehia, Dromius and its imme-
diate allies Aetophorus and Denietrias, and also Metahletus, Blcchrus, and
Lionyckus; in many points these genera differ widely inter se, but a
further revision of the whole group is necessary before they can be pro-
perly subdivided : this point will be found again alluded to in the intro-
duction to the genus Dromius ; for the present the tribe must be regarded
as more or less unformed, and provisional.

ZiEBIA, Latreille.

The genus Lebia comprises a large number of species (over 200), which
are widely distributed throughout the Avorld, but occur more especially
in tropical regions ; they are usually bright-coloured, handsome insects,
although not large sized ; they are found under stones and in moss, also
under bark, and on flowering shrubs (such as broom, &c.): their habits
are carnivorous, and their presence on the plants is probably to be
accounted for by their prey inhabiting the leaves and flowers. Of our
five species two are extremely doubtful as British.

. Elytra metallic, green, blue, or violet (LampeiaS, BonellL)

i. AntenniB with the first joint reddish ; elytra slightly

pubescent; scutellum dark L. CTANOCEPHALA, L.

ii. Antennae with the first three joints reddish ;

elytra smooth ; scutellum red L. Chlorocephala, Hoff.

II. Elytra not metallic ; prevailing colour orange, tes-
taceous, or reddish (Lebia, i. sp.)

i. Palpi black L. crux-minuR, L.

Lehia.] ADEPHAGA. 137

ii. Palpi reddish testaceous.

1. Strisi! of elytra imlistinct ; interstices flat . . . L. H.lJMOimnoiDALiS, F.

2. Striaj of elytra well marked; interstices convex L. tubcica, F.

Zi. cyanocephala, L. Head, breast, abdomen and elytra bluish
green, blue, or violet, shining ; head thickly ])Unctiired, anlennaj black,
basal joint reddish, sometimes darker on upper surface ; thorax testaceous
red, short and broad, dillusely punctured, with sides rounded in front,
contracted at base, posterior angles prominent ; scutellum dark ; elytra
broad, widened behind, with feeble punctured stria?., interstices punc-
tured ; base of femora and central portion of tibite red, the rest black or
pitchy, with a more or less metallic tinge. L. 5-7 mm.

Very local and not common ; clialky places, under stones, in moss, &c. ; occasionally
taken hy &\\w]nug Ui/periciim ; cliitlk-liills near Iicitrale, especially Hucklaml Hill;
Micklebam ; liipley ; Darouth Wood; Dover; Bournemouth; near Darlington,
Yorkshire.

Ii. chlorocephala, HofF. Easily distinguished from the preceding
by having the tlrst three joints of the antennae,* the entire femora, the
breast, and scutellum red ; briglit green or greenish-blue ; thorax rather
longer than in the allied species, with sides rather more contracted
behind ; the elytra are more finely punctured, but in this point there is
some variation in dilferent specimens ; legs red, tarsi and base of tibia?
fuscous black. L. 4-7 mm.

Under stones, and in moss ; also found on broom and beneath junipers ; Kent
(Folkestone, Chalham, Dartford, Kainliani) ; Surrey (Rciijate, Kipk'V, Caterliam,
VV'alton-on-Thames, Shirley, liox Hill, Kenlcj- (occasionally in abundance beneath
junipers in winter) ) ; Lewes; Hastings; Tonbridge ;.Kew Forest; Dorset; Bourne-
mouth; Bath; Sealon, Devonshire ; Swansea; Bentiey, Siillolk; St. Osyth and Col-
chester, Essex; Kepton, Burton-on-Treut ; Church Stretion, Cheshire; Yorkshire,
widely distributed ; Northumberland and Durham ; Scotland rare, about broom, but
occurs from the Solway to Sutherland in Lowland districts ; also found in L'eland,
Armagh, &c.

A small and constant race of this species Avhich is found at Shirley,
liirch Wood, lligham (Kent), and other places, is perhaps identical with
Lebia chrysocfjjhala, j\lots., wliicli is said to be of the same colour and
build as L. chlorocejihala, but smaller, with the elytra a third shorter,
and the thorax less transverse ; there is also a difference in the punctua-
tion of the interstices, but in the species of the sub-genus Lawi^rias
this cannot be relied upon as a character, as has been shown above. Dr.
Power once took eighty specimens of this variety at Gamlinghay near
Cambridge, without taking one of the type form.

Zi. crux-minor, L. Head black, strongly punctured ; antennae fus-
cous, with tile lirst three joints and base of the fourth red ; thorax red-
dish-testaceous, small, short, very transverse, posterior angles prominent ;
scutellum black ; elytra broad, orange testaceous, with suture, a triangular
patch round sc\;tellum, a broad waved band just liehind middle, and

* The third joint is usually more or less fuscous at apex.

1-38 ADEPHAGA. [Lehia.

extreme apical margin black ; the extremities of the waved band are
usually continued to apex, so that with the apical margin thej' completely
enclose two light spots : varieties, however, occur in which the band is
interrupted (as sometimes happens in Panagceus) ; striae feeble, and very
finely punctured, interstices with fine diffuse punctures, almost smooth ;
underside black, except of thorax which is red ; legs red, apex of femora,
and tarsi, pitchy. L. 5 6 mm.

Very rare ; damp places in woods, &c. ; it has been found in moss, beaten from
broom, and taken " at sugar " by night ; it also occurs under faggots and stones :
Plumstoad, Tonbridge Wells, Coombe Wood, Headley Lane, Crohamhurst Godalming,
from all which localities in Kent and Surrey single examples have been recorded ; the
largest number of examples taken in any one place were found by Dr. Power at
Holm Bush near Brighton, in May, 1857, and he probably would have found a con-
siilerable number more, had the ground not been flooded by a thunder shower ;
Basingstoke (W. J. Saunders) ; Dawson records Windsor, Bristol, Netley, Lymington,
and Treneglos, Cornwall, as localities : in Scotland the species has occurred near Loch
Lomond, aud very rarely in the Clyde and Solway districts : this insect is widely dis-
tributed over Southern aud Central Europe, Asia Minor aud Siberia.

Ii. haemorrhoidalis, F. (jnarginata, Fourc). Red, elytra black or
bluish black with the apex red, breast black ; head and thorax finely
punctured, the latter short, much dilated and rounded at the sides ;
elytra with the shoulders rounded and prominent, sides dilated behind
middle, with feeble and feebly punctured strise, interstices flat, diffusely
and weakly punctured ; third stria with tAvo small pores ; antennae and
legs testaceous. L, 4 mm.

"Netley, Shropshire, on broom. Rev. F. W. Hope," Stephens; Dr. Power has a
specimen taken by Mr. Sidebotham, near Devizes ; the species, however, is very doubt-
fully indigenous.

Xi. turcica, F. {scapidaris, Fourc). Smaller than crux-minor ; head
black, mouth, palpi, and antennae reddish testaceous ; thorax reddish
with a deep central line, scutellum reddish ; elytra black with a large
reddish testaceous patch on the shoulders, and a very slender margin of
the same colour extending to apex, deeply striated, interstices convex,
these and the striae themselves almost impunctate ; breast and legs red,
abdomen black, paler in centre ; legs testaceous. L. 5 mm.

The claim of this species to be regarded as British rested for many
years on four specimens reported to have been captured, many years ago,
in Oakhampton Park. In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for June, 1883 (vol xx.,
p. 8), a specimen is recorded as taken from birch stumps in a clearing
near Guestling, Hastings, by Mr. Eennett ; this specimen appears to be
authentic, but further confirmation of the species is much needed.

AETOPHORUS, Schmidt-Goebel.

One species only is contained in this genus, and this is included by
some authors under Demetrias ; from the species of this genus it is dis-
tinguished by the quite simple claws of the tarsi, by the large pro-
jecting paraglossce, and by the absence of a tooth in the emargination of
the mentum.

Acf<ij)//oni'<.] ADEPIIAGA. • l;;9

A. iinperialis, Genu. "Winged, elongate, depressed ; head Llack,
large, narrowed in front and behind, antennai testaceous ; thorax reddish,
elongate, cordiform, strongly narrowed behind, finely margined, posterior
angles blunt; elytra somewhat wider than in the species of the following
genus, testaceous, feebly striated, with two oblique streaks on each side
of scutellum, and the suture itself until middle where it dilates into
a lozenge-shaped spot, dark ; there are also two dark spots near the
margins behind niidtile, usually connected with the middle spot by two
lines, the whole markings bearing a fancied resemblance to the double-
eagle (hence its name Aetojjhurus or eagle-bearer) ; the third interstice is
furnished with two pores ; legs testaceous, penultimate joint of tarsi very
strongly bilobed. L. i^-o mm.

Eiirc',|oii reeds and lierbage in fenny districts ; Cambridgeshire, Iluntingdonslii-n, and
Noifolk Fens (Horning, &c.) ; marshes at the mouth of the Colne, near COiChester
(\V. H. Harwoodj j Dageuham and llford, Essex.

DEIVIETIIIAS, Gondii.

This genus comprises about eight species mostly from Europe and
Northern Asia ; they are distinguished from the preceding Ijy having tlie
tarsal claws pectinate or denticidate, the paraglossae only reaching slightly
beyond the lingua, and by the emargination of the mentum being fur-
nished with a simple tooth ; from Dromius they are at once separated,
like the preceding, by the strongly bilobed penultimate joint of the
tarsi.

1. Elj'tra with a common well-marked spot on apical

third ; wings none or rndinientary D. UNIPUNCTATUS, Germ.

2. Elytra with suture more or less dark, but with no

defined spot ; wings developed D. ateicai'illus, L.

n. unipunctatus, Germ. ()iwnosfifjma,B>am.). Elongate, apterous ;
head black, antennae and palpi reddish testaceous ; thorax reddish, cordi-
form, slightly margined, posterior angles very blunt ; elytra testaceous
with suture and a common spot black, feebly striated, third interstice
with two pores; underside and legs testaceous. L. 4-4 1 mm.

At roots of grass, in moss, &c., also on rushes, on sand-hills, and in dry sandy
places, as well as in marshes. Local, but not rare ; Deal, Kamsgate, and various
localities in the south and south-east ; also Norfolk and I-iincolnsliire coasts and south-
west Yorkshire; Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire Fens; Swansea and the western
coast; local towards the north, and not recorded from the e.\treme north of England
or from Scotland.

D. atricapillus, L. Elongate, winged ; very like the preceding,
but with no distinct spot on the elytra, and with the posterior angles of
thorax more distinct; elytra feebly striated, some of the interstices near
suture with rows of larger punctures, suture blackish ; untlerside testa-
ceous, meso- and laeta-sterimin blackish ; legs testaceous. L. 5^-6 mm.

On herbage, especially nettles, in spring ; in moss, amongst dead twigs in hedges, &.o. ;
very common over the whole of England until towards the extreme north, where it
becomes rare ; it is not recorded from Scotland.

1 iO ADEPHAGA. [Dromius.

DR03MIUS, Bouelli.

The si^ecies belonging to this genus are somewhat numerous, being
upwards of a hundred in number ; they are distributed over the whole
M'orld, but are chiefly found in the temperate regions ; a small proportion
live in the southern hemisphere, and these occ-ur mostly in Chili, in
Avhich country and its adjoining districts several of the northern genera
(e.g. CaraTius) appear to repeat themselves ; several also of the genera
near Dromius are Chilian ; the tribe has not yet been fully worked out,
especially as regards the southern forms ; the habits of the species are
very different, some being found on plants or among refuse at their base
or roots, others occurring in dry and stony places, others being confined
to fenny localities, while one section are almost exclusively found under
bark of trees : there are about twenty European species, of which we
possess eleven as British ; some of the species are winged and others
apterous ; the presence of wings is always shown in the testaceous species
(and this applies also to the preceding genera) by a dusky patch around
the scutellum.

j\Ir. Bates (1. c. p. 191) says that a group Dromiides is incapable of
definition, including as it does such discrepant elements as Axinopalpus,
Dromius, Metabletus, and Demetrias, and we may add Aetophorus with
its large and projecting paraglossag ; he is of opinion that Metahletus
might well be classed with the CjTumdina, " its ligula and paragiossai
being similar to those of that group, whilst Dromius, in spite of the non-
extension of the paraglossce along the apical edge of the ligula, cannot
be far removed from Plochionus : " in D. longiceps, however, the para-
glossse are extended along the apical edge of the ligula ; there are, how-
ever, a large number of exotic forms that require to be examined before a
final arrangement can be made.

The larva of D. quadrinotatus is described and figured by Perrls, Ann. Fr. 1862,
p. 173, Fig. 502-509 : it is 6 mm. iu length, and resembles in general shape that of
D. agil'is ; M. Ferris found it on the pine in the cells of Fissodes notatus, devouring
the larvsc of that beetle : a beautiful figure of the larva of D. agilis is given by
Schiodte, vi., PI. iv.. Fig. 1 ; the head is very large, oblong, about the size and shape
of the prothorax, with large powerful jaws ; the abdomen is rather broad in the
middle, narrower towards base and apex ; the cerei and anal appendage are very short,
the latter armed with two warty excrescences which can be exserted at will, and
several strong hooks for climbiug ; the larva is setose, pale, with the head and all the
dorsal scuta pale ferruginous, covered with darker scattered lines and markings ; it
lives under the bark of dead trees, and is very active ; the larva of D. i-maculatus much
resembles the preceding, but is of a darker colour.

I. Elytra at base about as broad as anterior margin of

thorax.

i. Striae very weak, obscurely punctured ; head elon-
gate, smooth D. LOXGICEPS, Dej.

ii. Striae plain, distinctly punctured ; head not clou-
gate, rugose D. LINEARIS, 01.

II. Elytra at base distinctly broader than anterior margin

cf thorax.
i. Elytra uuicolorous dark red or brownish.

DimnUIX.] ADEniACA, 1-il

1. Elytra wiMi a row of pores on both the 3rd and

7th interstices D. AOTLTS, F.

2. Elytra with a row of pores on the 7th interstice

only ; . . . . D. MERIDIONALIS, BeJ.

ii. Elytra more or less testaceons.

1. Anterior testaceous markings of elytra not

reaching- side margins.

A. Thorax plainly broader than long; front of

head entirely striated D. QTTADEIMACULATFS, L.

B. Thorax plainly longer than broad ; front of

head smooth in centre D. quadrjnotatC3, Fanz.

2. Anterior testaceous markings of elytra reaching

side margins.

A. Head strongly contracted behind eyes; an-
teunfB with joints 5-10 short ; thorax broader

than long D. QUadeisignatus, Bej.

B. Head gradually contracted behind eyes ; an-
tennae with joints 3-10 elongate ; thorax at

least as long as broad.

a. Elytra entirely testaceous ; shoulders marked D. iiELAXOCEPHALrs, 2)(y'.

b. Elytra testaceous with a more or less de-

fined dark band ; shouMers rounded,
a*. Thorax and elytra narrower.

af. TliorMx iind alKlomen pitch-black ;

dark markings on elytra ill-detined . . D. NIGEITENTEI3, Thorns.
bf. Thorax and abdonnu yellow or reddish
yellow ; dark markings on elytra well

defined D. SIGIIA, Rossi.

b*. Thorax and elytra broader ; underside of

abdomen and disc of thorax usually pitchy. D. tectensis, Rye.

1>. long-iceps, Dej. Elongate, very like a Demetrias ; head long
and narrow, pitch-brown, anteniiie and palpi reddish testaceous, base of
the former lighter ; thorax longer than broad, with sides narrowed behmd,
and margins elevated, posterior angles obtuse, almost rounded ; elytra
long, narrow, somewhat widened behind middle, feelily striated, testaceous,
with suture, and a spot behind middle into which the suture widens,
fuscous ; legs testaceous. L. 6-6i mm.

Rare ; confined to marshy and fenny localities ; Horning Fen, Holme Fen, and
Whittlesea Mere, and other localities in the eastern fen districts; among reeds and
sedges l)oth standing and cut ; found like other fen insects in the sedge boats on the
river Cam.

This species differs so much from the other Dromii in general appear-
ance, and also in the fact that the paraglossas are united over the front of
the liugua, forming a membranous rim round that organ, that it almost
seems to form the type of a new genus, for which I would propose the
name of Paradroiaius ; I would not, however, venture to adopt it linally
without a further examination of the genus.

D. linearis, 01. Easily distinguished by its elongate narrow form
and almost parallel-sided elytra ; dark testaceous red, head pitchy red,
antenucB testaceous ; thorax only slightly longer than head, and about
the same breadth at its widest part, narrowed behind, posterior angles

142 ADEPHAGA. \Dromius.

right angles ; elytra strongly striated, the strife distinctly punctured,
colour darker towards apex ; legs testaceous. L. 4 mm.

In moss, amongst dead twigs, refuse, &c. ; widely distributed and common tlirough-
out England ; Scotland, widely distril)uted. Lowlands, but not common ; Ireland, near
Belfast, and Portmarnock, and probably widely distributed.

D. ag'ilis, F. Head dark red brown, often blackish, strigose be-
tween the eyes ; antennae testaceous ; thorax red brown with the margins,
which are broad, lighter, as long as broad, somewhat narrowed behind,
posterior angles bkmt, disc strigose; elytra dark pitchy red, or red-
brown, somewhat widened behind middle, disc rather depressed, obsoletely
striated, with a row of pores -on the third and also on the seventh in-
terstice ; legs testaceous. L. 5|-6 mm.

Under bark of beech, apple, &c., and among the damp herbage of river banks j
loc:il but widely distributed ; it is rather rare in the Loudon district, and other places,
but is found all over the country ; Scotland, common under bark, Lowlands, Tay,
Dee, Solvvay, Clyde ; Ireland, near Dublin.

S. meridionalis, Dej. Almost exactly like the preceding, but
dift'ers in having the thorax wider in front and more obliquely narrowed
to base, with the posterior angles more obtuse, and especially in having
a distinct row of pores on the seventh interstice, and none on the third.
L. 5|-6 mm.

Found uuder the same circumstances as the preceding, but commoner ; it does not,
however, appear in the Scotch list at all, although it is recorded from various localities
in Northumberland ; Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin.

I>> quadrimaculatus, L. Head blackish brown, finely striated
between the eyes, mouth and antennae testaceous yellow ; thorax broader
than long, reddish with darker disc, sometimes entirely red, margins
broad, elevated, posterior angles very blunt, rounded or almost rounded ;
elytra black with two large testaceous patches before middle, and a
large common one behind covering their apical portion, disc feebly but
distinctly striated, sixth stria with a row of pores ; underside of thorax
and breast ferruginous, of abdomen black ; legs testaceous. L. 5-5|-
mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom under bark of various
trees.

D. quadrinotatus, Panz. Much smaller than the preceding, and
not so broad in proportion ; head black with front of head smooth in
the centre, only strigose near eyes, antennae testaceous, a little darker
towards apex ; thorax pitchy brown with sides sometimes lighter, much
more elongate than in the preceding, narrow, with posterior angles
elevated and somewhat prominent, margins narrow ; elytra fuscous black
or brownish, marked as in the preceding species except that the apical
spot is smaller and the anterior spots are not so sharply bounded with
black at the margins ; they are, however, always separated from them
by a more or less narrow pitchy space ; striae feeble ; legs testaceous.
L. 3^-4 mm.

Dromius.'\ adepiiaga. 143

Undor bark, prencrally distributed and common, but not so abundant as the pre-
ceding ; Scotland widely distributed :i;; far nortb as the Moray district, but nob
common ; not recorded from Ireland, but probably occurs there.

D. quadrisigrnatus, Dej. Head bkck, smooth, mouth, palpi and
antenniti ttj.staceous, the latter shorter and with the joints distinctly less
elongate than in the two preceding species ; thorax quadrate, reddish,
with the centre sometimes pitchy, only slightly contracted l)ehind, pos-
terior angles obtuse ; elytra with very feeble traces of striae, shoulders
well marked, fuscous, with two testaceous spots on each, an irregular
one towards l)ase, as a rule not quite reaching suture, and a smaller one
at apex, the apical spots uniting at suture ; legs pale testaceous. L. 3|
mm.

Not common, under bark of oak, apple, &c. ; Ashford, Reigatc, Maidstone, Nuffield,
Horsell, Wimbledon I'ai'k ; Margate; Rusper, near Horsham; Grantchester ; Ather-
stoue ; Weston, Oxfordshire (bark of firs) ; Cambridge ; not recorded from tlie midland
or northern districts.

D. melanocephalus, Dej. Head black, smooth ; antennce and
palpi testaceous; thorax reddish, sometimes slightly clouded on disc,
subquadrate, a little narrowed towards base, posterior angles distinct
and elevated ; elytra entirely testaceous, very feebly striated ; under-
side reddish, abdomen often brownish; legs testaceous. L. 2^-3 mm.

Damp places, in moss, &e. ; common and widely distributed throughout England ;
Scotland, rare. Lowlands, Tay, Solwayj Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin, and pro-
bably widely distributed.

D. nig-riventris, Thorns, {fasciafus, Dej., ohlituft, Boield.). Head
black, antciDKe ;md palpi testaceous, apex of latter pitchy ; thorax
pitchy with the margins lighter, subiiuadrate, margins raised, especially
behind, posterior angles blunt but distinct ; elytra oblong more or less
pitchy, with a pale patch covering the basal portion except just at suture,
and an indistinct smaller patch at apex ; in sonu^ specimens the spots are
cloudy anil confused, and run more or less the one into the other ; striK
exceedingly feeble, sometimes almost obliterated; underside pitchy black;
legs testaceous. L. 3 mm.

Sandy coasts, and banks of rivers ; also on banks of ditches, and in hedge bottoms;
local, but common where it occurs, and widely distributed. (Jravesend, Sluerness,
Chatham, Whitstable, Walton-on-Thaines; Eastbourne, Weymouth, Lymington, and
other places on the south coast ; Essex; Scarborough; Devonshire ; Ciieshire ; Liver-
pool ; Northumljcrland and Durham ; Scotland, scarce. Lowlands, Tweed, Tay, Forth,
]\I(iray ; Inland, near Dublin, &c.

D. sig-ma, Rossi. Very lik(> the preceding in shape and size, but
much lighter, with the dark markings on the elytra well deliucd ; the
thorax also is much lighter, being usually unicolorous testaceous red
without any darker shade on disc; the elytra are clear testaceous with a
dark transver.se toothed fascia behind middle ; the suture also is more or
less dark; the abdomen, instead tif iicing pitchy, is yellow or reddish
yellow, sometimes slightly fuscous at margins ; antenn;e, palpi, and legs
entirely testaceous. L. 3 mm.

144 ADEPiiAGA. \_Dromius.

Rare ; confined to fens and marshy places ; formerly taken in numbers with D.
longiceps iu the sed^e boats on the Cum, and Whittlesea Mere ; Rusper, near Hor-
sham ; VVesterham, Kent (Gorham) ; Dorking; Staines; Amberley ; Egham (banks
of Thames, Champion); Scarborough (R. Lawsoa) and Askham Bryan, Yorks;
Dawson records it from North Wales and Carlisle.

Dk vectensis, Eye. (sir/ma var., Dawson and others). Fig. with
elytra of D. sigma, Ent. Ann. 1874, Front. Closely allied to the
preceding, but more robust and wider generally ; antennae shorter and
stouter ; thorax somewhat more transverse ; elytra wider and compara-
tively shorter with the sides less parallel ; the transverse band on the
elytra is always wider, nearly always reaching more broadly up the suture
towards the scutellura, so as to leave a lesser testaceous space at
shoulders, and invariably extending downwards on the outer side,
almost (if not quite) to apex, leaving only a small pale spot on each
next suture, instead of a broad patch as in sigma ; thorax often pitchy on
disc, abdomen more or less pitchy. L. 3 mm.

Usually occurs on sandy coasts and banks of rivers, but is also found under bark
and in dead leaves, flood refuse, &c. ; banks of the Medway at Chatham ; banks of the
Thames, Gravesend and Sheeruess; Rochester; Bexley ; Forest Hill; Weymouth;
Isle of Wight (Luccombe, Ventnor, Sandown, amidst stones and herbage on the sides
of the clifls) ; Seaton (Power): in habitat as well as structure and colouration it
differs considerably from D. sigma ; in some respects it comes near D. nigriventris,
but the latter is distinguished by its slighter build, and much less defined and very
variable dark fascia on the elytra.

This species is the D. ohlitus of Crotch's Cat. Brit. Col., and also of
Sharp's Cat. Brit. Col. (1st Edition), but it 'is not the D. ohlitus of
Boieldien, which must be referred to D. 7iigriventns. (Vide Eut. Mo.
Mag. X. 73.)

BIiSCHRUS, Motschulsky.

This genus comes very close to Metahletus ; it is chiefly distinguished
from it by the fact that the species have no tooth in the emargination of
the mentum, whereas the species of Mdahletiis have the emargination
plainly denticulate : the differences, however, are rather speciiic than
eeneric, and several authors include Blechrus under Metahletus ; in the
genus Blechrus proper there are some sixteen or seventeen sj^ecies which
are rather widely distributed, being found in Europe, North Asia, North
America, Egypt, Algeria, Madeira, and Cuba : they are small shining
insects, and run with great rapidity in the sunshine on the sides of
clayey or sandy cliffs, and on grassy paths, usually near the coast.

S. maurus, Sturm (glahratus, WolL, nee Duft.). Dark bronze
black, very shining ; head large, smooth ; thorax with the anterior
margin about as broad as head with eyes, narrowed from behind aiiterior
angles to base, posterior angles blunt, almost obsolete, but distinctly
traceable uiider a high magnifying power ; elytra depressed, glabrous,
with the shoulders rather marked, abbreviated behind and leaving the
apical portion of the abdomen uncovered ; antennae, palpi, and legs
black, the latter sometimes pitchy. L. 2| mm.

Blcchrus.'] AnEniAOA. H5

Under stones, moss, refuse, &c., also runnings in the sun ; prenerally di-^tributed and
oonimou in the south, but not found towards the north or in IScotland ; it usually
occurs in or near the coast.

B. glahratus, Duft., which has been in the British lists, is not in-
digenous : it is a larger insect, with the thorax a little less contracted
l)ehind, and with the elytra more parallel, and rather longer ; it belongs
to Southern Europe.

DIETABXiETUS, Schmidt-Goebel.

About two dozen species are contained in this genus, wliidi come
from much tlie same countries, and are found under very much the
same circumstances as the species of Bh-clirus, which they rather closely
r(!semble in size and general appearance ; about half the species are
European, of which we possess three as British.

I. Elytra with two impressions or pores on the third

stria M. FOVEOLA, Gyll.

II. Elytra without impressions or pores on the third
stria,

i. Elytra oval, unicolorous M. tBttn'Oatellus, L.

ii. Elytra oblong, with a very obscure yellowish

spot at shoulders, and sometimes also at apex . . M. OBSCUEO-aUTTATUS, Z)u/((.

TH. foveola, Gyll. Obscure brassy brown ; apterous ; head large,
smooth, antennae black ; thorax short, with anterior margin hardly
broader tlian head with eyes, contracted from behind anterior angles
to posterior angles which are olituse and somewhat elevated ; elytra some-
what widened behind, moderately rounded at the sides, feebly striated,
with two distinct pores on the third stria ; legs black or slightly pitchy.
L. 3 mm.

Sandy places, at roots of grass, &e. ; common and widely distributed throughout
England J Scotland local. Lowlands, but widely distributed ; Ireland, Portmaruock,
&c.

DC. truncatellus, E. Shorter and smaller than the preceding
witliout any brassy tinge, and without any pores on the third stria of
the elytra ; ajiterous ; thorax shorter, with anterior margin slightly
cmarginate, more rounded at the sides, and with the posterior angles very
blunt almost rounded off ; elytra shorter and slightly wider, apex very
wide, disc obsoletely striated ; legs black or i)itchy. E. 2.s mm.

Sandy places, at roots of grass, &c.; local but not uncommon where it occurs;
Sheerness, Dulwich, Chatham, Heigate, Croydon ; Staines ; Walton-on-Tliames ;
Deal and Pegwell Bay; Hastings; Glanvilles Wootton ; Colchester; Tonbriiigc;
Siilford Priors; IJewdley ; Cannock Chase; I know of no locality for this species in
the nortlu'rn counties, and think with Dr. Sharp that the one Scotch record,
" Cramoiul, Jlurray," is probably a mistake; Ireland, Portmaruock (Haliday).

M. obscuro-g-uttatus, Duft. "Winged, obscure brassy bro^^^^
each elytron with a very obscure light spot at shoulder and occasionally
anothi^r at apex ; thorax much as in M. foviola, but with the sides and
posterior angles slightly more rounded; elytra with tlx' apex obli(|uely

146 ADErnAGA. [3Ietahlcf7is.

truncate, feebly striated ; tibia) and tarsi testaceous, femora darker. L.
3 mm.

Damp places, in moss, under refuse, &c. ; local, but not uncommon in the south and
midland districts ; apparently not found in the north or in Scotland ; Lee, Shcerness,
Cliatliam, Toubridge Wells, Keip^ate, Dulwich, Lewisham ; Weymouth; Hastings;
Glanvilles Wootton ; Isle of Wight; Colchester ; Slaptou Ley, Devon; SaU'ord Priors;
Bewdley; Norfolk; Beikshire.

X.IONYCZIUS, Wissman.

This genus, as its name implies, is separated from the preceding by the
simple and smooth tarsal claws : it contains nine or ten species, which are
widely distributed over the Old World, representatives being found in
India and Burmah, and also at the Cape of Good Hope ; they are all
small, more or less brassy, with light spots on the elytra : in habits they
resemble the Bembidia.

Zi. quadrillum, Duft. Shining black with a feeble bronze reflection ;
antennae Ijlack, with first joint brownish-red ; thorax with anterior margin
plainly Avider than head with eyes, rounded at the sides below the anterior
angles, much contracted towards l^ase, posterior angles small, acute, and
prominent ; elytra broad and short, shoulders rather marked, with four
distinct strise near suture, the outer ones obsolete, interstices finely sha-
greened, with a row of minute but plain punctures in each, each elytron
with two yellow spots, one near shoulder, and another more or less obscure
behind middle which is sometimes absent ; legs black. L. 3 mm.

Marshy places on the coast, under stones, &c., rare ; Sheerness ; Whitstable ;
Southend ; Slapton Ley, Devon ; Lymington ; Raiuclili' Wood, near Scarborough, at
roots of ash (li. Lawsonj.

POLYSTICHINA.

This tribe is distinguished by having the basal joints of the antennae
pubescent, the apex of the elytra membranous, and especially by its very
long and slender paraglossse ; it is, however, merely adopted here pro-
visionally, as it is probable that Puhjstichus belongs to the Dryptina,
being connected with them through the gradations Diaphorus, Ztijjldum,
Galerita, Planetes, &c. From Drijpta itself it differs very widely by its
cordiform thorax, simple fourth joint of the tarsi, and comparatively
short first joint of antennae. One thing is certain, and that is, that it
cannot be classed, as it is by Dr. Horn and others, with the Helluonina,
from which tribe it is widely separated by its long mend^ranous i)ara-
glossae ; in Hellao these parts are corneous and merged in the ligula.

POX.VSTZCKUS, Bonelli.

Nine species of this genus are mentioned in the Munich Catalogue, but
according to M. Bedel only three true species are known, two from
Europe, and one from Central Asia ; very little is known about their
habits.

Lionyrhus.] adephaoa. 1-1-7

P. vittatus, P.rullc (connrxu.% Yoiwc, fasriolatiiji, Daws. G. Brit., nee
]Ji)ssi). 11(311(1 anil thorax pitchy brown above and beneath, elytra
pitchy with a broad reddish testaceous patch extending on each side of
suture from base to beyond middle ; u})per surface covered witli yellow
pubescence ; head and thorax coarsely punctured, antennai and palpi fer-
luginous ; elytra depressed, parallel-sided, distinctly striated, interstices
tliickly punctured ; legs and abdomen ferruginous. L. 9-10 mm.

Clay bunks on the coast ; also further inland at the foot of posts, under stones and
elods, in flood refuse, &c. ; Whitstuble ; Heme Bay ; Hastings; Hythe ; Waltoii-oii-
Naze; Southend; St. Leonards; Siieppv, generally distributed ; Sheerness, occasionally
common ; in profusion in March, 1873, by digging about posts at Queenboro' (J. J.
Walker).

DRYPTINA.

Tliis tribe is rich in exotic forms, the genera containing the greatest
numlier of species being Galprita and Ziiphium ; in Europe it is repre-
sented by two genera and six species, of which one only is British ;
several of its members have the head joined to the thorax by a semi-
globular neck as in the Odacanthina, but from these and their allies they
are distinguished by the penultimate joint of the labial palpi being
])lurisetose in front, and also in some cases by the elongate first joint of
tlie antenna} ; this point, however, cannot be dej^ended upon as of triljal
value, as some of the genera of the allied tribes have the first joint longer
than some of the Dryj)tina.

DRVPTA, Fabricius.

Tliis genus comprises upwards of thirty species from Europe, Asia,
and Africa, one or two also being found in Australia ; they occur chiefly
in hot regions ; as a rule they are very handsome insects ; they live in
either damp or dry places, near the sea or further inland, at the roots of
grass, under vegetable refuse, &c.

D. dentata, Rossi (emarfj/inafa, V.). Bright green or blue green on
both the upper and under sides ; head tliickly punctured, eyes prominent ;
mouth, palpi, and antennaj red, the apex of the lirst joint of latter (wliich
is very elongate), and a ring round the second and third, black ; thorax
elongate, almost cylindrical, somewhat narrowed behind, very coarsely
jiunctured, with distinct dorsal furrow ; elytra rather wider behind
middle, pubescent, with strongly punctured stria;, interstices finely punc-
tured. L. 8 mm.

Very local but has sometimes been taken abundantly ; it is found on clay banks at
roots of grass, &c. , and occurs cither near tlie coast or inland vuid.-r veg(.'laltle rclusf,
moss, &c. ; (iosport (in numbers); Portsmouth and Alvcrstoke ; I'ortsea ; Islo of
W'ii^lit, Luccombe Chine and Freshwater, April 1885; Hastings; Kavershani ;
Chattendcii (Kent); Lyme Regis; Chatham (a few sik-ci mens t^ikcu from moss in a
wood in early sprint,' by (l. C. Chaniiiioii and .1. .1. \\';ilkcr).

I. 1^

148 ADEPUAGA. [BracJii)uiia

BEACHININA.

This very distinct tribe is characterized by having the mesosternal
epimera very wide, sometimes nearly as large as the episterna ; in some
cases the posterior coxee are separated, the first ventral segment being
visible between them, but this character is not universal in all the
species ; the most peculiar characteristic of the members of the tribe is
their power of ejecting from the anus an explosive liquid, which
volatilizes as soon as it reaches the air, and has caustic properties, pro-
ducing an effect on the skin similar to that caused by nitric acid : an
interesting account is given of this peculiarity in West wood's Classifica-
tion, vol. i. p. 76. Our common species of Brachinus possesses this property
in a marked degree, and has hence been called the Bombardier beetle,
but the effect produced is of course much more noticeable in the largo
tropical species : the members of the Brachinina have the abdomen with
seven or eight visible segments instead of six as is the rule in the other
tribes, but, as Dr. Horn points out, the importance of this fact has been
much exaggerated ; the explosive fluid ejected by Braddnus does not
differ except in degree of strength and chemical action from that ejected
as a means of defence by several other Carabidee, and if we examine
the species of any of the genera which emit a liquid whether explosive
or not (e.g. Galerita, or any of the larger Dryptini), it will be seen that
the structure in no way differs from that of Brachinus, except that the
latter has a broader sixth segment, which being truncate, or slightly
emarginate, allows the genital armature to become more plainly visible,
and we thus count more segments. (See Horn, Carabidae, p. 166.) Dr.
Horn places the Brachinina at the head of his Harpalinae unisetosa?, but
they evidently belong to the Truncatipenne series, from the rest of Avliich,
however, they differ in the fact that the head lias only one supra-orbital
seta, whereas in all the other genera it is furnished with two. M.
Bedel considers them a separate sub-familj'.

BRACHINUS, Weber.

This genus contains about one hundred and Mtj species, which are
widely distributed throughout the world, a large proportion occurring in
tropical regions ; about twenty-five species are found in Europe, of which
we possess three as British, two of wdiich are doubtfully indigenous and
require further confirmation : the species generally are of very uniform
appearance and colour (red head and thorax and bluish elytra) ; they
are found under stones and logs, at roots of grass, &c., often in largo
colonies.

I. Elytra unicolorons.

i. Fostevior angli s of thorax sharp, projecting; striaj on

elytra broad and well defined, although shallow . . . B. crepitans, L.

ii. Posterior angles of tliorax blnnt; strife on elytra very

feeble B. explodens, Duft.

II. Suture of elytra broadly red behind seutellum . . . . B. sclopeta, F.

Brarhiii'i''.] ADEPIIAOA. 11 'J

S. crepitans, L. Ileail and thurax red, antoniiic ferruginous, tliird
and fourth joints more or less fuscous ; head broad, eyes prominent ;
thijrax in front about as broad as head with eyes, elongate, cordiform,
strongly sinuate before posterior angles, which are prominent, disc
rugose, dorsal furrow distinct, margins well defined ; elytra black, bluish-
black, steel blue, or greenish, slightly pubescent, dull, stria3 shallow, but
defined, interstices punctured ; legs ferruginous. L. 7-9 mm.

Uuder stones, at roots of g'^ss, &c., on chalky hill-sides, on river banks, and on
the coast. Local, but common in the south from Slieerness and Giaveseiid down-
wards; abundant in the Isle of W'lfrlit and many other fiouthern localities; Swan-
sea, Hertford, and Oxford (Curtis) ; Ireland, Wexford and Louth.

B. explodens, Duft. (var. gJabratus, Dej.). !^^ucll smaller than the
preceding ; elytra shorter, more convex, blue or green, shining, the striaj
only feebly indicated or quite obsolete ; the whole breast and abdomen
is dark brown, whereas in B. crepitans the middle of the breast is nioie
or less red ; the third and fourth joints of the autennai are spotted wiili
black. L. 4-6 mm.

This is a common species on the Continent, but is very doubtful as
British : three distinct specimens of different forms of this insect (which
is very varialjle) are said to liavc been taken by a Lepidopterist wlio was
collecting at random in Silverdale and Wastdale in June and July 18G3
for Mr. Sidebotham (Ent. Ann. 18G6, 59). I feel sure that there is
some mistake about these beetles, especially' as no Brachini have ever
been recorded from the northern districts : as Mr. Rye remarks, " it is
very curious that these three specimens should be all different."

B. sclopeta, F. Very like B. explodens, but distinguished liy its
red breast and abdomen, and the fact that the suture is broadly reil
from about middle to base ; the elytra are more brightly coloured, usually
blue, but sometimes greenish ; the stride are faint but more distinct than
in the preceding species ; the interstices are feebly punctured ; the antenii:e
are entirely and constantly red : examples sometimes occur in which the
red sutural patch is very narrow. L. 4-6 mm.

Doubtful as British; at all events, it has not occurred for many years ; I)evon>liire
(Leach) ; Southend (Hope) ; Hastings, locality doubtful (Stephens) ; iMr. ^Littlicws
tells me that his specimens came from Sowerhy, who took a small sci'ies '' near
Margate, Kent," in 1830, and tr^ive some to his (atlier at the time : he fully believis
that they are quite authentic IJritish s]Hciinens ; the species, however, seems to liave
entirely (iisap])eiired from the county ; it is, however, very common near Paris, and
is sjiread widely over southern Europe, so there is no reason why it should not be found
i:i our southern counties.

HALIPLIDiE.

The Haliplida3 were formerly included among the Pytisciihr>, but
their separation was suggested by Leconte, and has since l)een effecteil by
Thomson and Sharp. Tlie latter at the end of his work on the l)ytiscid;u
(p. 972) discusses the jiosition taken up by Scluium with regard to
them (Insect. JJeutsch. i,, pt. _, i>p. 9 and lO) : this author iuiludes

150 ADEPHAGA. [HalipUdce.

them among the Dytiscida^ but says " that their legs are not sAvimming
legs in shape, but only by ciliation, and that they differ so much from
the true Dytiscidse in the insertion of the antennse and the number of
their joints that they could be erected into a peculiar family, were it not
for the fact that Pelohius existed to unite the two groups together ;" there
seems, however, to be no real connection at all between Pelobius and.
the Haliplidse ; it is most probable that Pelohius ought not to be in-
cluded in the Dytiscidae at all, and it is, as Dr. Sharp points out,
certainly an erroneous course to include the Haliplidse in one family
with the Dytiscidse, and at the same time to keep these latter distinct
from the Carabidse ; the peculiar construction of the posterior coxae of
the Haliplida?, which are fixed and furnished with large plates covering
the greater part of the abdomen, separates them at once from both
families ; they possess, it is true, in common with the Dytiscidse, the
peculiarity of glabrous antennse (which are 10-jointed instead of 11-
jointed as in the latter family), but this is probably only due to their
manner of life and the element in which they live, and we need no
more class them with the Dytiscidse on this point alone than we should
class a whale with a salmon because they both have their limbs modified
into fins ; if, however, it is clear that the Haliplidse are to be separated
from the Dytiscidse, and there does not seem to be much doubt about
the matter, they must be rather classed as a separate group of the
Carabidse, and further than this must be considered as completing the
circle by being closely connected with the Cicindelidse in the structure
of the front of the head, and the insertion of the antennae, the clypeus
extending laterally in front of their insertions, instead of not expending
so far towards the sides as their insertions, as in the Carabidse.

It may be said, in conclusion, that if from the fact of their aquatic
habits it is considered necessary to class the Haliplidse with the Dyti-
scidse, we might just as well class certain species of Curculionidse among
the water-beetles proper, notably those belonging to the genus Pliytohius
and its allies ; Euhrychius velatus, for instance, is quite as aquatic in its
habits as Haliplus, and swims with its hind legs after the fashion of a
true Dytiscide.

Our genera of the Haliplidoa may be divided as follows : —

I. Terminal joint of palpi snitill, subulate.

i. Thorax quadrate, with lateral impressed line Brychifs, Thom.i.

ii. Thorax narrowed in front Halipltjs, Latr.

II. Terminal joint of palpi conical, longer than the penultimate;

thorax narrowed in front Cnemidotus, III.

BRVCHIUS, Thomson.

This genus, which was separated by Thomson from Ualiylm, comprises
three species from Europe and one from California ; they live in running
water, and are found attached to sunken logs or to the sides of the banks
in mosSj &c.

B. elevatus, Panz. Pale testaceous ; head thickly and finely

BnjcMus.'] ADKPII.VGA. 151

punctured, cyos somewhat proiiiiuent ; tliorax transverse, roumUnl in
front, straiglit towards hase, anterior and pofrterior margins sometimes
fuscous, base with deep impressions; elytra with Llack plainly punctured
stria?, which become feebler at sides; third interstice raised into a keel
until beyond middle, sixth interstice also raised towards base. L.
3i-4 mm.

Somewhat local but widely distrihntod throughout England from uorth to south
in brooks and rivers ; Scotland, common in rapid streams. Lowlands, Tweed, Forth,
Sohvay, Clyde, Moray ; Ireland, Dublin, Loughlinstowti, and Armagh, and probably
common. 1 have tbnnd it on loirs in tlie Dove near Jiurton-on-Treut in company with
Macronychus aud Hydropoms \2-puslulatus.

KAZ1ZFI.TTS, Latreille'.

This and the jireceding genus are remarkable for the very small and
sul)ulate terminal joint of the palpi, in which point they resemble the
Bemlniliina, which on this account have been for a long time placed at
the end of the Carabid<B.

About forty or fifty species are comprised in the genus, which occur
chiefly in Europe and North America, a very small proportion being
found in China and Australia ; they live in both fresh and brackish
water, in stagnant ponds and. also in running streams, attached to aquatic
plants, &c.

The larva? of Haliplus are very peculiar iu their structure : those of H. rtificolUs
and H.fulvu.i are figured by Schiiidte, ii., PI. viii.. Fig. 1 aud 16.

The iarva of II. rnJicuUis (Fig. 1) is linear, very long, somewhat cylindrical, and
niouiliform, the segments being contracted at apex and base, whitish or whitish yellow
with the roughnesses on the corneous parts fuscous ; the head is much narrower than
the protkora.x, which is large ; all the dorsal scuta are furnished with a large longi-
tudinal depression on each side, and have their posterior angles produced into a sharp
point : in all except the ninth the basal space between the posterior angles is produced
into four short equal obtuse teeth; the whole surface of the dorsal scuta as well as
of the anal appendage is granulose ; the anal appendage is very long, slender, and
divided at apex into two setose processes ; there are no cerci ; the legs arc rather
long, and are terminated by simple claws; the larva is sluggish, and uses its whole
body for locomotion as well as its legs.

The larva of H./u/rus dillers very much iu appearance from the preceding, each
scutum being furnished witli tour large stout sj)ines which are double as long as the
segment that hears them, and point downwards towards apex; the anal appendage is
as long as or longer than the whole of the abdominal seguieuts, and is divided at the
apex into two very slender setose processes.

The pupa of 7/. varipuafus is figured by Schiiidte with the above insects: it is rather
short and broad, and furnished with short, stout spines.

I. Elytra with rows of feeble punctures.

i. Base of tliorax without an impressed longitudinal

stria on each side H. ODLlQrr?, F.

ii. Base of thorax with an impressed longitudinal

stria on each side H. CONFINIS, Steph.

II. Elytra with rows of deep punctures.

i. Base of thorax without longitudinal stria on each
side.
1. Head broad; thorax not strongly conti-:ietcd in

front II. MLCHONATI'S, Sti'ph.

152 ADEPHAGA. [^HciUplnS.

2. Head narrow ; thorax strongly contracted in
front.

A. Anterior margin of thorax truncate in middle;
elytra pale yellow without dark spots ; thorax
with a distinctly defined row of large punc-
tures at base H. flavicollis, Sfnnn.

B. Anterior margin of thorax slightly produced
in middle, sinuate ; elytra (as a rule) reddish

with dark spots.

a. Thorax with a distinctly defined row of
large punctures at base ; humeral angles not

prominent.

a*. Form oblong-ovate ; punctuation of an-
terior part of thorax distinctly feebler
than of base H. FULVUS, i?'.

b*. Form short oval ; punctuation of anterior

part of thorax as strong as of base . . . H. TARIEGATUS, Sturm.

b. Thorax without a distinctly defined row of
large punctures at base ; humeral angles

prominent H. CINEEEUS, Aitbe.

ii. Thorax with an impressed longitudinal stria on
each side.

1. Thorax without longitudinal black line in centre,

its base not channelled.

A. Shoulders broader, colour darker, sides of

elytra less parallel H. EUFicoLLis, i)e (?.

B. Shoulders narrower, colour lighter ; sides of

elytra more parallel.

a. Elytra with dark lines more or less inter-
rupted by dark spots H. flutiatilis, Auhd.

b. Elytra with dark lines never intei'rupted by

dark spots H. steiatus, Sharp.

2. Thorax with longitudinal black line in centre,

its base deeply channelled H. lineatocollis, Marsh.

K. obliquus, Er. {aracenus, 01.). Testaceous, somewhat dull, wliolo
upper surface extremely finely and thickly punctured ; hack part of head
and middle of anterior margin of thorax (usually more or less) black or
fuscous ; thorax double as broad as long, strongly contracted in front,
with rather diffuse and strong punctures in middle and at base ; elytra
at base broader than base of thorax, acuminate at apex, with rows of
fine punctures which stand on interrupted black lines ; viewed as a whole
the base, suture, a broadly waved baiid across middle, and four spots
(two on each elytron, usually confluent) just before apex appear black ;
legs testaceous. L. 3| mm.

Found both in ponds and ditches, and also in running water; somewhat local, but
widely distributed throughout England ; in Scotland it is rare, and only occurs in
the Tweed and Forth districts. Ireland, Dublin and Armagh, and probably widely
distributed.

21. confinis, Steph. {lineatus, Aub(5). Very like the preceding, but
distinctly broader at the shoulders, and usually of a darker reddish
colour ; it is easily distinguished from that species by the short longi-
tudinal stria on each side of base of thorax ; thorax entirely testaceous
or with anterior and posterior margins more or less narrowly dark ; elytra

IlaJijilii'^.] ADEniAGA. 153

very finely puncturod witli rows of larger but yet fino punctures set in
black lines which, especially externally, are in places confluent and form
spots : these, however, are not nearly as much pronounced as in the
preceding species. L. 3j mm.

Local, but widely distributed; usually found in ponds and ditches ; not uncommon
in tbe Loudon district : Graveseud, Earlswood, W'andswortb, Lee, EsIut, Forest
}[ill ; Horniuf,' Fen; New Forest; Norfolk; Suffolk; Knowlo, near Birniinybam ;
Hereford; Weston-super-Mare; Liverpool district; Nortbuniberland district (Gos-
forth, Talkin Tarn, &c., not uncommon) ; Scotland, scarce, Lowlauds, Tweed, Forth,
Tay ; Ireland, Armagh.

The insect captured by Mr. Bold in ponds near Newcastle-ou-Tyne,
and introduced by him as H. varius, Nicolai, is a variety of this insect
(as stated by Mr. Eye, Ent. Ann. 1869, 14): I have not seen these
specimens, and Mr. IJold's description (Ent. Mo. Mag. iv. 284) is very
meagre ; I believe, however, that the insects in Dr. Power's and Dr.
Sharp's collections under var. variue are identical with them : these are
pale testaceous with the thorax entirely testaceous ; the black elytra!
lines are finer and are not confluent ; they are also more or less evanes-
cent towards base and externally, so that the elytra as a whole present
the appearance of being furnished Avith light markings instead of the
usual dark ones ; the specimens which I have examined are also narrower
than the ordinary form. According to Schaum, the true varuis of
Nicolai is very like ohliqtms, but always smaller, broader at the shoulders,
and more rotundate, with the black lines on the elytra running here and
there into spots ; the anterior and posterior margins of the thorax are
also dark, and the longitudinal stria? at base of thorax are sometimes
scarcely perceptible : as there is still some doubt about the insect we
consider as a variety of ccmfinis, which seems distinct from the true //.
varius, it is better perhaps to adopt a different name for it than v. rariirs,
which may cpiise confusion ; I would therefore propose to call it v.
jiallens. The specimens in Dr. Power's collection are Scotch, two of them
being from Loch Leveii.

K. mucronatus, Steph. {hadhis, Aube, parallehis, Babington).
Elongate, somewhat convex, more parallel-sided than the allied species ;
colour reddish testaceous ; head short and broad, eyes large and pro-
minent ; thorax usually a little darker on anterior margins, where it is
slightly produced in the centre, not strongly contracted in front, strongly
punctured except on disc, but more strongly in front than behind ;
elytra with rows of strong punctures, interstices with rows of flue
punctures, sides subparallel until liehind middle, strongly acuminate
at apex. L. 4-4 j mm.

Rare ; in ponds. Sec, both fresh and brackish ; not recoided from the I^ondon distric-t.
Weston-super-Mare (locally jdentiful in early summer, but soon disap])ears) ; Swansea,
Crymlyn Hop:; Burton-on-Trent (very rare); Wieken Fen; Soliam, Cambridge;
Holm Bush, Brighton; Suffolk ; Hornsea.

K. fliavicollis, Sturm (mj^rctmiii^, ¥.). This species and the sue-

154 ADETOAGA. [IlaUplu^-

ceeding are at once distmgiiished from H. vmcronatvs by having the
sides of the thorax strongly contracted in front and the elytra nuich
less parallel-sided, and also by the much smaller and narrower head ;
from the other species with strongly punctured elytra these may be
separated by their superior size. H. ftavicollis is of a lighter colour than
either H. mucronaius ov fulvus, and may be separated from the latter by
its broader shoulders, and light testaceous unspotted elytra ; the thorax
also is less produced in the centre of its anterior margin and the thoracic
punctures are blacker, but these distinctions are not very obvious. L.
4 mm.

Pouds and ditches ; somewhat local, but widely distributed throughout England
and Wales; not uncommon in the Northumberland district, but very local in Scothmd,
and apparently only found in the Solway district, where it is recorded as abundant
in some pools by the side of the Nith below Thornhill. Ireland, near Belfast.

K. fulvus, F. (fermginet/s, Gyll.). Ycry like the preceding, but of
a dark ferruginous colour, with darker spots on the elytra (which are
very rarely absent) ; the shoulders are narrower than in H. flavicollis,
which species hardly ever presents traces of spots on the elytra ; the
thorax has the anterior margin slightly produced in the middle. L.
4 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; common and widely distributed throughout England and Wales,
although rather local in some districts; Scotland, not common, Lowlands, but some-
wliat widely distributed as far north as the Moray district. Ireland, near Belfast and
Dublin, and probably common.

XZ. varieg'atus, Sturm. Ferruginous, ovate ; thorax with anterior
margin more or less dark, somewhat strongly contracted in front,
strongly punctured in front and behind, with a distinct row of large
punctures at base ; elytra convex, with base scarcely broader than base
of thorax, sides of thorax and elytra viewed sideways forming a very
open obtuse angle ; the dark markings on the elytra are, as a rule, much
more marked and more widely spread than in the other species, and
the rows of large punctures are very strong, the interstices being fur-
nished with rows of rather large punctures set at some distance apart.
L. 3^^ mm.

Ditches, &c., both near the coast and inland ; local ; Wandsworth ; Notting Hill ;
Deal; Hastings; Sheerness; Strood and Kainham ; River Coin; Wicken and Burwcll
Fens and other localities in the fen districts of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Norfolk ;
New Forest ; Hornsea ; Northumberland district, very rare ; very doubtful as
Scottish, there being only one record, " Dollar, J. T. Syme," Murray's Cat. ; Ireland,
one specimen, which I received from Mr. C. Donovan, taken near Cork; I can find
no other record of the species as Irish, but it wdl probably be found in other
places.

K. cinereus, Aube {affinis, W. C). This species is in general
appearance intermediate between H. JiaHcollu and H. ruficollis : from
the former it ditFers through its smaller size and more irregular punctua-
tion of thorax, and also by the cloudy markings on the elytra, whicli,
however, are sometimes absent in light specimens ; the punctures also

IlnHplvii.'] AnEPiiAGA. 155

on the elytra are closer, smaller, and innre frequent in each stria ; from
//. rvjicoUii< it differs by the absence of striae at the base of the thorax,
and by having the apex of the elytra more rounded than in that species ;
from H. varirgahis it may be at once separated by its lighter colour and
li'Rs pronounced dark markings, the less coarse sculi)ture of the elytra,-
and the much more prominent shoulders, the angle formed by the sides
of the elytra and thorax viewed sideways being much more pronounced ;
the first punctures (at -base) of the first five rows on the elytra are as a
rule much stronger than the others. L. 3-i- mm.

Ponds and ditches; not common; Lee, Earlswood, Peckhani, Tottenham, Eslior;
Kingsbury ; Sohani, Cambridfrc ; Swaftliam ; Knowle, near Birmingham ; Eggington
and Repton, near I5urton-oii-Trent ; Weston-super-Mare; Askham, York; Nortlinni-
berlaud district, not common (Ouseburn, Ileaton, Gosforth, &c.) ; Ireland, near Belfast;
not recorded from Scotland.

H. ruficollis, De O. Ovate, ferruginous ; head with base dark,
diffusely jmnctured ; thorax with anterior margin more or less dark,
short, strongly contracted in front, rather diffusely punctured, more
strongly at base, centre of disc smooth with a trace of a central furrow
usually indicated ; base with a plain longitudinal stria on each side ;
elytra at base broader than base of thorax, with the shoulders -widened,
strongly contracted to apex, with rows of ratlier strong striae set in black
lines which in })laces are confluent and form dark spots. L. 2| mm.

Ponds and ditches; occasionally in running streams; abundant throughout the
kingdom ; not recorded, however, us yet, from the extreme north of Scotland.

H. fluviatilis, Aube. This species comes near H. riifiroUis but is
lighter in coloui', and the lines of the elytra although stronger in places
and apparently forming spots are never confluent ; it is also much narrower
at the shoulders, and the elytra are less acvmiinate at apex, so that it appears
more parallel-sided : these differences are rather hard to explain, but
will at once be seen by comparing the two species. L. 2 1 mm.

Running streams, and not found in stagnant water like the preceding; usually
considered common, but it is very often confounded with ruJicoUis in collections':
London district, apparently rare, Wimbledon, Micklehani, Eslier ; widely distributed,
but in all probability much less common than it is supposed to be in many districts ;
Scotland, very rare, in clear slowly moving water. Forth district (Muttonhole, Edin-
burgh, D. S.); Ireland, Armagh.

H. striatus, Sharp. " Kipial in size to the small varieties of
II. riificoUis, which it resembles in colour, but from which it may be
distinguished by being much narrower at the shoulders, and by the
black lines on the elytra showing no temlency to being dilated at any
places into spots; also closely allied to //. Jfnviafi/i.-^, but to be distin-
guished from that species by its smaller siza and darker colour, and l>y
the black lines on the elytra being throughout of ev(>n width, whereas
in iluviatills those lines are sub-inteiriipled at places" (!■',. M. M. vi. 81).
L. '2% mm.

Found by Dr. Sharp in great numbers in a pond on the banks of the Xith, alxmt

15G ADEFHAGA. [Haliplu^.

tlireo miles from Dunifties, vvliicli is occasionally filled by the tides, in company with II.
riijicollis, and also by Dr. Sharp and Mr. Lennon in other localities near that town.

These three insects are in all probability races of one species : the
extreme forms of H. ffuviatilis and H. ruficollis are very easy to distin-
guish, but, as Dr. Sharp (1. c. p. 81) and Mr. Rye (Ent. Ann. 1870, 44)
admit, intermediate forms occur which it is impossible to assign to
either ; the latter states that he found H. flttviatilis and ntficolHs in
great numbers in a running stream near Coombe Wood, accompanied by
specimens which he could not refer to either, and also by other extra-
ordinary vars. of the rvficollis type ; the conclusion he arrived at was
that the intermediate forms resulted from interbreeding between the ex-
treme forms, H. striatus would appear to be a constant variety, of the
intermediate type.

K. lineatocolliS; Marsh. Eesembling in shape H. Jiuviatilis, but
not so much pointed behind ; at once distinguished by the dark longi-
tudinal line in the centre of the thorax, and the horizontal depression
at base ; the elytra are rather narrow, subj^arallel, with sculpture and
markings much as in the preceding species. L. 2| mm.

Ponds and ditches ; also in clear water ; common and widely distributed throughout
the kingdom, as far north as the Moray district ot Scotland.

CNEMZDOTUS, Illiger. {PeUodytes, Eeg.)

This genus contains a few species, two of which are found in Europe ;•
the rest occur chiefly in North America : its members are easily distin-
guished from Haliplus by the longer terminal joint of the palpi, and
stand in much the same relation to that genus as Trechus to Bemhidium.

The larva of C. impressus is figured by Schiodte, vi., PI. viii., Fig. 1 : it is perhaps the
most extraordinary of all the Coleopterous larva-, aud is remarkat)le for the absence of
spiracles, their place being taken by very long filamentous branchiaj which are jointed
aud are attached iu pairs to the dorsal segments of the thorax and of the abdomen (except
the ninth) ; they are not, however, inserted directly on the segment but on long
spinous processes such as are found in the larva of H.fulvus ; the anal appendage is
obsolete ; the ninth segment of the abdomen bears two very long jointed cerci, which
equal in length the whole abdomen ; the head is very small, appearing as a mere
transverse strip, and the legs are long and furnished with simple claws ; the colour is
dull and pale with tbe head and dorsal scuta somewhat olivaceous ; there are twenty-
two pairs of branchiffi, each branchia being as long as half the whole body of the
larva ; they are pellucid towards apex, and the trachea) may be easily traced in them
under a high power. If anything were needed to prove the distinctness of tbe
Haliplidse, the study of their larvai would certainly be sufficient without taking any
other points into consideration.

C. impressus, F. {ca'sus, Duft.). Eeddish testaceous, elytra with a
greyish tinge ; head ditiusely punctured, mouth and base dark ; thorax
punctured in front and at sides, disc smooth, base with a rather deep
furrow which follows the course of the posterior margin, which is sinuous,
and is furnished with a more or less regular row of large black jiunctures ;
on each side of base there is a small stria or depression set in a black

Cliemidotll^.'] ADEPIIAGA. l.')7

jiatcli ; elytra depressed on disc, with ten rows of large black punctures
on each which become larger towards base, those at base being especially
conspicuous ; on the centre of the disc is a more or less distinct dark
patch, and there are other indistinct dark markings towards apex. L.
3|-4 mm.

Ponds, &c. ; local ; Peckham, Putney, Lee, Gravesend ; Whitstable ; Deal ; Hun-
stanton; Birchinfrton ; Devonshire (Kxminster) ; has occurred, I believe, in York-
sliire ; not recorded fro;n tlie Nortlumiberlaiid district. Scutlaiid, very rare, Clyde
district (" Ayrshire," Hislop).

Between the Haliplidie and tlic Dytiscidte come the two families
Amphizoidai and Pelobiida;, which contain only two or three species
each, but are so isolated that they cannot be attached to any other
family.

AMPHIZOID.^.

There has been considerable doubt among authors a? to the position of
this family, whicli comprises the single genus Aniphizoa, containing three
species from Is'orth America, of heteronierous appearance, and about
12 mm. long. These insects in many respects resemble the Parnida?, being
equally poor as swimmers, and being found like them clinging to logs or
stones beneath the surface of the water. Leconte, the original describer
of Amphizoa, considered it a type of a family distinct both from the
Carabida) and the Dytiscidae ; Lacordaire classified it among the Dyti-
scidae, while other authors have described it as a heteromeroid form of
(Jarabida). Dr. Sharp (Trans. Eoyal Dubl. Soc. vol. ii. ser. 2, p. 847)
discusses the question at length, and while allowing that, strictly speak-
ing, Awjyliizoa is neither a Dytiscid nor a Carabid, yet he comes to the
conclusion that it must be classed with the Dytiscidse ; to this conclusion
he is in a great measure led by the fact that in Amplthoa the meta-
thoracic episterna reach the middle coxal cavity, which is therefore
enclosed by four pieces instead of three, a peculiarity that until recently
has been found in no other beetles except this genus and the DytiscidiT? :
Dr. Horn, however, has since discovercvl tiiat this character also exists in
the strange genus Mormolycc (CarabidiB, p. 101), and in consequence
Dr. Sharp (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1882, parti, p. 67) has modified his
views and treats it " as an aggregate (not as a family) occupying an in-
termediate position ])etween the Carabidic and Dytiscidae, but a member
of neither." Dr. Horn believes that it is far less a Dytiscid than a Cara-
bid. On the whole, Amphizoa, to whichever side it may most incline, is
a decided link between the okl Geodephaga and Ilydradephaga, and
makes it the more impossible to disconnect them : it may perhaps be
noticed in conclusion that another point of transition in Amphizoa is
found in the more or less distinctly punctate basal joints of the
antenna3.

It may seem o\it of place to discuss tliis qucstiim in a book licaiiug
especially uu Dritish Enluinulogy, but it i.^ impossible to avoid all allu-

158 ADEPHAGA. [Amphizoithe.

sion to exotic groups, and the question of the position of Amphizoa is
especially interesting as bearing upon the position of Pelohius, with
which in some points it is rather closely allied,

PELOBIID^.

In this family the metasternal episterna do not reach the middle coxal
cavity, and in this, as well as in its habits and swimming powers, it
differs from the Amjyhizoidie ; it resembles the members of tlie latter
family, however, in the fact that the metasternum has a very short and
small ante-coxal piece in front of the posterior coxfe, separated by a
distinct suture, and not produced between the coxas : in the Carabidae and
the Haliplidse this ante-coxal piece is large, and is extended triangularly
between the posterior coxa, and the well-marked suture reaches across
the body to the episterna ; the Dytiscidaj have no trace of an ante-coxal
piece, and liave the metasternum, which is short, pointed between the
coxae; the Pelobiidse, therefore, differ from them in this respect, and further
in having the extension of the hind coxae, so characteristic of the Dyti-
scidae, short and transverse, instead of broad and extending forwards as in
the latter family ; the head also is free and not sunk in the prothorax, and
the formations of the mentum and mouth parts generally present consider-
able points of difference ; moreover, the general contour and appearance
is exceedingly unlike that of the Dytiscidae, and although this perhaps
is not of much weight, yet in a family where the general resemblance is,
with one or two exceptions, very striking, it may be allowed a little more
consideration than in ordinary cases. In his work on the Dytiscidae
(1. c. p. 258), Dr. Sharp classes the Pelobiidai with the Dytlsci Fragmeyi-
tati, but in his paper on the classification of the Ade]ihaga referred to
above (1. c. p. 67) he considers that Dr. Horn is justified in isolating
them.

PEZiOBIUS, Schonherr.

{Hygrohia, Latr. Hydrachna, Fabr.)

This genus comprises only three species, one of them European, and
the others Australian ; our species stridulates very loudly, and has
earned in some parts of the country the name of " Screech-beetle."

The larva of P. tardus is figured by Schiodte, vi., PI. v. 1 and 3, and vi. 1 : it is
broadest about middle and convex, of a yellow or luteous colour with darker markings
on the bead and dorsal scuta ; the bead is rather broad almost semi-circular, the
prothorax very large, trapezoidal, somewhat transverse, the meso- and meta-thorax
narrow ; the scuta cover the whole upper surface of the segments ; the abdominal
segments are eight, the last being conical and bearing two long setose cerci ; these
and the anal appendage are about equal in length, and are each as long as all the
abdominal segments together ; the legs are long with double claws of about equal
length : a figure of the larva viewed sideways is given by Schiodte (vi. 1) ; in this
))osition it very much resembles a crustacean ; the larva is furnished with branchiie
or gills on its under surface ; it lives iu water and is very predaceous.

p. tardus, Ilerbst. {Htrnianni, F.). Oval, very convex, ferrugi-

Pelohiiis.] ADEPiiAOA. 159

nous, (lull ; head fnu'ly puurtnrcil, free, with a hlack pateli on cither
side touchinff eyes, wliich are hirge and prominent ; thorax very narnjw,
anterior and posterior margins broadly black, finely rugose at sides,
middle of disc finely punctured, anterior margin with a thick fringe of
Avhitish hairs, anterior angles somewhat prominent ; elytra with a very
large common black spot covering the gi-eater part except margins and-
base, rugosely punctured, witli traces of large strife ; anterior tibite
armed with two long parallel spurs ; male with anterior and intermediate
tibise dilated, and clotlied underneath with thick pubescence ; breast
black, abdomen ferruginous except the two penultimate segments and
part of the last which are black. L. 8|-10 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; local, but common in some districts ; it is widely distributed
and common in the Loiithm district, and has been recorded as plentiful in autumn at
times in stafjiiaut waters near Swansea, but it is a soutliern insect, and the iiorthcru
records are few and doubtful ; it has occurred once at Itepton, is doubtful as a York-
shire species, and the one reconl from Xorthumberlaud, "once near Newcastle, by Mr.
Hewitson," is especiady commented on by Mr. Hold as probably erroneous, us it has
never since been met with: it has not been taken iu Scjtlaud.

DYTISCIDJE.

The following are tlie chief characteristics of this family : — Antennae
eleven-jointed, glabrous and shining, entirely destitute of setaj or
pubescence, inserted very close to the eye, and quite close to the upper
portion of the base of the mandible ; maxillae with two lobes, the inner
curved at extremity and acuminate, the outer palpiform, divided into
two pieces by a transverse suture (in Amj^hizua it is entire); hind coxae
very large, soldered with, and appearing part of the metasternum, reach-
ing the margin of the elytra when closed ; posterior legs modified for
swimming by the tibiae and tarsi being furnislied with swimming hairs,
and being broadened and llattened ; posterior tarsi always five-jointed ;
the anterior and middle ones either four- or five-jointeil ; according to Dr.
Sharp the family contains about twelve hundred species, which w^e may
divide into two series as follows : —

Jlctathoracic cpisternum not reaching the middle coxal

cavity Drxrsci i-i£A(;\ri:\TATr.

Metathoracic cpisternum reaching the middle coxal

cavity DvLisui comi'licati.

DYTISCI FP.AG.MENTATI.

Metatlioracic episterna widely separated from the middle
coxa- ; hind coxa; extending furthest forward in miildle
of body (longitudinally) Notekina.

Jletathoracic episterna nearly reaching the middle cox;u ;

liin<l coxa; extending furthest forward towards sides . Laccoi'HI i-i N \.

NOTERINA.

Of this tribe we only possess the single gt^ms lYndrus, whicb is dis-
tingtiished by its convex sliape, more or less incra-ssale anteunie, and sub-
acumiiiale apex of elytra.

160 ADEPHAOA. [Notems.

NOTERVS, Clairville.

This genus comprises six species, wlaich are found in the European
region and in Japan ; they live in stagnant water : the males are distin-
guished from the females by having the fifth joint of the antennje
dilated, and also by having the first joint of the anterior tarsi much
enlarged.

The larva of Noteras " crassicornis " is described and figured bj' Westwood (Classi-
fication, i., p. 102, — p. 100, Fig. 6, 5) : it is brown with two ochreous bands across
the back, and is about 6 mm. long; the shape is elongate oval, attenuated towards the
posterior extremity ; the head is produced into a long slender beak, lonsjer than the
rest of the head, the jaws meeting together at its tip ; the terminal segment is
furnished with two moderately long cerci, and is produced between them into a long
pharp point ; it is evidently highly predaceous.

1. Size smaller; prosternura not keeled in front; male

with fifth joint of antennas much larger than sixth . . N. CLAVICORNIS, Be 0.

2. Size larger ; prosternum keeled in front ; male with

fifth and sixtli joints of antennae of about equal size . . N. SVXUSVS, Marsh.

m. clavicornis, De G. {crassicornis, Midi. ; capricornis, Herbst.,
teste Bedel and Schaum). Oval, rather convex, somewhat shining,
castaneous ; head and thorax lighter, as a rule, than elytra ; elytra with
large coarse punctures arranged in irregular rows towards apex, but
ceasing towards base. Male with the antennfe thickened, irregular, fifth
and sixth joints largest, the fifth double as long as the sixth, which is
transverse ; underside of head and thorax spotted with black. Female
with the antennas not irregular, underside unicolorous. Long. 4,
lat. 2 1 mm.

Local ; rare in the Loudon district, Battersea and West Ham (Power) ; Wickeu
and Horning Fens J Devonshire; Swansea; common in tlie Midlands (Repton, &c.) j
Askham Bog, York ; apparently not found further north than Y(jrkshire; Ireland,
Arma'j-h, and near Belfast ; not recorded from Scotland ; on the Continent it ranges
from Norway and Sweden to Portugal, but is not common.

N. sparsus, ]\Iarsh (semipuncfatus, F. ; crassicornis, Sturm ; eapri-
coi-nis, Herbst., teste Sharp ; claoicoruis, De G., teste Bedel). Larger
tlian the preceding, but closely resembling it ; disc of thorax often
darker than sides ; elytra with irregular coarse punctures towards apex,
wliich cease towards base ; male Avith the antennas thickened, irregular,
fifth and sixth joints of about eqiud size, neither being transverse ;
underside of head and thorax broadly dark. Long. 4|, lut. 2| mm.

Commoner than the preceding in many places, but rarer in the Midlands ; abundant
in the London district, and common in the south in places; also occurs in the
Swansea district. I have never found it in Derbyshire or Lincolnshire, and can find
uo record further north, nor is it recorded from Scotland; according to my own
i.'.xperience the preceding species is far more abundant ; on the Continent this species
is much the commonest.

LACCOPHILINA.

This tribe contains two genera, Notomicrus represented by one species
from Madagascar, aud Laccoijhilus which comprises upwards of a hundred

Lacrophilina.'\ adephaga. IGl

species widely distrihuteJ over the world ; they are found both in stag-
nant and running water.

The larva o( Lnccophilus minuttts is figured by Schiodte (vi., PI. vii., Fig. 6): it is
elongate, somewhat ovate, much narrowed behind, convex ; the colour is pale with
the liead and dorsal scuta yellowish grey with darker spots ; the head is oval ami
joined to the thorax by a distinct neck ; the prothorax is trapezoidal, narrowed in
front, and transverse, the nieso- and nieta-thorax are very short ; the eighth seg-
ment of the abdomen is much produced, and bears two long ciliated cerci ending in
long setaj ; the legs are very long, and are terminated by eijual claws.

IiACCOPHIIiUS, Leacli.')^

The species belonging to this genus are easily distinguished from the
Noterina by their more oval and depressed shape, and also by having tho
prosternal process acute behind, whereas in Noterus it is rounded : the
males have the anterior and intermediate tarsi dilated, and, in many
cases, both sexes have an organ of slridulation on the surface of the
posterior coxae, consisting of fine parallel stria?.

I. Colour testaceous or greenish testaceous; prosternal

process short ; size larger.

i. Base of thorax not or very obtusely advanced in
centre; posterior coxa; provided with a stridulatory
organ in both sexes L. intekuuI'tus, Fatiz.

ii. Base of thorax advanced in a sharp angle towards
suture of elytra ; posterior coxae without a stridu-
latory organ L. OBSCUurs, Panz.

II. Colour pitch-brown; prosternal process long; size

smaller; posterior coxa; without a stridulatory organ . L. vakieoatus, Oerm.

Xi. interruptus, Panz., {minuius, Er., Fab. ; hyalinus, De Geer,
Uedel, &c.). Oval, shining, almost smooth ; colour testaceous, head and
thorax generally lighter than elytra, which are usually more or less
clouded with a darker .shade, and are flecked at sides ami on disc with
variable light markings ; when the colour of the elytra is very light,
these are less evident ; the thorax is scarcely produced in the centre of
base, and is very narrow ; elytra broadest about middle, with apex
rounded ; male with the front and middle tarsi only slightly inerassate ;
both .sexes with a stridulating file oji posterio coxa*. Long. 4^,
lat. 2^ mm.

Ponds, &c. ; widely distributed and not -.inconnnon, but local in some districts ;
Scotland, local. Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Solway.

It. obscurus, Panz. {Injalimix, Munich Cat. et auct.). Smaller than
the preceding, which it much resemliles; it is, too, rather more glassy in
appearance, with a very slight greeni.sh tinge, and with the lighter si)ots
on elytra less marked, as a rule, but in this it is variable ; it may be at
once distinguished by its narrower form, more acute angle at the base of
the thorax in the middle, the thicker male tarsi, and the absence of a
coxal file. Long. 4, lat. 2f mm.

* More than 100 species of this gei.us are kiinwn, rhu'tly lioiu liic waiiiier regions
of botli the Old and New Worlds.

162 ADEPHAGA. [Laccoph Hus.

Ponds, &c. ; widely distributed ; in the London district commoner than the pre-
ceding. Scotland, local. Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Sohvay, Clyde.

There is such confusion with regard to the synonomy of the tAvo last
species that without examining the specimens from each district it is
impossible to be certain of their distribution : one species only is
recorded from the ]S^orthumberland district, and one from Ireland, but I
cannot say which in either case, as the names minutus and liyalinus
have been applied to both species by different authors. Both species
•extend as far north as Lapland.

Zi. varieg'atus, Germ. Smaller and narrower than the preceding ;
head testaceous ; thorax testaceous with anterior and posterior margins
dark ; elytra pitch-brown, almost black, with margins and a waved fascia
at base and another behind middle, interrupted at suture, testaceous ;
these are rather variable, and in some cases are hardly perceptible ; in
the male the anterior and middle tarsi are considerably incrassate, and
the last ventral segment is much produced in the middle ; in this latter
point, however, there is not much difference in this species between the
male and female ; the prosternal process is long and reaches beyond the
intermediate coxte ; in neither sex is there a coxal file. Long. 4,
lat. 2\ mm.

Local ; apparently confined to the south-eastern parts of England ; Dover, Pe-
vensey, Deal, Pegwell Bay, Arundel, &c. ; it is a rare species on the Continent, and
does not extend further north than the south of England.

DYTISCI COMPLICATI.

The great bulk of tlie species of the family belong to this series : they
are distinguished by the fact that the middle coxal cavity, as explained
above, is enclosed by four distinct pieces, as the epistema of the meta-
thorax take part in the articulation. As Dr. Horn remarks (Classif.
Col. ISTorth America, p. 64), "they are to be regarded as the highest
Dytiscid type, in which not only the maximum size and force is
exhibited, but also the most perfect development of the oar-like legs."

The series may be divided into the following tribes, to which, however.
Dr. Sharp, whose arrangement is followed, assigns very varying values.

I. Prosternum deflected between the anterior coxae so that the
prosternal process is placed on quite a difl'erent plane from
that of the prosternum ; front tarsi usually four-jointed (in

all our species this is the case) Htdeopoeina.

IL Prosternum not deflected between the anterior cox£e;
front tarsi distinctly five-jointed.
i. Hind margins of joints of posterior tarsi not set with
flattened and adpressed cilia.

1. Front tarsi of male with dilated joints oblong ;
stigmata of last two dorsal segments of abdomen not,
or but little broader than the preceding ; outline of eye

notched by the free margin of the front of head . . . COLTMBETINA.

2. Front tarsi of male with dilated joints forming a round
disc ; stigmata of the last two segments of abdomen

enlarged ; circular outline of eye not interrupted . . Dttiscina.

Dytlsci complk'afi.l adephaga. 163

ii. Hiiul margius of joiuts of posterior tarsi set with flat-
tened and iidpressed cilia externally ; front tarsi of male
with dilated joints forming a round disc.

1. Suture between episternuni of metathorax and wing
of luetasteruum rectilinear ; spurs of hind tibia; acu-
minate at apex Hydaticixa.

2. Episterual suture curvilinear; spurs of hind tibijc

emarginute at apex Thekjionectina,

HYDROPORINA.

Thi.=! is by far the most extensive of tlie tribes of the Dytiscidai ; it
contains about five hundred species, arranged in twenty-six genera ; it is
s[tecia]Iy defined by the structure of the prosternum, which is strongly
deflected between the anterior coxfe ; they are easily known by the third
joint of the front and middle tarsi being deeply lobed and concealing the
fourth joint, which, however, is usually absent or rudimentary ; the true
fifth joint (ap]iarently the fourth) is long and slender, and is furnished
with claws which are somewhat variable. INIembers of the tribe are
found in all parts of the world, except in some of the Pacific Islands.

Our genera may be divided as follows : —

I. Posterior coxal cavities widely separated, excised ; apical

angle of elytra mucrouate Hydeovatus, Muts.

II. Posterior coxal cavities not excised; apical angle of
elytra not mucronate.

i. First ventral segment soldered to border of posterior

coxa;, which are not contiguous BiDESSUS, Sharp.

ii. First ventral segment free.

1. Posterior coxal cavities separated; posterior tarsal

claws very unequal IlYPurDEUS, //I.

2. Posterior coxal cavities nearly or quite coatiguous ;

posterior tarsal claws equal.

A. Elvtral ligula distinct ; mesosternal fork not con-
nected witli the intercoxal process of metasteruuni CtELAllBUS, Tkoiiii.

13. Elytral ligula wanting.

a. Mesosternal fork not connected with the inter-
coxal process of metasteruuni DEitoXECTES, Sharp.

b. Mesosternal fork connected with the intercoxal

process of metasternum . ,....,.. Hydkopobus, (7/a//v'.

The elytral ligula is a tongue-like process on the inner face of the
side margin of the elytra, for the purpose of making the union between
the elytra and the ventral segments more perfect.

In those genera mentioned above, Cwlanihits and Drrnnecffs, in whii'h
the mesosternal fork is not connected with the intercoxal proce.';s of the
niesosternum, the character may b(j observed by tlie removal of the
thorax, in Avhich case it Avill be seen that the middle coxa; touch one
another ; in the genus JIijih-Dporna proper, in which the connection takes
place, they do not touch one another; this is also the case obscurely with
the genus Ili/pIiijiJnis, but not with JJidcssiis.

As many of the points of difference given above, although scientifically
correct, are rather hard to work with, it is best for students who are

>i 2

ini ADEPHAGA. \Il ijdroporiua.

beginning to work the British species to treat the genus Hydroporus as
a whole, as inckiding (according to the old arrangement) Bidessus,
Coeknnlms, Deronedes, and Hydroporus, and to work them from the
specific descriptions ; Hydrovatus is easily separated by its round shape
and the ])ointed apical angle of elytra, and Hyphydnis by its very ovate,
thick form, and the unequal claws of the posterior tarsi : the Hydroporina
as a whole may be known (as far as our fauna is concerned) from the
rest of the Dytisci complicati by their small size, four-jointed front
tarsi, and invisible, or almost invisible, scutellum.

£ZVI>ROVATUS, jMotschulsky. {Oxynoptiliis, Kies. pars.)

This genus com^^rises about forty species from various parts of the
world ; three only occur in Europe, of which we possess one, which has
(july, as far as I know, occurred at Portsmouth ; in certain species the
males have several joints of the antennae irregularly dilated, and in
others they are furnished with a stridulatory organ at the junction of
the posterior coxse and metasteruum.

H. clypealis, Sharp. Very short, ovate, almost round, dark ferru-
ginous, with the head and thorax lighter, sometimes entirely light
ferruginous ; head and thorax almost smooth, elytra somewhat coarsely
and diti'usely punctured with apex pointed; antennae short, joints 4-10
diifering but little from one another, in the male transverse, in the
female about as long as broad. In the male the basal joints of the front
and middle tarsi are much dilated. The female is alutaceous and dull,
the male shining. Long. 2^-2i, lat. li mm.

Portsmouth, in a pond on the north side of the Island of Portsea, taken abundantly
by Mr. Moncreafl".

This insect was at first referred to 0. cusj^idatus, Kunze, by Mr. Crotch,
but it is rather smaller, and is distinguished bj^ its anteiinal characters,
the less distinct punctuation of the upper surface, and the much less
closely and regularly punctured coxae.

BIDESSUS, Sharp.

In this genus the prosternal process is larger than broad, parallel-
sided, l)ut with a more or less acute extremity ; the middle coxae touch
one another ; the posterior tibise have the basal portion much more
slender than the apical one ; the number of species is about eighty,
which are found in most parts of the world ; they are all very small
(from 2 to. 3 mm. long) ; three only are found in Great Britain, which
may be distinguished from the other members of the old genus Hydro-
porus by having a plainly impressed stria on each side of thorax which
is distinctly continued on the base of the elytra.

I. Sutnral stria efl'aced behind middle, or entirely wanting,
i. Elytra rather convex, black or jiitch-brown, at most

with a few reddish spots on outer margin . . . . B. ITNISTEIATUS, Sclir.

Bide.-'SUS.] ADEPIIAOA. 105

ii. Klvtra ratlicr flat with woll-inaikcd yellow aud black

lijiiiilg B. MIXPTISSIMUS, Oenn.

II. Sutural stria prolonged to a])ex of elytra ; elytra dark

with a broad waved band towards base B. GExriXtJS, F.

S. unistriatus, Schr. {parvidus, raiiz., hLsiiIcatiis, Steph.). Oval,
pitchy, fuscous, or rufescent, thorax rufescent with anterior and posterior
margins dark, very finely and thickly punctured, with a strong stria on
each side of base which is continued on elytra ; elytra thickly punctured ;
antennse fuscous, base ligliter ; legs ferruginous. The male has the
front and middle tarsi distinctly dilated ; there are two forms of the
female, one dull, the other shining like the male ; the colour is very
variable, sometimes being entirely obscure red with suture darker, some-
times nearly black with margins of elytra and an obscure interrupted
fascia at base pale ; the thorax, however, appears to be always more or
less red. Long. 2, lat. 1 mm.

Very rnre. Cambridge (Brewer); Southsoa (Moncreaff) ; Devonshire (SteplhMis) ;
Norfolk (Crotch); occasionally near London (Hamlet Clark) ; Suffolk (W. (Jarneys ;
one specimen in winter with snow on the ground) : it appears usually to occur
sini:ly.

B. minutissimus, Germ, {trifasciatus, WoUast.). The smallest of
the ]^ritish Dytiscidae ; elongate oval, rather depressed ; head reddish
with base darker, antennae with fuscous apex ; thorax narrow, testaceous,
with a strong stria on each side at base which is continued on elytra to
middle ; elytra parallel-sided, testaceous, with .suture and three transverse
bands dark, very finely punctured ; legs testaceous. Long. If, lat.
1 mm.

Originally reputed as British on the authority of specimens said to be taken by
Sir. Char in rivers mar Cork, and described by Mr. WoUaston ; these, however,
appeared afterwards to have had a continental origin ; Mr. aud ^Irs. Wollaston sub-
se(|uently discovered the species among the small submerged shiugiC at the v(\gQ of
Sb'ptoM Ley, about seven miles to the westward of Dartmouth, Devonshire, in shallow
char water, about the year 18^8 : it has been taken in the same locality within the
last three or four years by Mr. Bridgmau, of Burton-on-Trent, but has not, 1 believe,
occurred elsewhere iu Great Britain.

S. g-eminus, F. Oval, not very shining, rather flat, finely pubes-
cent; head brownish, antennae testaceous, apex fuscous; thorax reddish
on disc with anterior and posterior margins darker, with a stria on each
side of base, which is only continued on elytra for about the same
distance as on thorax ; elytra very finely punctured, dark, with apex aud
a broad irregular band near base yellow ; legs testaceous, posterior tibiie
fuscous at upex. Long. 2^, hit. \\ mm.

Ponds and ditches ; not uncommon in the London district, Woking, VVimbledon.
Lee. Earlswood, &c. ; common in sballow muddy water in the feu district* (Wickeu
and Burwell Fens, &c.) ; rarer turlher north ; said to have occurred in Yorkshire ;
Northumberlaud district, Gosforth, very rare ; not recorded from Scotland; Ireland,
near Belfast.

HYPHVDIiUS, llligcr.

This genus comprises at jiresent about twei.ty-fnc' speciis, all fidm

166 ADEPHAGA. [IJ IJphljdrUS.

the Old "World (Africa, especially Madagascar, Japan, Australia, &c.) ;
but probably this number will be largely increased ; two only are Euro-
pean, one of which is very common in the centre and south of England ;
the second species, H. varier/atus, has been reputed as indigenous, but
the single specimen on which it rested (supposed- to have been taken in
Lancashire or Cheshire) was far too doubtful to secure its admittance
into our lists, especially as the species appears to be almost entirely
confined to Northern Africa and Southern Europe.

The larva of H, ovatus is figured by Schiodte (ii., PI. v., Fig. 1) : it corresponds so
closely with Westwood's description of the larva of Noterus referred to above (p. 160),
that it is possible that some mistake may have arisen ; the very peculiar shape of the
head is exactly repeated ; the larva (excluding the head) has the shape of a rather elongate
peg-top ; the eighth segment is produced into a long point, and bears two moderately
long setose cerci, which start from its base ; it is of a luteous colour with somewhat
varied dark markings : as a rule the dorsal segments are dark fuscous with the
prothorax (except front), and the two first and two last segments of abdomen light.

H. ovatus, L. {fernigineus, L., $). Broad oval, very convex on both
the upper and under sides, ferruginous, with the elytra darker, reddish
at base and sides ; male with the upper side shining, thickly, strongly,
and irregularly punctured, with anterior and intermediate pairs of legs
tliickened and the tarsi dilated ; female dull, obsoletely punctate.
Long. 4-^, lat. 3 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; very common throughout the central and southern counties
of England and Wales; less common further north, although widely distributed;
Scotland, very local, only recorded from the Solway district; Ireland, Portmaruock,
Armagh, &c., and probably common.

The vnrierjatns ? of Bteph. ]Mand. ii. 45 is a variety of this insect, and
has nothing to do with H. varier/atus, Aube.

CCEIiAI^SUS, Thomson. (Ili/grofus, Steph. pars.)

This genus comprises about forty species, which are chiefly found in
Europe, Asia, and North America ; they differ very widely in form and
general appearance, one division of our species being of very short and
convex form, and the other l)eing much longer, wider, and more
depressed and apparently quite different : it is probable that one of the
species, H. decoratus, will have to be separated off as a distinct genus,
for it possesses, although obscurely, the chief character of Hydroporus,
viz. the connection of the intercoxal process of the metasternum with
the mesosternal fork ; for the present, however, it is best to leave it with
the seemingly allied species ; the chief generic character appears to be
the free and abrupt ligida on the imier face of the elytra.

The larva and pupa of C. parallelogrammus are figured by Schiodte (ii., PI. iv.,
Fig. 13, 14) : it is of a very peculiar torpedo-like form, being broad and convex with
the head very large and triangular and produced into a broad horn ; the thorax is
about as broad as the base of the head, subquadrate, somewhat transverse with the
angles rounded ; the meso- and meta-tborax and the first five abdominal segments are
of iibout equal length, all being very narrow, the second abdominal segment being the

Coelamhus.'] Adephaga. IHT

broadest part of tlie body ; the sixth abdoininal segment is much longer than the fifth,
and with the seventh uiid cightli becomes much narrower beliiiid, the hist tapering oti"
into ;in abrupt bhiiit point; tlie cerci are long, and l)car long setaj at base and apex;
the legs are slender and rather long, and end in equal claws; the colour is pale with
the head and scuta luteous, with a few small dark spots ou head and segments: the
pupa is short and broad, and is chietly remarkable for being covered with thick and
strong setffi.

The description of tliis larva will serve for that of a DeronedeA or a
typical Ilydroporus : the larvae of D. d('X>resi<us, II. halensis, and //.
palustris dilier very slightly from it, the dilferences being chielly found
in colour, pubescence, length of cerci, and one or two other points.

I. Labrum much concealed, head rounded
in front, front with a more or less dis-
tinct raised margin; form very short and

convex,
i . Head with two strong broad impressions,
leaving a ridge in centre ; length 3 mm.

1. Punctuation of elytra double, con*
sisting of large and small punc-
tures.

A. Larger punctures more scattered C. \EU^lcOt.on,Schnll . (reliculalus, i\).

B. Larger punctures closer together C. QUINQUELINKATUS, Zett.

2. Punctuation of elytra uniform, deep

and strong C. iNiEQUALis, i''.

ii. Head with at most a narrow impression

near eye; length 2 mm C. DECOKATrs, G^y^^.

II. Labrum little concealed or ([uite con-
spicuous ; head emarginate in middle of

Iront, front not margined,
i. Short oval ; elytra with apical angle

plainly produced into a short sharp point C. CONFLUE.vs, F.
ii. Long oval; elytra with apical angle not

produced.

1. Thorax with a dark si)ot on disc.

A. Punctuation very line ; thorax
uniformly punctured ; none of the
dark markings reaching base of

elytra C. novemlineatu?, Slejih.

B. Punctuation coarser ; thorax im-
puQctate ou centre of disc ; some
of the dark markings always

reaching base of elytra. . , , C. PAEALLELOQRAMMUS, .4//>\

2. Thorax without dark spot on disc;

punctuation very coarse , C. IMPEE3S0PDNCTATIJS, Suhall. {pieipes, F.).

In some of the members of this genus the females are very markedly
dinior})hic, i.e. present two dillerent forms, in the one case being shiny
like the male, in the other dull and ojjaque ; this is to a greater or less
extent a characteristic of the whole of the Dytisci complirati, and will
be again referred to un(h'r the genus Di/tisciis, in whicli the feiiudcs
attain the greatest amnuiit of sexual diiference frt'iii the males.

C> versicolor, Schall. {refiruia/tio, F.). Short oval, convex, rather
sliiiiy, siiiiM.ih ; l\ead and thorax thickly and tiucly punctured, fcnu-
ginous ; elytra at base broader than base of thwrax, very tiiickly and

168 ADEPHAGA. [Conlambus.

finely punctured with scattered large punctures, reddish testaceous
with irregular and much interrupted longitudinal black bands, which are
very variable in extent ; there appear to be no external sexual distinc-
tions. L. 3|, lat. 2 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; local but not uncommon in the centre and southern parts of
Enghiud from Yorkshire downwards; becomes rarer further north (Mr. Bold knew of
only two or three local specimens from the Northumberland district), and is not
recorded from Scotland. Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin.

C quinquelineatus, Zett. Very closely resembles the preceding
in size, shape and general appearance, but may at once be distinguished
by the larger punctures on the elytra being much more numerous and
closer to one another, and also by having the longitudinal dark markings
on the elytra narrower, and more regular, as a rule, but in this point it
somewhat varies ; the prosternal process is depressed in front instead of
being elevated as in the preceding species. Long. 3, lat. 2 mm.

Rare ; the original specimens taken in this country by Mr. Waterhouse were
believed to have occumd near London, and Dr. Power has a specimen marked
" B.attersea Fields; " Repton rare (Mr. Garneys) ; Northumberland district, " Prest-
wich Carr and Gosforth Lake, September;" Scotland, very rare. Lowlands, Tweed
and Solway ; Ireland, Killarney, and near Armagh.

C. inaequalis, F. Short, convex, rather broad, without pubescence ;
head and thoiax ferruginous, anterior and posterior margins of the latter
dark ; elytra black with the margins and some irregular markings
testaceous or reddish testaceous ; elytra thickly and strongly punctured,
without smaller punctures interspersed ; the colour is variable, but the
sutural portion is always black and the margins light, and, as a rule, the
dark portion is not spotted. Long. 3, lat. 2 inm.

Ponds and ditches inland and near the coast ; common and widely distributed
throughout the kingdom as far north as the Moray district of Scotland, and
probably occurs in the extreme north, as it is abundant in Northern Europe.

C. decoratus, Gyll. Short, oval, convex, without pubescence,
shining, smaller and with apex of elytra more acuminate than in the
preceding species ; head red, thorax brownish red, thickly punctured in
front and behind, disc mvich smoother ; elytra dark, with side margins
and two irregular spots on each towards base and apex (both reaching
side margins), orange-testaceous ; elytra moderately strongly and not
very closely punctured with smaller punctures interspersed. Long. 2^,
lat. 1| mm.

A very local species both in England and on the Continent ; ponds and ditches ;
London district, Lee Pit, Netting Hill (formerly), Woking, Cowley ; very abundant
at Askbam Bog near York ; Hamlet Clark (Zoologist, clvi. 4857) gives Norfolk and
Northamptonshire as localities.

C. confluens, F. Oval, somewhat ellij^tic, rather depressed on disc,
but convex on the under side, not pubescent; head testaceous, behind
and near the eyes dark brown ; thorax testaceous ; elytra pale testaceous
with the suture and three or four abbreviated lines reachingr from near

Cdelamhun.'] adepiiaga. 169

apex to alx'ut middlo, black, very lincly punctured, with lar^'er punctures
sparingly distributed, and sometimes arranged more or less in rows ;
underside black : the diUerence between the sexes is very slight. Long.
3f, lat. 2 mm.

Ponds, &c.; local, hut widely distribtitpil throntrhont Eii<ijland, botli inland iind in
brat-kish ponds near tlie coast ; Scotland, rare, Lowlands, Forth, Solway, Clyde.
Ireland, near Belfast and Armagh.

C. novemlineatus, Steph. Oval, rather elongate, Avithout pubes-
cence, testaceous, Avith a well-defined spot in centre of thorax (very
rarely continued on each side horizontally), and the suture and four
lines on each elytron black, underside of abdomen and breast black ;
thorax with a minute fovea in the centre ; elytra very thickly and finely
punctureil ; male shining, with the two anterior pairs of tarsi strongly
dilated ; female dimorphic, one form being like the male, the other very
dull (the latter is the nigroUneatua, Zctt, 2''<iraUelus, Aubt';. Long. 4,
lat. 2 mm.

A northern species ; locally -.ibniidant in the Scotch lakes as far north as the
Moray district; Loch Leven and Loch Gelly, abundant (Dr. Power); Northumber-
land, Prestwich Carr (Bold) and Kothley Lakes (abundant, Power). It occurs
in lakes in Lapland. Stei)liens (III. Maud. ii. lD2j says that two specimens were
taken by Mr. Kudd at Weyhill (near Andover).

C. parallelog-rammus, Ahr. Oblnng-ovate, witliout jaibescence,
testaceous, with two spots on head, a spot in the middle of thorax, and
the suture and several irregular lines on elytra parallel to it, black ;
thorax strongly punctured on anterior and posterior margins, disc almost
smooth, with a small fovea in the centre ; elytra thickly punctured ;
underside of head and thorax reddish yellow, breast and abdomen black;
male shining, with elytra rather strongly punctured, with the two
anterior pairs of tarsi dilated ; female dimorphic, one form shiny and
jjunctured like male, the other very dull and opaque, very finely and
obsoletely punctured (the latter is the 7iigrulineat.us, Kunze). Long.
4.1, lat. 2| mm.

Ponds and ditches, both fresh and brackish, bat more commonly in the latter not
far from the sea. Widely distributed, althou<;h somewhat local, as far north as
Hartlepool and the XorthunihiTland district ; not recorded from Scotland or Ireland:
it ])rol)ably occurs in the latter country, but is not so likely to be found in Scotland,
as it is wanting throu^'hout Northern Europe.

C. impressopunctatus, Schall. {jiirrpes, F.). Oblong oval, some-
wliat cdiivex, Udt pubtscrnt, ferruginctus testaceous, with the vertex of
bead on each side (and sometimes a spot near mouth), anterior and pos-
terior margins of thorax (the former very narrowly), and several indistinct
lines on elytra, parallel to suture, black ; thorax strongly ])unctured,
except on disc, where there is a small fovea ; male witli elytra very
strongly and coarsely punctured at base, more finely towards apex, with
the sutiiial stria and two others strongly marked by rows of punctures
set tliickly together; anterior and inlermediatc tarsi dilated; female

170 ADEPiiAQA. [QjuJamhtis.

dimorphic, one form sliiuiug and jJuiictured as in male, the other very
dull and opaque, with the elytra uniformly and finely punctured, with
the three rows of punctures obsolete ; this form is rather rare, and is the
lineellus, Gyll. Long. 5, lat. 2|- mm.

Ponds, &c.; local; rather common in the London district, Lee, Lewisham, Penge,
Pcckhaui, Wimbledon, &c. ; Norfolk; Shropshire; Devonshire; Swansea; Askham,
near York ; Scotland, rare, Lowlands, Solway district ; Ireland, near Waterford
(Power) and Killarney (WoUaston). This species stretches right across Siberia into
Korth Americii.

DERONECTES, Sharp.

This genus comprises about forty-five species, which mostly inhabit
Europe and the Mediterranean regions, a few being found in North
America ; we possess five species as British, which are among the most
conspicuous of our indigenous Hydropori.

I. Upper surface very finely punctured, with thickly
scattered larger punctures, uuicolorous dark

bi-ownish-red (head and base of elytra lighter) . . J). l-kTXSS, Steph,

II. Upper surface uniformly and very finely punc-

tured.
i. External border of elytra furnished near apex
with a small sharp tooth.

1. Upper surface covered with close golden
pubescence ; dark markings mostly in lines ;

thorax broader at base than at apex . . . . D. assimilis, Payk.

2. Upper surface almost smooth ; dark markings
mostly in patches ; thorax almost as broad at

apex as at base D. DEPRESSUS, jP.

ii. External border of elytra without tooth near
apex.

1. Sides of thorax and elytra strongly rounded,
forming a distinct angle at junction; disc of

thorax not marked with black D. 12-pirsTULATUS, 01.

2. Sides of thorax and elytra together forming a
continuous outline ; disc of thorax with black

markings D. geiseo-STRTAtus, Be O.

D. latus, Steph. Broad, oval, convex, but rather depressed on disc,
dull, very slightly pubescent, ferruginous or fusco-ferxuginous, elytra
darker with lighter base, antennse and legs reddish testaceous ; entire
upper surface very finely punctured with numerous large and deep
punctures irregularly distributed over its whole extent, but more plain
on elytra ; elytra with traces of raised lines ; front and middle tarsi broad
in both sexes, but more dilated in male ; in the female there is a short
raised longitudinal fold near the outer edge of the elytra at some distance
from apex. Long. 4^, lat. 2| mm.

Rare; in clear or running water among shingle and stones, &c. Stephens' original
specimens were from Mai'ton Lodge, Yorkshire; Hollingtou, near Hnstings (Butler) ;
Tilgate Forest (Power) ; Northumberland district (Ouseburn, Devil's Water, Moors
near lianercost) ; Scotland, rare, in rapid waters. Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Solway
and Moray districts (Polmont (near Glasgow) iu some numbers (Power)); banks of
Almond, near Broxbourne (Sharp).

Deronedes.'] adepiiaoa. 171

D. assimilfs, Payk, Oblong oval, rather convex, covered wilh very
thick and short yellowish pubescence, rather dull ; head testaceous with
the extreme hinder margin black ; thorax testaceous with anterior mar-
gin narrowly and posterior margin with two patches on each side of
middle black, basal margin plainly broader than anterior margin ; elytra
testaceous, with six dark lines on each which do not reach apex and, as
a rule, cease before base, the sixth abbreviated and broken up into patches ;
elytra with a sharp tooth on margin near apex ; upper surface very
closely and thickly punctured ; underside ferruginous or fuscous ; front
and middle tarsi broad in both sexes, but more especially so in the male.
Long. 4-^-, lat. 2i- mm.

Ponds and ditches inland and near tlie sea ; somewhat local, bat widely distributed
tbi-ouiihout England from Northumberland to Devonshire, but rare apparently in
the south, and near London ; the only record in the London district appears to be
Keigate Heath (Brewer) ; I have found it commonly at Mabletborpe, Lincolnshire, iii
a ditch not far from the coast. Scotland, local, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Moray.

A variety of this insect is described by Mr. Eye in Ent. Mo. IMag. xii.
175, taken by Mr. Horace Francis, of Lee, at Keswick, Cumberland ;
this is smaller with only the tip of the apical joint of the antennse dark,
and with the thoracic dark spots absent in the male, and only indicated
in the female ; the colour, however, of the species is occasionally variable,
although more constant than in many others.

D. depressus, F. Oblong oval, with very short and thick pubes-
cence, somewhat dull ; head, except extreme hind margin, testaceous ;
thoiax testaceous with anterior margin very narrowly dark, and posterior
margin with two black patches as in the preceding species ; elytra testa-
ceous with dark lines which are most usually entirely or almost entirely
confluent, and form a sort of broad latlice-work pattern ; the colour, how'-
ever, is very variable ; sometimes the whole of the disc of the elytra is
dark, having only the margins light ; the small distinct tooth on margin
near the apex is a character that will at once distinguish it from the suc-
ceeding species, which it much resembles; punctuation of upper surface
very line ; underside reddish or reddish testaceous ; the male has tlio
anterior and intermediate tarsi broader than the female, and the thorax
almost w'ider than base of elytra, whereas in tlie female it is distinctly
narrower. Long. 4-^-, lat, 2| nun.

Running water; widely distributed tlirmighout England and Wales; Scotland,
common, as far north as the Moray district; Ireland, Armagh, Dublin, &c., and
probably common,

I>. duodecim-pustulatus, Fab, Very closely resembles the
]n<'(L'ding in general apjuarance and markings, but with the anterior
margin of thorax more liroadly dark, and clytral dark markings still more
confluent ; it is also a much larger insect, and the sides of thorax and
elytra are more strongly rounded ; it is easily distinguislie*! also by tlie
absence of the small tooth near apex of elytra ; underside reildisli
testaceous, sometimes infuscate ; male with the anterior and inter-

172 ADEPHAGA. {^DevonecJes.

mediate tarsi dilated, and the intermediate tibiaj curved. Long. 5^,
lat. 2 1 mm.

Kunning' water ; not uncommon and widely clistributerl throughout England and
Wales, although somewhat local in certain districts ; Scotland, common as far north
as the Moray district ; Ireland, Waterford, Armagh, &c.

D. griseo-striatus, De G. Oval, rather narrow, somewhat dull,
plainly but closely pubescent ; head testaceous with two dark patches
near eyes reaching hind margins ; thorax testaceous with dark markings
usually separated by a fine testaceous longitudinal line in centre, centre
of disc with a minute fovea ; elytra long, forming with thorax an unin-
terrupted outline, testaceous, with about seven lines on each black, which
are usually distinct, although in places confluent ; the pubescence gives
the whole insect a greyish appearance ; the upper surface is very closely
and finely reticulate ; underside black. The sexes are hardly distinguish-
able externally. Long. 4|, lat. 2\ mm.

Lakes in the Highlands of Scotland. Local, Forth, Dee, Argyle, and Moray
districts ; also in Shetland ; said to have occurred in the north of England.

This species comes near H. halensis, and used to do duty for it in
collections, until Dr. Schaum pointed out its differences : it may at once
be separated from that species by its longer form, more continuous
outline, finer margins of thorax, and usually darker colour,

XSVBROPORUS, Clairville.

The genus Hydroporus proper contains about 150 species, which are
found almost exclusively in Europe and the circum-Mediterranean
region. Northern Asia, and North America ; only three or four species
come from the southern hemisphere, one of which is from Chili, a fact
worth noticing in comiection with what has been said before {ante,
p. 140) : the species are all small, and, as a rule, inconspicuous, and are
in many instances very hard to determine ; in fact " the black Hydro-
pori " are always one of the greatest difficulties of collectors. Dr.
Sharp divides the whole genus into two divisions, and nine groups ; but,
besides the fact that the difi'erence between the divisions is grounded on a
very obscure character (although a constant and good one), the practical
usefulness of the arrangement to British Coleopterists is very small, as
one of the nine groups contains twenty-two of our thirty-six or thirty-
seven species, and another contains nine, so that only five or six are left
in the others.

I have spent a very long time in the endeavour to make even an
artificial arrangement that might be serviceable, but none appears to be
satisfactory, and I had intended to leave out. a table altogether ; the one
given below will, however, be found of use to any students who will
make themselves acquainted with the general differences and appearance
of the various sections beforehand ; I am indebted for it m great measure
to M. Bedel : its chief fault is that the character on which one of its
chief divisions depends is not always very obvious, viz. the angle made
by the lateral border of the elytra and thorax viewed sideways, although

Illjdropdni^.'] ADEPHAOA. 173

it is acknowlcdgod by all students of the Dytiscidre to be in many cases
a very valuable character ; it is, however, in most cases very evident, as
will be plain to any one who will compare together //. dorsalis or lineafiis
with H. j/^amis or nigriia, and the species concerning which any
difficulty might arise as to which section they belonged (as //. memnonhit!,
ohsoletus, and ferruginew^) are, as a rule, easily distinguished by other
characters, and are mostly rare and seldom met with.

The colour of the species is in many cases a great help towards dis-
tinguishing them, but it is not possible to classify them by this, as it is
in the case of I5embidium, as the colour varies very considerably, and
some of the species that as a rule show markings at base of elytra or on
their disc occasionally have them wanting: the succeeding table, how-
ever, may be of some service, as long as it is remembered that it is
merely provisional and applies to mature specimens only.

1. Elytra black with yellow lines or markings distributed over disc : H. pictus,
granulnris, Jlaripei; (very small species), H. lepidu.i, palustris, incognitus (medium-
sized species), H. dorsalis (larger species, markings sometimes visible at base onlv,
sometimes almost absent).

2. Elytra testaceous with black markings : H. halensis, Davisii, xeptenfrionalis
riv'ilix.

'3. Elytra black with lipfliter markings apparent at base only, or close to mar-
gins: JI. firi^throcepkalus, planus, rujifrons, puhescpiis, jv7/!( /a (lighter markings
usually more or less obsolete, sometimes hardly traceable), M. marginalus, IHuratus
(lighter markings always plain).

4. Elytra ferruginous or olive brown suifused with a lighter colour, especially at
base (species long oblong, all very rare) : H. oblovgns, Jerrugineus, ohsoletus.

5. Upper surface unicolorous black or pitchy brown (liead sometimes lighter and
thorax darker) : U. discrefus, nigi-'da, memnonius, me/anarius and v. nionlicola
longicornis, Jongulus {cela/us), morio (alriceps), Gi/Uenhalii, umbrosus, neglectus
tristis (the latter three are occasionally a little lighter at base and shoulders).

6. Upper side retldish, head and, as a rule, thorax lighter than elvtia : IT.
angustatus, obsctirus, /Scales ia nil s (unicolorous), JI. lineatus (with dark' lines ou
elytra).

1. Thorax with a small longitudinal impression on each
side at base,
i. Antennaj with fourth joint plainly smaller thnn
the joints above and below it ; sjiecies very snutll,
black with yellow markings on disc of elytra.

1. Uody oval, convex ; head red II. I'lcn s, T''.

2. Hody oblong, rather depressed ; head black.

A. Elytra with side border and two longitudinal

lines (one dorsal) yellow H. Guanclauis, L.

B. Elytra with side border and four lines (often

abbreviated and interrupted) yellow .... II. fj.avii'ks, Ol.
ii. Anttnufe with fourth joint equal to the joints
above and below it ; species larger (2;]- 1 mm.).

1. Head bhick ; elytra black with yellow markings II. LEl'IUUS, OL

2. Head entirely or almost entinly testaceous;

elytra testaceous with black markings.

A. Form short oval ; thorax with a more or less
distinct dark baud ou disc ; elytra almost im-

puuctate II. mvALis, Ggll.

B. Komi long oval; elytra with distinct scattered
j)unclures.

174 ADEPHAGA. [_IIijdropQrus.

a. Head without oblique stripes, dark at base
and near eyes ; thorax with two dark trans-
verse patches ou disc, separated (as a rule)

iu centre H. septenteionalis, Gi/ll.

b. Head with an oblique stripe on each side
forming a Vj thorax with two strong

black transverse impressions at base , . , H. Davisii, Curt.
II. Thorax without longitudinal impressions.

i. Thorax testaceous with two black spots divided

by a central line H. halensis, F.

ii. Thorax dark with at most sides lighter.

1. Lateral border of thorax viewed sideways form-
ing a plain, though obtuse, angle with the
borders of the elytra.

A. Base of thorax widely impressed at sides . . H. doesalis, F.

B. Base of thorax not impressed towards sides.

a. Underside red, elytra with more or less

distinct black lines H. lineatus, F.

b. Underside black or brown, elytra without

trace of black lines,
a*. Size very small (L. 2-2| mm.).

af. Thorax yellowish red, elytra reddish

brown H. ScALESlANUS, Siep/i.

bf. 'Ihorax black, elytra black or brown,
aj. Thorax with base narrower than
base of elytra ; sides narrowly mar-
gined H. NEGLECTTJS, SchatlDi.

bj. Thorax with base as broad as base

of elytra; sides not margined . . H. UMBEOSUS, Gi/ll.
h*. Size larger (L. 2|-4 mm.).

af . Sides of thorax not, or very indis-
tinctly margined,
aj. Thorax impunctate on disc, elytra

without spots H. ANGXJSTATUS, Slumi.

bj. Thoraxentirely punctured; elytra
with more or less distinct lighter

markings.
*. Head more or less red; thorax
with margins broadly yellow

or red yellow.
+. Form oval ; punctuation very

fine; length 4i mm H. maeoinatus, Dufl..

tf. Form oblong ; punctuation
coarser ; length 3-3^ mm.
X- Form narrower; pubes-
cence thicker . . . . H. paltjsteis, L.
XX- Form broader ; pubes-
cence more scanty . . . H. INCOGNITUS, Sharp.
**. Head dark, elytral markings
very indistinct, sometimes
almost obsolete; thorax uni-

colorous H. viTTULA, Er.

\y\. Sides of thorax distinctly (although
sometimes finely) margined,
a J. Larger species, oblong and parallel-
sided (L. 4 mm.).
*. Elytra and thorax ferruginous

with suliused lighter markings H. feeeugineus, <S'it*/>A.

Il^ih'oj/orufi.]

ADKl'IIAOA.

175

**. Elytra entirely (l;irk ;
thorax dark with red-
dish margins . . .
L+. Smaller species (L. 23-
3.1 mm.).
*. Punetualion very strong

and deep

**. Punctuation rather fine
and shallow.
+. Ujiper side unicolor-

ous black
ff. Head broadly red-
dish; elytra brownish
2. Lateral border of thorax viewed sideways
contiinious with the border of elytra or
forming a scarcely perceptible angle
with it.
A. Upper surface smooth, without, or with
very slight, pubescence.

a. Tliorax with margins broadly testa-
ceous ; elytra entirely sutfused with a
lighter shade, rounded at apex . .

b. Thorax with margins narrowly and
obscurely red ; elytra with base only
suffused with a lighter shade, some-
what acuminate at apex

c. Ujijier side uuicolorous, apex of elytra
rounded,
a*. Antenna; entirely red.

af. Hind coxal cavities quite ap-
proximate ; form longer and
more oblong; thorax almost

impunctate on disc,
aj. Elytra more finely punc-
tured ; antenna) more

elongate . ■

bj. Elytra more coarsely punc-
tured; antenna) less elou-
gi'te

bf. Hind coxal cavities minutely
separate ; form shorter and
more oval ; thorax almost
always plainly punctured on

disc

b*. Antennas except base, black . .
B. Upper surface more or less plainly
l)ubesceut.

a. Lateral border of thorax not visible

from above ; head i-ed.
a*. Lenijth 2;| mm.; punctuation

rather diffuse

b*. Length 4 mm.; punctuation line

b. Lateral border of thorax plainly

visible from above,
a*. Length 41-5 mm.; anteinue
with joints 5-S elongate or
oblou'T.

H. MEIIXO.NIUS, Nic.

11. GrLLENHALII, SchU'idte.

n. MOEIO, Dej. {atrlceps, Crotch).
H. TEiSTis, Payk.

H. OBSOLETPS, Aabe.

H. OBLONOUS, Sleph.

H. LOXGICOKNI3, Sharp.

U. MELAXABIPS, Sfiirm, and
V. monlicola, Sharp.

H. r.oxouT.rs, Muh. {celatus, Clark).

H. XIQUIT.V, F.

H. onscrurs, S/ti,-»t.

II. EKVrilUOClil'llALLS, L

176 ADEPHAGA. [Hydvo'porus.

af . Punctuation rather strong ;
antenna3 long ; pubescence
long but scanty ; front of fore-
head red H. kcfifkons, Baft.

\s\- Punctuation close ; antenna;
short ; pubescence very thick ;

head black H. planus, F.

b*. Length 3-3 J mm.; antennrewith
joints 5-8 oval, rounded.

af. Elytra entirely black; pubes-
cence more scanty • . . . H. discretus, Fairin.

bf. Elytra brownish with obscure
lighter markings at extreme
base and shoulders; pubescence
thicker H. pubescens, Oyll.

cf. Elytra brown with plain yellow
markings at base and indis-
tinct markings at apex ; pubes-
cence long, but not thick . . H. lituratus, F.

K. pictus, r. Oval, broadest in middle, elytra somewhat pointed
at apex, rather convex, sparingly pubescent, rather closely but distinctly
punctured ; head and sides of thorax red, disc of latter dark brown or
reddish ; elytra dark with two large and very irregular waved or den-
tate testaceous bands on each, one at base, and the other towards apex,
the extremities of which, as a rule, meet or almost meet on disc, and
enclose a large dark patch on each side ; the colour, however, is some-
times variable, and sometimes the four testaceous patches are small and
show no signs of meeting ; the suture and a broad space on either side is
always dark ; the strise on each side of base of thorax are very small ; in
the male the anterior tarsi are plainly dilated. Long. 2^, lat. 1| mm.

Ponds, &.Q. ; common and widely distributed throughout the country ; local ia
Scotland, Tweed, Forth, Moray, Clyde ; Ireland, Belfast, Dublin, Armagh, &c.

H. granularis, L. Oval, somewhat elliptic, rather depressed on
disc, someAvhat dull, slightly pubescent, finely but distinctly punctured ;
head and thorax brownish black, the latter with margins reddish ; elytra
black with two testaceous longitudinal lines on eacli, one near margin,
and one on disc, the latter dilated at base ; male with the anterior and
intermediate tarsi slightly dilated. Long. 2^-, lat. 1| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; a local species, altliough sometimes abundant where it occurs ; Lee,
Horsell, and Woking in the Loudon district; Askham Bog (very common); Cam-
bridge, Wicken and Quy Fens, &c. ; Swansea ; Northumberland district ; not recorded
from Scotland or Ireland.

H. flavipes, 01. Oblong oval, rather convex, with fine punctua-
tion and pubescence ; head black ; thorax black with margins plainly
testaceous, basal strise very minute ; elytra black with side border and
several longitudinal lines on each, more or less abbreviated, testaceous ;
these are, however, variable ; male with the posterior tarsi slightly
dilated. Long. 2% lat. U mm.

Pouds, &c., especially iu heathy districts ; rather local, but not uncommon where

JJl/'Jroporu.-^.] aiiKpiiaoa: 177

it occurs : it aiipoars to be cliiefiy fr)uiJtl in the Lontlon district (Weybridge, Eslier,
Keiijate, Cliobliain, (Jravisoiid, &c.), iiiid tlie New Forest; Devonshire; Anglesea
(Wollaston) ; Ireland, near Belfast and elsewhere.

K. lepidus, 01. Oval, convex, puLcscent, elytra very strongly acu-
minate behind ; head and tliorax black ; elytra black with the margins and
two or three waved bands and markings on each testaceous, tliose towards
base being usually most conspicuous; the basal stria) of thorax are indis-
tinct ; in British specimens the colour is fairly constant, and the punc-
tuation distinct, although fine, but in Southern Europe it is much more
varialjle, and specimens occur which are yellow with the suture, a large,
transverse patch on middle, and a humeral dot black ; smooth forms
also occur in which the punctuation is obsolete, but these too are not
found further north ; the sexes are scarcely distinguishable. Long. 3,
lat. 1| mm.

Ponds, either stagnant or with water rnniiin<^ through them ; somewhat local but
widely distributed throughout England and Wales ; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Tweed,
Forth, Dee, Clyde; Ireland, Helfast, Dulilin, &c. : I have taken the species in profu-
sion in a pond close to the coast at Bournemouth through which a strong stream was
running, and also in a quite stagnant pool in the middle of Langworth Wood, Lincoln.

K. rivalis, Gyll, {fluviafilU, Steph.). Broad oval, rather round,
without pul)escence, rather dull, almost impunctate ; underside blackish,
S(jmetime3 ferruginous, upper side testaceous, disc of thorax more or less
dark, elytra with longitudinal black lines more or less abbreviated and
confluent ; striiB at base of thorax very plain ; front and middle tarsi of
male rather broader than in female ; antennae, except extreme apex,
testaceous. Long. 3, lat, 2 mm.

Running water; local but widely distributed ; rare in tho London district, Gom-
shall, Merton (Surrey) ; Selborne ; R. Tavy, Devonshire ; Yorkshire ; Northumberland
and Durham district; Scotland, common in streams, Lowlands, Forth, Tay, Moray.
L'eland, Belfast, Loughlinstowii, Waterford, &c.

The var. Sanmar/di diilers slightly in form, colour, and sculpture from
the type, but is hardly a variety, much less a species, as some authors
have coi.si lered it to be.

H. septentrionalls, Oyll. This species rather closelj' resem])les
the preceding, iinni whicli it may be at once distinguished by its longer
and more oblong form, and longer elytra, the dark lines on which are as
a rule much more distinct and less confluent ; the basal striae of thorax
are usually al)l)reviateil both in front and Itehind, and the surface of the
elytra is plainly and diffusely punctured ; the dark markings on thorax,
also, are more distinct, and are separated in the centre by a longitudinal
testaceous band ; underside black, sometimes ferruginous ; the sexe.s
scarcely difler. Long. 3g, lat. 2 mm.

Running water ; it is, as its name implies, n northern species, but has been taken ia
Bfwdley Forest, Worcestershire, by Mr, Blatch, and has occurred at Studley and
ScarhorouLrh, Yorkshii-e ; Dr. Leach's recoril from Devonshire reiiuires confirmation ;
Northumberland and Durham district ; Scotland, common in streams both Lowlands

N

178 ADEPiiAGA. [HijtJropor7is.

and Highlands, throughout the greater part of the country. Ireland, Killaruey, and
river Dodder.

K. Davisii, Curt. Oblong oval, without pubescence, somewhat dull,
under side black, upper side testaceous, head with an oblique dark stripe
on each side meeting at vertex, thorax with more or less distinct dark
transverse markings on disc, separated by a testaceous longitudinal baud
in centre ; elytra witli seven or eight dark lines on each, confluent in
jjlaces, especially at margins ; apex of elytra acuminate, their surface
very finely reticulate with scattered larger punctures ; front and middle
tarsi considerably dilated in male, claws of front ones more elongate in
male than female. Long. 4^ lat. 2j mm.

Always found in very clear waters ; Northumberland and Durham district ; Scot-
land, common in streams. Lowlands and Highlands, Forth, Dee, Moray, (Pohnont near
Glasgow in abundance (Power) ).

K. halensis, F. Oval, rather broad, dull, with very thick and short
pubescence ; head testaceous ; thorax testaceous with two dark spots
divided by a central line, Avhich touch or almost touch the basal margin ;
elytra testaceous, with six lines and interspersed spots black ; metaster-
num black ; upper surface hardly visibly punctured, underside strongly
punctured ; male with the anterior and intermediate tarsi broader than
in female, claws of anterior tarsi longer ; abdomen black, middle of apex
ferruginous ; female with the abdomen ferruginous. Long. 4^, lat. 2|
mm.

A fen species : first taken at Haughley, Suffolk ; Ranworth, Wicken, and Horning
fens ; Bungay ; Stowmarket.

K. dorsalis, F. Oblong oval, somewhat depressed, plainly piibescent,
colour variable, usuall}^ black, with head, margins of thorax, and mark-
ings towards base and sides of elytra, and sometimes at apex, rufescent ;
thorax transverse, with a large depression on each side of base, the
depressions meeting more or less distinctly in centre, base narrower than
base of elytra ; antennae rather long and slender, fuscous with base red ;
underside reddish ; male, rather shiny, with anterior and intermediate
tarsi strongly dilated, plainly punctured ; female duller, more obsoletely
punctured. Long. 4|, lat. 2^ mm.

Ponds, &c. ; not uncommon and widely distributed, but rather local; it occurs in
the Northumberland district, but is very doubtful as Scotch (there being only one
record, " Raehills, Rev. W. Little," Murray's Cat.) ; it has not yet been recorded from
Ireland, as far as I can discovei'.

In some specimens the markings on the elytra are cj^uite obsolete ; the
peculiar broad depressed elytra, long legs, and comparatively narrow
thorax will, however, serve to distinguish them, for they cannot be con-
founded with any other species.

H. lineatus, F. Oval, convex, with the elytra strongly acuminate
behind, closely but distinctly punctured, rather strongly pul^escent ;
head and thorax testaceous red, the latter with anterior and posterior

Jli/'Iroporn.-i.'] adephaga. 179

mar^'ins usually more or less narrowl_y dark ; elytra fuscous with the
exterior iiiar^nn and several indistinct lines testaceous red ; these are
often obsolete, and the whole surface except margins appears fuscous ;
underside red, shiny ; male with the anterior tibia3 narrowed internally
towards base, anterior and intermediate tarsi plainly dilated. Long. 3,
lat. 1| mm.

Ponds and ditclios inland and on the coast ; common and widely distributed throufjh.
nut England and Wales, :i]thoii<i:h somewhat local iu places ; Scotland, local, Lowlands,
Twufd, Tav, Solway ; Ireland, near Belfast.

H. Scalesianus, Steph. Oblong oval, very sparingly pubescent,
somewhat shiny ; head and thorax reddisli, the latter impunctate on
disc, antennai long ; elytra rather dark ferruginous, distinctly and rather
strongly punctured, strongly narrowed towards apex ; abdomen and
lireast blackish ; anterior tarsi with the third joint elongate ; male with
the anterior and intermediate tarsi a little broader than in female, the
claws of the former thick and elongate. Long. 2, lat. 1 mm.

Very local ; oritriualiy taken by IMr. Scales in Norfolk, but the locality has been lost ;
it appears to be only found uo.v in Askham Bo<? near York, where it is not uncommon
at certain seasons of the year, although never plentiful.

H. negrlectus, Schautn. Oblong, rather narrow, very scantily
puljcscent ; head red, thorax pitch-black, elytra reddish brown ; thorax
narrower than elytra, sparingly punctured on disc ; elytra rather strongly
and diffusely punctured, somewhat parallel-sided, posterior third gradually
narrowed to apex ; underside black ; third joint of anterior tarsi elon-
gate ; anterior and intermediate tarsi broader in male. Long. 2^, lat. 1 \
mm.

Rare; first taken in Britain by Dr. Power at Lee Pit; it has also occurred ou
Cannock Chase aud iu Askham Bog, York.

This is one of our smallest unspotted species ; it most closely resem-
bles //. tristis in form, colour, and sculpture, but is much smaller, more
depressed, and rather less parallel, and the sides of the thorax are more
curved ; it is also allied to //. umhroisus, from which it dilfers by its
somewhat smaller size, more elongate and parallel form, entirely ferru-
ginous legs and head, and less pubescent, more finely punctured elytra.

H. tristis, Payk. Oblong, feebly eonvex, somewhat depressed on
disc of elytra, very sparingly pubescent, not very shining; head reddish
in front ; thorax black with sides almost straight, ditfusely punctvired or
almost impunctate on disc ; elytra rather parallel-sided, reddish brown,
rather strongly punctured ; undersidi; black ; the sexes are scarcely dis-
tinguishable. Long. 3, lat. H mm.

Very local ; seems chiflly but not entirely to aflfect peaty soils on moors and in
mountainous districts : Swansea ; Hannnuth ; Siiow<ion district ; Teesdale ; Reptoa
(\V. Garneys) ; Askham Bog; abundant ou the Northumberland Moois iu mossy
holes; Scotland, commou in the Tay, Dec, and Solway districts. Ireland, Armagh.

Tliis species is at once distinguished from //. nmhrosus by its larger
si/(!, much straighter sides of elytra, scantier pubescence, and more

N 2

180 ADErnAGA. \JJ ijd miiarm-

difiFuse punctuation ; compared with H. morio, Dej. {airiceps. Crotch),
it is smaller, flatter and more oblong with the sides of the thorax less
narrowed in front : apart from this, however, its reddish head and
brownish colour will at once distinguish it.

K. umbrosus, Gyll. Oval, rather convex, parallel-sided, rather
dull ; head reddish in front, thorax black, elytra brownish ; thorax
plainly but diifusely punctured on disc ; elytra closely but very dis-
tinctly punctured with the sides somewhat rounded ; tarsi dilated in both
sexes ; the sexes are hard to distinguish : there appear to be two forms
of the species, one being somewhat more elongate and more brightly
coloured than the other, but, according to Dr. Sharp, they are not speci-
fically different, and both of them are alike in having the aiucal ventral
segment more distinctly punctured than is the case in the allied species.
Long. 2|, lat. 1^ mm.

Ponds, &c., local ; rare near London, Woking, &c. ; Walthamstow ; Hornins: Fen,
Woodbastwick, and other Norfolk localities; Ask ham Bog ; Northumberland district,
Gosforth, somewhat rare; Scotland, local. Forth, Tay, Clyde, Moray.

The distinctions between this species and the two preceding are men-
tioned above : it somewhat resembles in shape H. ohscurus^ but is smaller,
differently coloured, much more strongly pubescent, and more closely
punctured ; the angle made by the thorax and elytra viewed sideways is
very evident in this species, whereas in H. ohsciLrus the outline is
continuous.

K. ang"ustatus, Sturm. Oblong oval, elongate, plainly pubescent,
black underneath, upper side ferruginous with head, and often thorax,
red ; antennte long and slender : thorax sparingly punctured on disc, rather
strongly at base, base with depressions on each side more or less evident ;
elytra at base slightly broader than base of thorax, with sides somewhat
rounded, closely and distinctly punctured ; third joint of the anterior
tarsi elongate ; male with the anterior tarsi strongly dilated, and the claws
thickened, intermediate tibiae sinuate internally. Long. 3, lat. 1 1 mm.

Pond':, &c. ; not uncommon and widely distributed throughout England and Wales.
Scotland, scarce, Lowlands, but widely distributed as far north as the Moray district.

In size and colour this species somewhat resembles H. ohsairus:, but
may at once be distinguished by its more oblong shape, longer antennae,
and the very evident angle formed by the sides of thorax and elytra, as
well as by the more or less visible depressions at the base of thorax,
which are wanting in H. ohscurus, in which insect the base is much less
strongly punctured.

K. G-yllenhalii, Schiodte (jnreus, Steph.). Oblong oval, rather
convex, sliining, almost without pubescence, very strongly punctured,
colour dark pitchy castaneous, often lighter towards margins of elytra,
legs red ; thorax plainly punctured on disc, but much less strongly than
on margins ; sides of tliorax and elytra viev/ed sideways forming a strong

Ifi/dnijiorus.] adephaoa. 181

an^le ; Ijruast ami abdomen black ; tarsi rather broad in both sexes.
Long. 3~, lat. 2 mm.

Poiuls, &f. ; widely distribiitctl tlironghout tlie country from the New Forest to
Kiirtlimnhrrhinil ; coinuion in the Loinlou district in several localities; Scotland,
local, Forth, Tay, Moray; Ireland, near Watertbrd.

This species is unlike any other that we possess, and is at once distin-
guished by its dark castaneous colour, convex and shining upper-surface,
and the very strong punctuation.

H. morio, T)ej. (africep.^, Crotch). Oblong oval, plainly but rather
scantily j)ubescent, black with legs fuscous ; thorax narrowed in front,
with the base strongly punctured, disc somewhat raised and linely punc-
tured ; elytra distinctly punctured, more so in male than female, some-
what dilated behind middle in some specimens, which are appnrently
females ; male with the anterior and intermediate tarsi more dilated
than in female, claws of the former larger; female dimorphic, one form
being shining as in male, the other dull. Long. 3|, lat. 1| mm.

A very local and somewhat rare species, affecting, as a rule, boggy and high dis-
triits, espeeii>lly in the north. Aslchain Bog; Cheviot Hills; local in Scotland,
Highlands, Tay, Dee, Moray and Solway districts.

This insect is not the melanocephalus, Steph., ^larsh, under which
name it stands in many of the older cabinets.

This species is distinguished from H. trii<tis by its darker colour, fus-
cous legs, rather wider form, and different sculpture especiall}^ in female ;
the head is black, and not red as in tri.stis : it bears a considerable resem-
blance to dark and unicolorous specimens of H. viffiila, from which it
may be distinguished by its coarser punctuation, darker legs, and less
oval form. Mr. Bold's JI. elongatulus (erroneously identilied) appears to
be referable to this species.

K. vittula, Er. {ambir/mis, Aubo). Oval, rather convex, plainly
Iiul)escent, dull, underside black, u])per surface fuscous, with the head
more or less rufous, but often nearly black ; sides of thorax narrowly
and obscurely reddish ; elytra with more or less obscure testaceous mark-
ings at sides and towards base, which are often almost, if not quite,
obsolete, and are seldom plain ; the thorax is finely l)ut distinctly punc-
tured on di.sc, more strongly on margins; elytra closely but plainly punc-
tured, a little more evidently in male than in female ; legs darker or
lighter red or fuscous ; male Avith tarsi more strongly dilated than
female, the anterior ones with claws equal. Long. 3|-, lat. 1^ mm.

I'onds, &c. ; local; not common near London (Diilwich, I.ee, Cowley, Ilorscll,
Kiigate, &c.) ; Whittlcsea Mere; Horning Fen; Askham IJog (where a dark and
very confusing variety occurs); Northumherlaiul district; Scotland, scarce, Forth,
Solway, Clyde; Ireland, near Waterfonl, and Killarney.

This species comes near //. ^w/w.n/zvV, but is smaller, proportionally
shorter, less narrowed behind, and darker, with the light markings much
less distinct; the head and sides of thorax, also, are darker. Dr. Sharp

182 adephaga. [HydrojKirus.

considers that it will probably prove a variety of II. striola, Gyll., to
which species it bears an exceedingly close resemblance.

K. palustris, L. Oblong oval, rather elongate, very strongly
pubescent, under side black, upper side fuscous with the head and sides
of thorax plainly red, the former more or less dark on each side of
vertex ; thorax closely punctured on disc, more strongly on margins ;
elytra closely punctured with the margins and markings at base and apex
of elytra more or less plainly testaceou.s ; occasionally, but rarely, these are
almost obsolete ; legs red ; male rather dull, but less so than female, the
latter sex with elytra more closely punctured ; anterior and intermediate
tarsi of male dilated, claws of former unequal. Long. 3|, lat. vix
2 mm.

Ponds, &c. J common in stagnant water throughout the kingdom ; varieties
occasionally occur in which the testaceous spots are almost if not quite obsolete, and
the whole insect is of a reddish or fuscous colour. H. tinctus, Clark, is to be referred
to one of these : the specimens from which it was described were taken by Turner in
the New Forest.

H. incog'nitus, Sharp. Very like the preceding, but larger and
broader with the pale markings less developed and not so distinct from
the ground colour ; moreover, the form is different and more like that of
H. erythrocephalus, the sides of the elytra being more rounded ; the
punctuation of the elytra is rather more distinct than in H. palustris, the
pubescence rather finer and more sparing ; the whole upper surface is
less opaque, and the tarsi are slender, the sexes being hard to distinguish ;
the prosternal process also is more slender. Long. 3f, average lat,
2 mm.

Rare ; Cambridge ; a single specimen near Sheerness apparently referable to this
species (Champion) ; Northumberland ; Scotland, rare, Solway, Forth, Tay, Moray.

This species is also closely allied to i7. var/epidus, Fairm., but is
distinct from it, being smaller, and having the distinction between the
sexes much less marked.

K. erythrocephalus, L. Oval, convex, strongly pubescent ; head
red with the vertex on each side fuscous ; thorax black, with the margins
strongly and disc finely punctured, sometimes almost smooth, side margins
more or less obscurely reddish ; elytra fuscous with tlie side margins and
base lighter; legs red, antennse fuscous with base lighter; male with the
elytra closely but plainly punctured rather shining, with anterior and
intermediate tarsi dilated ; female dimorphic, one form being like male,
the other dall and obsoletely punctured : the latter form is the //.
deplanatus, Aube. Long. 4, lat. 2| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

H. dereUctus, Clark, is a variety of this species with the sides of
elytra more parallel and the apex more acuminate ; the original specimens
came from the Orkneys, and Dr. Sharp has specimens from Inverness-shire ;
there appears, however, to be no real specific character to separate it.

Ifl/'/riijj(,rU.<.] ADKl'IIAUA. 183

K. rufifrons, Duft. Oblong oval, ratlier convex, very scantily
pubescent ; head ferruginous in front and behind, thorax Avith side
margins obscurely lighter, strongly punctured on margins, disc very finely
punctured, almost smooth ; elytra fuscous with the base and exterior
margins obscurely ferruginous or testaceous ; legs ferruginous, antennae
fuscous with lighter base ; elytra closely and rather strongly punctured ;
male with the anterior and intermediate tarsi slightly dilated. Long. 5,
lat. 2| mm.

A very local species; ponds, &c. ; Wimbledon; Chobham ; Coombe ; Cambridf^c,
Huntingdonsliire, and Norfolk Funs; Askham Bog (sometimes commou) ; Nortbum-
berlaud, Boldon Flats (not uncommon); Scotbind, rare, Tweed, Dee, and Clyde
districts ; Ireland, near Belfast.

This species resembles the preceding, but is easily distinguished by its
larger size, more shining appearance, scanty pubescence, and somewhat
stronger punctuation.

K. long-ulus, ^NIuls. (celaius, Clark). Oval, -not elongate, with short
and very scanty jnibescence, either somewhat shiny or dull, black or
pitchy with antennae and legs red, head sometimes reddish ; thorax finely
punctured on disc, elytra closely and distinctly punctured, the punctures
becoming obsolete towards apex, sides somewhat rounded ; anterior tibiie
and tarsi rather broad : this species is rather variable, some specimens
l)eing duller and some having the elytra more distinctly punctured than
others ; there is also a considerable difference in size and in the punctua-
tion of disc of thorax, and in some examples the elytra are rufescent
towards apex. Long. 3-3^, lat. 1| nnn.

Rare; running water; Surbiton, Bradgato Park, Black Park, Tilgate Forest
(Power); Malvern Hills (Sharp); Snowdon (Brewer); Cheviots (Sb:irp) ; Scotland,
rare in Highland districts in trickling water, Forth, Tay, Dee, Moray (Braemar,
ilanisoul, Thornhill, Pitlochry, &c.).

K. long-icornis, Sharp {jiarallelus. Sharp). Oblong oval, rather
narrow and elongate, almost without pubescence, head black or pitchy
lilack almost impunctate ; anteniue long and slender, either clear red, or
more usually with the joints (except the two or thn'c basal ones) some-
what infuscate ; thorax black, with the extreme sides somewhat reddish,
sides very little narrowed in front, with the middle parts impunctate,
the punctures towards margins being distinct and close ; elytra black,
distinctly and moderately closely punctured, the punctures at margins
and apex being indistinct, each elytron with two longitudinal rows of
larger punctures ; legs red ; the sexes are very difficult to distinguish.
Lung. 3|, lat. 1| mm.

Very rare; Rannoch, Perthshire (Sharp) ; north of Northumberland (Bold) ; Wales
(recorded by Sharp) ; the sjwcies has also been found in Finland and Savoy.

This species is closely allied to //. inelaiiariuii, but is rather narrower
and more elongate, and has the elytra more finely punctured ; the
antenna! also are more elongate ; the two punctured lines on the elytra,

184 .ADErHAGA. [Hijilnqiorns.

which arc very evident in this species, are hardly traceal)]e in //. mela-
narius; in form and colour it somewhat resemhles H. morio, S , hut is
more parallel, less distinctly punctured, and has the thorax more dis-
tinctly margined ; the angle, too, formed hy the sides of elytra^ and
thorax viewed sideways is more obtuse than in that species (Dr. Sharp
says it is about the same, and it may certainly be regarded as one of the
transitional species, but on a comparison of Dr. Sharp's own types the
angle formed by the sides appears distinctly more obtuse than in average
specimens of H. morio).

H. melanarius, Sturm (i\ montirola, Sharp). Oblong oval,
almost without pubescence, black or pitchy, antennae and legs red;
thorax punctured on margins, disc smooth or almost smooth; elvtra
parallel-sided rather strongly and diffusely punctured, punctures obsolete
towards apex which is usually of a lighter colour ; this is a somewhat
variable species in size, sculpture, and even in form ; some examples are
dull and less distinctly but not more closely punctured than others,
Avhich are shining and very distinctly punctured ; H. mojiticqla, Sharj),
was described from these smaller, duller, and more finely punctured
specimens. Long. 3-3|; lat. 1|— If mm-

Ditches and mossy holes amongst Sphagnum, rare. London district, Esher and
Lee Pit (Power), Woking (Champi^on) ; as a rule these specimens from near London
are larger than the more northern forms ; on Cannock Chase 1 took a specimen in
1879 intermediate between the type and the variety ; Askham Bog ; Northumberland
district, uiossv holes on moors, rare; Scotland, rare, Highlands, Tay, Moray, Sol-
^vav. Dr. Sharp's original specimen of R. monticola came from Glen Affrick,
Inverness-shire.

The differences between this species and the preceding are mentioned
above : from H. morio, $ , it may at once be distinguislied by its more
pitchy colour, red legs and antennae, impunctate disc of thorax, and
shorter and mere parallel-sided elytra.

H. memnonius, Nic. Oblong oval, rather depressed, almost with-
out pubescence, pitchy, or pitchy black with the anterior and posterior
margins of head and sides of thorax more or less distinctly ferruginous ;
antennfc and legs red, the former somewhat elongate ; thorax with sides
only slightly narrowed in front, with the margins strongly and the disc
finely punctured ; elytra rather closely and strongly punctured ; abdomen
and breast black; male shining and plainly puncttu-ed, female dimorphic,
one form being like male, and the other very dull and finely punctured,
and usually entirely of a castaneous colour : this form is the //. castancm,
Aube. Long. 4, lat. 2| mm.

Ponds, ditches, &c., either in woods or open spaces ; rather local, but widely
distributed throughout the country ; also rather common in Scotland in lowland
districts as far north as Morayshire.

H. obscurus, Sturm. Oval, rather convex, scantily pubescent,
rather shiny, red or fuscous red with the head, base of antennaj (which
are short), and legs lighter; thorax with the disc broadly smooth.

I/lJ>lrtqi<ini..<.] ADKPHAGA. 1S5

antiTinr and posterior margins brownish, punctured ; base with a
depression near posterior anglt's ; elytra rather strongly punctured;
breast black ; sexes indistinguishable externally. Long. 2|, lat. H mm.

Ponds, &c. ; local and not verj' common, altlionorh widely distributed ; London
district, Lee, Rei2;ato, Horscll, Woking ; New Forest ; Snowdon ; Askham Bog ;
Skiddavv ; Northumherland district; Scotland, not rare, Tay, Dee, Solway, Clyde,
Moray ; Ireland, Killarney.

This is a very distinct little species, which may at once be known' by
its reddish colour, smooth upper surface, rather strong punctuation, and
small size ; it is usually placed near umhrosus, but bears very little
resemblance to that insect, which is smaller, narrower, of darker colour,
mucli more evidently pubescent, more finely punctured, and with much
longer and more slender antenna? ; the sides of thorax and elytra viewed
sideways are continuous, a point which separates it from //. trisfis, with
wliich it is sometimes compared ; it is also smaller than that species,
dillerently coloured, and has shorter and thicker antennae.

K. nig-rita, Fab. {ijlahdhis, Thoms.). Oval, rather broad, finely
pubescent, sliglitly shining or dull, black or pitch}' ; antennse fuscous
with base red, legs red : thorax with margins punctured, disc with a few
scattered punctures, almost smooth ; elytra distinctly and rather strongly
punctured, punctures obsolete towards apex ; apex of abdomen usually
impunctate ; sexes indistinguishable externally. Long. 3, lat. 1| mm.

Ponds, wells, small streams, <S:c. ; widely distributed and not uncommon tbroughout
tbe greater part of tlie country ; Scotland, common in lowland and liigliland disfic-ls
as tar nortli as Morayshire ; Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin, and probably widely
distributed.

K. discretus, Fairm. Very like the preceding, of which it has
been coTisidered l)y some authors a sexual variety ; the punctuation is
much closer and the pubescence less scanty, and the upper surface is
l)rig]iter and not finely and densely coriaceous, and therefore dull, as in
J[. nirfrifa ; the disc of thorax also is much more evidently puncturetl ;
sexual differences very slight. Long. 3, lat. If mm.

Local ; Lee, Esher, and Birdbrook, Essex (Power) ; Hastings (Butler) ; Xortlmm-
bcrland district; Scotland, local, Lowlands, Tay, Solway: this and the preceding
si)ecies appear to inhabit clear water either still or running ; Mr. Bold says that a
runner from a spring on the moors is a favourite locality.

This species comes very near the preceding, but the distinctions are
very evident if specimens are compared side by side ; it appears to be
more closely allied to //. ccrsicns, Wehncke, and //. ii'uf'r, Fairm., than
to //. nl(jrita.

K. pubescens, ( ' yll. {melanocejihal ns, Marsh 1). Oval, rather
convex, dull, strongly puliescent, evenly, finely, and thickly piuictured,
head and thorax black, elytra fuscous with the shoulders often lighter ;
anteniue fuscous with base red, legs ob.scurely red ; last segment of
abdonuMi widely and deeply punctured ; anterior tarsi with the third
i'liul small. Lo]ig. Si], lat. 1§ mm.

186 ADEPiiAGA. [Ili/droporus.

Ponds, &c. ; one of the commonest of the Dytiseida? not only in Britain, but also
throughout Europe, extending from Finland to Algeria, and from Britain to Northern
Persia ; the thick pubescence and fine punctuation at once distinguish it from I£.
nigrita ; the elytra also are longer in proportion ; from H. discretus it may be
separated by its shape, thicker pubescence, and lighter base of elytra.

K. planus, F. Oval, not very convex, very plainly pubescent,
thickly and finely punctured, head and thorax black, elytra fuscous with
the base and shoulders more or less obscurely testaceous, legs reddish,
antennae fuscous with red base ; last segment of abdomen pubescent with
the apical half thickly punctured ; male with the front tarsi broader than
in female. Long. 4-4|, lat. 2-2-^ mm.

Ponds, &c. ; one of the commonest species throughout the kingdom ; it varies some-
what in colour and also in size; it is most closely allied to the preceding, from which
it may always be distinguished in doubtful cases by the larger third joint of the front
tarsi and the sculpture of the apical ventral segment.

H. lituratus, F. (xanihnpus, Steph.). Oval, rather convex,
shining, plainly l)ut rather scantily pubescent, distinctly but rather finely
punctured, head and thorax black, the latter less evidently punctured on
disc than on margins ; antennae and legs testaceous, the former fuscous
towards apex ; elytra fuscous or brownish, with the margins and base
more or less broadly and distinctly testaceous ; last abdominal segment
indistinctly punctured ; the colour, sculpture, and pubescence are some-
what variable; the sexes are hard to distinguish. Long. 3|, lat. 2 mm.

Stagnant ponds, especially in woods ; not uncommon and widely distributed from
south to north ; Scotland, local, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Sol way ; Ireland,
Armagh (?).

££. marg-inatus, Duft. This species in form and general appear-
ance rather closely resembles H. planus, but is somewhat larger and
broader, and may at once be distinguished by its reddish head (which is
lighter in front and beliind), broadly testaceous margins of thorax, and
extremely dense and fine pubescence and punctuation ; the elytra are
variable in colour, being usually fuscous or fuscous-brown with the sides,
apex, and base more or less broadly testaceous ; in some specimens the
testaceous colour prevails ; legs red, antennae fuscous with red base ;
itnderside black ; male with the anterior tarsi considerably broader than
in the female : the species may at once be distinguished by its sculpture.
Long. 4|, lat. 2| mm,

Punds, &c.; one of our rarest Dytiscidse, althou2;h there seems no reason why it
sliould not be found in greater numbers ; in fact it is probable that it is occasionally
piissed over in mistake for planus ; Twyford and Eggiugton, near Repton, Burton-on-
Trent (W. Garneys, who at th(^ time did nor recognize it, or might have secured more) ;
Marlborough (Hart Smith) ; Knowle, near Birmingham, and Cannock Chase (Blatch);
first taken in Britain by Hamlet Clark at Woburn, Bedtbrdshire.

H. ferrug'ineus, Steph. (victor, Aube). Oblong oval, depressed,
almost without pubescence, somewhat shiny ; head large, red with darker
disc ; thorax ferruginous with the sides lighter, sparingly punctured on
disc, strongly on borders, side margins strong, base impressed on each

Jlt^driijxini,'^.] ADEl'llAGA. 187

side ; elytra ferruginous with the base and other obscure markings lighter,
closely and distinctly punctured ; antenna? and legs red ; tarsi with the
third joint large ; sexes almost indistinguishable. Long. 4, lat. 2 mm.

Rare ; running water, especially among moss on mountains and in high localities ;
the original specimens of Stephens were taken by Mr. Tiudd at Collingbourne Wood
ne;ir Marlborough, and in a stream near Kimpton, Audover ; Whalley, near rieslon,
Lancashire; Snovvdon ; Scotland, local. Lowlands and Highlands, Forth, Tay,
Moray.

H. obsoletus, Aube {Ashwurthii, Power). Oval, rather depressed,
shining, without pubescence; head red in front, darker behind ; thorax
and elytra testaceo-ferruginous with the disc of former dark and the
latter more or less obscurely mottled with ligjiter markings ; thorax with
disc smootli, depressed on each side towards posterior angles, depressions
strongly punctured ; elytra very finely punctured with large and plain
scattered punctures ; antenna? and legs r(3d ; breast and abdomen black ;
the sexes are apparently indistinguishable externally. Long. 4, lat.
2 mm.

Rare ; North Wales ; Scarborough and Scalby Beck, Yorkshire ; Gosforth, Xorth-
uniberland ; Scotland, rare, Solway district (Sharp) ; Balinuto (Fifeshire) (I'ower;
one or two specimens at a time in a small pool in a burn alter a storm) ; Dr. Sliarp
notes that the occurrence of this species in Britain is strange, as it is a native of Syria
and Southern (more especially South- Kastern) Europe.

K. oblongrus, Steph. (nitidus, Sturm). Oblong oval, rather elongate,
without pub(;scence, shining ; head dark reddish, antenna? testaceous
red, apex of last joints fuscous ; thorax pitchy Avith sides lighter, very
finely ])unctured on disc, more plainly on margins ; elytra pitchy casta-
neous, with .sides, base, and shoulders ligliter, rather sparingly and very
distinctly punctured, punctuation more close towards apex ; legs red ;
underside almost impunctate ; in the male the anterior and middle tarsi
arc somewliat dilated, and joints 3-7 of the antenna? are slightly stouter
than in the female. Long. 5, lat. 2 J- mm.

Ponds, &c.; rare; discovered by Dr. Power near Cambridge; Hoiiiing Fen;
Askham Bog, York (not uncommon in early spring, although it always occurs
sparingly).

COLYMBETINA.

Dr. Sharp (1. c. p. 490) divides his complex Colymbetides into two
tribes, Agabina and Colymbetina, the former having a group of cilia on
the posterior external angle of the hind femora, Avhereas in the latter it
is absent. Dr. Horn prefers the character j)resented by the semi-mem-
branous piece l)orderiiig the inner edge of the linst ventral plate, which
in his Hrst group Agabi is smooth, and in his second group Colymbete.s
is rugose ; this latter method of division is of advantage as including
several of Dr. Sharp's unassociated genera : the only one of the.se in
our fauna is Coptdatus [LUqiterus), which resembles the Agaljina in
liaving the semi-membranous piece above referred to smooth, and the
C\ilvmbetina in having no group of cilia on the hiuil femur ; with our

188 ADEPHAGA. \_Cuhjmhdina.

limited number of genera the best plan would seem tO be to regard the
Colymbetina as one tribe including the genera Agahus. Platamhus,
IJi/Mus, Cox>elatns. Rhantus, and Colymbetes, the genus Cojiclatus forming
a transition between the first three and the last two ; they may then
be divided as follows : —

I. Posterior external angle of hind femora furnished with a

little group of cilia.

i. Claws of posterior tarsi unequal Iltbius, Er.

ii. Claws of posterior tarsi equal.

1. Wings of metasternum variable in size but always
distinctly wedge-sliaped, never linear ; epipleurae of

elytra narrower Agabtjs, Leach.

2. Wings of metasternum sleuder and linear ; epi-

pleuraj of elytra flat and broad behind middle . . . Piatambus, Thorns.

II. Posterior external angle of biud femora without group of

cilia.

i. Claws of posterior tarsi equal Copelattjs, Er.

ii. Claws of posterior tarsi unequal.

1. Sides of thorax margined ; elytra not transversely

striolate RhantuS, Lac.

2. Sides of thorax not margined ; elytra transversely

striolate Colymbetes, Clairv.

AG-ABUS, Leach.

In this genus the sides of the prothorax have a raised margin, and the
terminal joint of the palpi is not thickened ; the genus comprises about
a hundred species from Europe, Northern Asia, and North America,
and a considerable number of species standing under other generic
names are probably referable to it ; it is very difficult to determine the
species, as they are so much alike in general appearance, although in
obscure points of structural difference they vary exceedingly from species
to species: the following table may be found of some service, but in each
case the more minute differences must be carefully compared : the
species are of moderate size, being on an average about 8 or 9 mm.
long, and are either black, bronze, or lighter or darker testaceous, uui-
colorous, or with a variety of markings ; the sculpture of the elytra nearly
always consists of a fine reticulation, the size and shape of the meshes
often affording a good character for the distinction of the species ; on
each elytron there are usually two or three irregular rows of large
punctures, which however are sometimes very indistinct in the dull
females.

The larva of Plafamhus {Agahus) maculatus is figured by Schiodte (ii., PI. vi.,
Fig. 1) : it is elongate-ovate, somewhat depressed, strongly acuminate behind, pale,
with the head and the dorsal scuta fuscous-bhick spotted and marked with whitish-
yellow ; head narrow almost orbicular, prothorax narrower than mesothorax with
sides very strongly rounded, narrowed in front ; seventh and eighth abdominal seg-
ments very narrow, cylindrical, cerci very long proceeding from the apex of the
eighth segment, furnished in middle and at apex with loug setae; legs rather long
with very long equal claws.

'ial)tix.

ADEI'lIAGA.

189

I. Wiiifj^; of nioia^tornum very slender.

i. Di-sp of c'lytni with yellow bands and

ni:ii-kin<^s .....' A. abbrkviatus, F.

ii. Disc of elytra unicolorous .... A. yESlOKALlS, Prt^yA:.

II. Winers of uietasturuum moderate or rather

lai-tro.
i. ]\lalc with a scries of striic forinins a
stridulatinp;' file on each side of the third
abdominal se;,'mcnt; npper surface dark
bronze.

1. Form narrower ; elytra parallel-sided A. Affinis, Pay^.

2. Foi-m broader ; elytra with sides

sliuhtly rounded .A..UKGUICULAEIS, Thorns.

ii. i^. ale wit iiout stridulatory organ ou the
third abdominal sej^nient.

1. Upper surface black, strongly and

coarsely reticulated.

A. Upper surface with strons: distinct
scratches forming a longitudiiui] re-
ticulation.

a. I>. iJ-10 nun. ; base of thorax

slightly sinuate in middle ... A. BTPrsTULAxrs, L., and v. SoUeri,

Aube.

b. L. 6-7 mm.; base of thorax trun-
cate A. STRIOLATUS, Gyll.

B. Upper surface with strong scratches
forming a coarse reticulation with-
out any defiuite direction .... A. MELANAEius,^«5(.' (^arsa^tw, Zett.).

2. Upper surface very smooth, uni-
colorous reddish brown ; swimming

legs short and stout A. BRUNNE0S, F.

3. Upper surface very smooth, brownish
testaceous, clouded with more or less

well-defined dark markings and spots.

A. Femora entirely testaceous; disc of
thorax with two black spots (which

are rarely obsolete) A. Kebulostts, For.it.

B. Femora brownish towards base ;

disc of thorax always without spots . A. conspkusus, Marsh.

4. Upper surface brownish or blackish
bronze, smooth and shiny, with a yellow
spot on each elytron just behind middle,

and sometimes anotlier at ajjcx.

A. Flytral spot behind middle waved ;
hind cox;l' rather large; wings of

metasterimm large A. didtmus, 01.

B. Elytral spot behind middle simple,

sometimes indistinct.

a. Base of thorax sinuate in middle,
sides converging from base to front;
male with anterior claws distinctly

toothed A. BIQUTTATUS, 01. {llitidus, F.).

b. Hase of thorax straight, sides
not converging before anterior
tliird ; male with anterior claws

simple A. GUTTATUS, P'll/k.

5. Upiier surface unicolorous bronze,
with at most extreme edges of elvtra

190 ADEPHAGA. [A'/alttS.

and thorax lighter, besides the usual
reddish spots ou vertex of head.

A. Form larger, longer, and more de-
pressed ; legs ferruginous, femora

dark A. CHALCOXOTUS, Panz.

B. Form smaller, narrower, and more
convex ; legs clear red or testaceous;
male shining, female (var.) very

dull A. TTLIGINOSUS, L.

6. Upper surface dark with margins
broadly red, finely but plainly reticu-
late and dull.

A. Form broad, oval A. Sttjrmii, Schijn.

B. Form narrow, oblong A. aecticus, Pai/k.

7. Thorax dark ; elytra brownish yellow
or reddish, passing from a lighter to a
darker shade, but with no distinct

markings.

A. Upper surface very shiny ... A. palttdostts, F.

B. Upper surface rather dull ... A. congener, Thtmb.

Tlie species are arranged below ■under their several groups as given
by Dr. Sharp ; there are no British representatives of the groups that
are omitted.

Group II.

Outline of elytra and thorax either continuous or but slightly dis-
continuous ; prosternal process comparatively broad, nearly flat, evenly and
di.^tiuctly margined, shining and impunctate ; wings of metasternum
large ; sexual differences of sculpture, as a rule, very slight ; male fore
feet but little developed.

A. g-uttatus, Payk. Oblong oval, bronze-black, shining, rather
depressed ; labrum, two spots on vertex of head, antennae, and palpi red ;
thorax with sides strongly margined, a little broader at base than apex, pos-
terior angles right angles ; elytra somewhat parallel-sided, rugose towards
apex, smoother and more shining towards base, with two more or less dis-
tinct testaceous spots on each, one behind middle and one at apex ; legs
varying in colour, sometimes clear red, sometimes more or less piceous ;
elytra of female near base finely but distinctly reticulate ; in the male
the reticulation is less distinct, and the surface near base almost appears
finely and closely punctured. Long. 8, lat. 4 mm.

Ponds, &c. ; generally in clear water with streams running through it; not un-
common and widely distributed throughout England and Wales, although somewhat
local ; Scotland, abundant both Lowlands and Highlands ; Irelaud, Armagh.

A. big'uttatus, 01. (fontinalis, Steph., nitidiis, Steph.). Oblong oval,
shining black, rather depressed ; head with two spots on vertex usually
red ; antennas red with the apex as a rule black, paljDi piceous ; thorax
with base sinuate, sides somewhat contracted in front, lateral margins
not strong ; elytra with two testaceous spots on each, one behind middle,
the other at apex, both small and inconspicuous, the latter often obso-
lete ; female less shining than male ; the reticulation, however, varies

Aija/nis.] ADEr-iiAGA. 191

very much ; the species, as a rule, is larger, more convex, and more
shilling than the preceding, and has the elytral spots less distinct : the
toothed anterior claws of the male will also serve to distinguish it.
Long. 9, lat. 4^ mm.

Kuiiuiiii,' stroaras ; local, although widely distvibuted ; Maidstone; Dartmoor;
Bristol; IJangoUeu; Isle of Man; Hartlepool; Northumberland district ; Scotland,
local, Tweed, Forth, Moray.

This species is one of the most widely distributed of the Agahi,
ranging over Central and Southern Europe to JS'orth Africa and Central
Asia witli innumerable variations of sculpture, and considerable differences
of colour.

A. paludosus, F. Oval, rather convex, very smooth and shining ;
ht'dd dark with front and two spots on vertex red, antennae testaceous
red ; thorax dark with borders red ; elytra brownish yellow or castaneous
with the sides and base lighter ; posterior legs pitchy, anterior and inter-
mediate ones red with femora pitchy in middle ; no sexual differences of
sculpture ; male with the basal joints of the front and middle tarsi a little
thickened. Long. 7, lat. 4 mm.

Widely distributed, and not uncomuion, although local ; generally in running water,
but not always ; it occurs throughout the country from Northumberland to Devou-
shire, and from South VVales to the London district ; Scotland, rather scarce, but
widely distributed in the Tweed and eastern districts ; it ajjparently does not occur
iu the Solway and western ones. Ireland, Cork, and near Belfast.

Group IV.

Characters similar to those of the highly developed members of the
preceding group, except that the swimming legs are strongly developed,
being short and thick ; one species only is contained in the group.

A. brunneus, F. {ferrugineus, Steph.). Oval, 'broad, convex,
smotith and very shiny, outline of thorax and elytra continuous ;
underside black (except of head and thorax), upper side castaneous, with
obscure markings occasionally on head and thorax, elytra somewhat
light L-r at sides and base ; legs red, all the femora in middle, and pos-
terior tiljicC pitchy ; female apparently dimorphic, one form being much
more plainly reticulated and duller than the male : Dr. Sharp does not
notice this fact, but there are several of the duller forms in Dr. Power's
collection. Long. 9, lat. 5i mm.

Very rare; taken originally (according to Stephens, Mand. ii. 79) by Dr. Leach in
Soiuii Devon; rediscovered by Ur. Power iu June 18G2 in the Xew Forest, in ii
stream Ui-ar Lyudhurst, where it was afterwards taken by Charles Turner iu some
numbers.

Group YII.

Iliiul coxa? small, wings of metasternum large, bind tarsi feeble; no
abdominal tile ; prosternal process in our single species moderately l>roatl,
feebly punctate (in some of the other species of the group it is quite

.smootii).

192 ADEPHAGA. [A<jaJ>ilS.

A. ulig'inosus, L. (dispar, Bold). Oval, convex, shining, upper
surface In-onze l)lack ; head with two obscure spots on vertex reddish ;
thorax and elytra with margins narrowly red, base of latter occasionally
lighter than disc ; thorax strongly margined ; elytra short and broad,
narrowed towards apex but not acuminate ; underside black, abdominal
segments more or less reddish behind ; legs red ; female dimorphic,
one form being like male, the other very thickly reticulate and quite
opaque and dull ; male wath the front tarsi considerably thickened, claws
of front feet short, anterior one thickened so as to appear dentate in
middle. Long. 7, lat. 4^ mm.

Very local ; ponds in bogs, &c. ; Askham Bog, near York, not uncommon ; North-
nraberland district, Boldon Flats, &c., in some numbers ; recorded by Murray from
Edinburgli and Aberdeenshire, but Dr. Sharp considers it very probable that in-
dividuals of A. congener may have been mistaken for it ; the dull variety of the
female appears to be confined to Britain : it is not uncommon at Askham Bog.

This species may at once be distinguished from its allies by its shorter,
broader, and more convex form : it somewhat resembles A. femoralis at
first siglit, l:)ut that insect is much more parallel-sidod, more depressed,
and quite difl'erently sculptured.

Group YIII.

Male with a series of striiB forming a stridulatory organ on each side
of the third abdominal segment ; prosternal process rather narrow, very
little compressed, nearly smooth or feebly punctate ; wings of mota-
sternum moderately large.

A. affinis, Payk. Oblong oval, rather depressed on centre of disc,
bronze-black, shining, very finely reticulate ; elytra with a longitudinal
patch near margin just behind middle and a spot near apex testaceous
red ; these markings are very obscure, and are often quite obsolete ; an-
tennae and legs red, femora more or less pitchy ; anterior claws of male
with a sharp tooth ; the sculpture of the sexes is almost identical.
Long. 65-, lat. 3 1 mm.

Very local ; only taken near Dumfries, where it has been found by Dr. Sharp, and
Bubsequeully by Mr. Lennon in some numbers.

A. ung-uicularis, Thorns. Extremely like the preceding, but less
parallel (the sides of the thorax behind and of the elytra being more
rounded) ; the general colour is more brassy, and the broad turned-under
margin of the base of the elytra is obscure red, whereas in offinis it is
quite black ; there is also some difference in the size of the wings of the
metasternum, but quite insufiicient to warrant their being placed in
two different genera, as is done by Thomson, who places unguicularis
under Eriglenus, and afflni!< under Gaurodytes, relying chiefly on this
character, which is a very unsatisfactory one except in extreme cases.
Long. 6 J, lat. 3 1 mm.

Widely distributed, although local ; ponds, &c. ; London district, Lee, &c. ; York .

A'jahuS.] ADEPIIAGA. 193

sliire, Askliara Bopf ; Netlcy ; XorfoUc ; Cainbriilg'o ; NortliuinbL'rliiud district ; Scot-
laud, not common. Lowlands, Tweod, Forth, Solway, Clyde.

Vroni A. fcm<ira/i.<i and A. uliginosns these species may be suporficially
ilistiiiguishcd by not having tlio margins of tliorax and elytra ligliter.

Gronp rX.

Tlind coxcc moderate, or rather large ; wings of metasternum moderate ;
prusternal process acuminate, finely margined ; swimming legs rather
stout ; elytra marked with yellow.

A. didymus, 01. [n'freus, ]*ayk.). Oval, rather convex, broad and
robust, rather shining, almost smooth, upper side bronze, with the edges
of thorax and epipleuraa of elytra reddish; elytra with a waved testaceous
mark near the side just behind middle formed by the junction of two
spots which are very rarely separated, and another pale spot near apex,
which are both conspicuous and at once distinguish the species ; an-
tennae testaceous, legs pitchy-red ; male with the front and middle tai-si
distinctly thickened. Long. 8, lat. 4| mm.

Kunning water; local, but widely distributed; London district; Xow Forest;
Dartmoor ; Swansea; Cambridge; Rcpton and other nuiilaud localities; liridlinjjton,
Yi):k>liii'e; Nortlunnberland district ; becomes rarer in the north of England, and lias
not been recorded from Scotland.

Group X.

Anterior tarsi of male never much thickened, their claws more or less
elongate, their under surface bearing distinct but not large palettes ;
prosternal process elongate, never broad, not keeled ; wings of meta-
sternum rather large.

A. cong-ener, I'ayk. Oval or oblong oval, feubly convex ; head and
thoi'ax black, sometimes with labrum, two spots on vertex of head, and
sid(! margins of thorax leddish ; elytra fuscous, fuscous-red, or reddish
with the sides and base usually lighter ; antennae and legs I'ed, femora
darker; prosternal process long, narrow, acuminate, and impunctate ;
male with elytra bearing only obscure traces of reticulation, female with
sculpture varying from that of male to an extremely dense and distinct
reticulation which makes the whole surface ajjpear opaque ; colour of
elytra also very variable. Long. 7, lat. 4 mm.

This appears to be essentially a northern, alpine <ir snbalpine species ; it has been
recorded Ironi Suflblk, Norfoll;, and near London, and also from Askbani Holt, York,
but all these localities rc(|uir(! coiitiiniatioii ; Nortliumberland district, " taken near
the top of Cheviot by Mr. .1. Hardy"; Scotland, abundant in mossy pools in higii
ilistricts ; Tweed, Tay, Dee, and Soiway.

A. nebulOBus, Forst. {hipundatm, F.). Oval, rather depressed,
shiny, underside black; head black Avith mouth, cl3'peus, and two
spots on vertex more or less plainly testaceous ; thorax testaceous with
two more or less distinct, occasionally obsolete, dark spots on disc •
elytra testaceous with irregular variegated dark mirkings ; logs, iucludin"

o

194 ADEPHAGA, [Agcibus.

femora, testaceous ; the sculpture of the male and female differs very
little, but the female has the base of the elytra very minutely and
finely reticulate or coriaceous. Long. 8|, lat. 4^ mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland ; it is found
in stagnant water.

A. conspersus, jSFarsh. This species closely resembles the pre-
ceding, but is rather smaller, and may at once be distinguished from
ordinary specimens of A. nehulosus by the absence of the two spots on
disc of thorax ; from those specimens in which the spots are obsolete
it may at once be separated by the colour of the femora, which are
always more or less broadly fuscous ; the sculpture of the female is ex-
tremely variable, sometimes being as in male, Avhereas forms occur in
which the close and fine reticulation gives the insect a verj^ dull and
opaque appearance ; between the extreme forms various intermediate
gradations occur. Long. 8, lat. 4^ mm.

A maritime species, found usually near the coast in brackish ponds and ditches ;
widely distributed, and by no means uncommon, although rather local; it appears to
get rare in the north of England, and is not recorded from the Northumberland
district ; in Scotland it occurs near the sea in the Forth and Solway districts, where it
is local.

A. striolatus, G!-yll. Oblong oval, somewhat elongate and narrow,
black, rather dull, with antennas and legs red ; upper side plainly re-
ticulate, the meshes of the reticulation being distinctly longitudinal ;
thorax with the posterior angles obtuse ; sculpture of sexes similar ;
male with the three basal joints of the front and middle tarsi a little
thickened and furnished beneath with the usual glandular hairs. Long.
7, lat. 4 mm.

Very rare ; has only been taken in Horning Fen, Norfolk (chiefly by Mr. Laundy
Browne), and hag not occurred for many years ; it is a rare species on the Continent,
although extending- from Finland to the basin of the Seine.

Group XIV.

Hind coxpe large with acutely arched upper border, wings of meta-
sternum very slender ; prosternal process rather small ; legs rather slender ;
male front tarsi but little thickened,

A. femoralis, Payk. Oval, rather depressed, bronze black, shining,
with the front of head, two more or less obscure spots on vertex, and
margins of thorax and elytra rufescent ; antennae and legs red, the former
darker, as a rule, towards apex ; elytra very finely reticulate and plainly
punctured besides the irregular rows of larger punctures ; thorax with
broad lateral margin ; underside of thorax brown-red, breast and abdo-
men black, hinder segments of the latter more or less reddish behind ;
male with front and middle tarsi slightly thickened ; sculpture the same
ill both sexes. Long. 6, lat. 3| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; local and not common ; Wimbledon, Woking, Walthamstow ; Bound-

Ai/ahus.l ADEPIIAGA. 19'">

stono, 'I'lie Unit, near Farnh;UTi ; Norwich. St. Fiitli's; Strensall, near Yorlc ; Xorth-
umljurland aud Durhain district ; Scotlaiul, local, Lowlauds, but widely distributed,
Tweed, Forth, Tay, Sohvay, Clyde, and Moray districts.

A. abbreviatus, V. {invhilatua, Sclir.). Oval, convex, shining,
very finely reticnlite, underside pitchy with hinder segments of ahdomen
reddish behind ; upper surface bronze ; head and margins of thorax red ;
elytra with a very plain waved testaceous band near base stretching
across their whole breadth but, as a rule, not quite reaching suture, a
waved spot behind middle connected with the basal marking by a
lateral band, and another near apex which is small and sometimes in-
distinct ; antennae and legs red ; elytra very finely punctured besides the
usual larger punctures ; male with the anterior and intermediate tarsi a
little thickened. Long. 7|, lat. 4 mm.

Ponds, &c. ; very local ; abundant in Askham Bojj, where it is the commonest
member of the genus at some seasons of the year (I have taken it in profusion in
August with Archdeacon Hey) ; also recorded from Shropsliire, Windsor, Leominster,
&c. ; formerly abundant in the Fen districts, Whittlesea Mere, &c. ; one of the most
distinct of the British species, and known at once by its colouration, which is quite
peculiar to it.

Group XVII.

Prosternal process flat, very finely, or indistinctly, margined ; male
with posterior tarsi much thickened, and furnished beneath with re-
markably large palettes ; wings of metasternum only moderately large ;
swimming legs moderately long and stout ; surface conspicuously reti-
culate.

A. arcticus, Payk. Oblong oval, rather narrow, not very convex,
dull ; head black with mouth and two more or less distinct spots on
vertex red ; thorax black with margins and a broader or narrower band
across disc reddish-testaceous ; elytra black with margins broadly light ;
antenna; and legs red, the former with apex of last joints fuscous ; upper
side very closely and irregularly reticulate ; lateral margins of thorax
very fiiu; ; male with the front claws uncipial, th(! anterior shorter and
furnished with an angular projection ; reticulation of upper surface very
deep in female. Long. 7, lat. 3 ^- mm.

A northern sjiccies extending across North Europe and Arctic Siberia to North
America; Northnmberlaud district, Whittingham near Alnwick (G. Wailes) ; Cheviots
(.1. Hardy); Scotland, local, Highlands, Forth, Tay, Dec, Solway, Clyde, Argyle,
Moray, and probably extending to the extreme north.

A. Sturmii, C!yll. Oval, rather convex, dull, finely and closely
reticulate ; bead aud thorax black, somewhat ajneous, margins of latter
broadly testaceous; elytra fuscous with sides broadly testaceous, antenna3
and legs reddish, apex of last joints of former, and middle of femora of
latter blackish ; lateral margin of thorax fine; male with the front claws
elongate and of about equal length, apical joint of middle tarsus very
elongate ; sculpture of sexes identical. Long. 8, lat. 11 mui.

o 2

196 ADEPHAGA. [Agahus.

Ponds, &c. ; widely distributed and not uncommon in stagnant water in England
and Wales and in Scotland; Ireland, near Belfast and Armagh, and probably
common.

Group XIX.

Coxal lines in their anterior part but little directed outwards ; prosternal
process rather broad but always compressed ; wings of metasternum large
or moderate.

A. chalconotus, Panz. Oval, rather depressed, upper side blackish
bronze, with the sides of thorax and elytra sometimes very narrowly
rufescent ; mouth and two spots on vertex more or less obscurely red;
under side black, abdominal segments reddish behind ; antennae red, apex
of last joints dark ; anterior and intermediate pairs of legs red, femora
pitchy, posterior pair entirely pitchy ; upper surface finely and thickly re-
ticulate; male with the three basal joints of front and middle tarsi slightly
thickened and apical ventral segment rugose towards apex especially on
each side of the middle ; size very variable. Long. 6-8, lat. 3|-4|-
mm.

Ponds, &c. ; common and widely distributed from Newcastle to Dartmoor, and from
Swansea to the London district ; Scotland, rather common as far north as Morayshire ;
Ireland, near Dublin and Belfast.

Group XX.

Coxal border very wide ; the coxal lines gently, not abruptly turned
outwards at the extremity ; prosternal process punctulate, slightly raised
along the middle.

A. melanarius, Aube (tarsatus, Zett.). Oblong oval, rather shiny
(the male more so than the female), somewhat depressed, black with a
slight Eeneous reflection which is, as a rule, hardly perceptible ; antennae
red • le^s pitchy ; head with two obscure red spots on vertex ; each
elytron with an obscure reddish dash on margin near apex ; upper surface
strongly and plainly reticulate, the meshes of the reticulation taking no
definite direction ; this character, together with its larger size and more
shining appearance, separates it from A. striolahis^ which it most closely
resembles ; male with the three basal joints of the anterior and middle
tarsi slightly thickened. Long. 9, lat. 5 mm.

Very rare ; a single specimen in Dr. Powei-'s collection taken in the Orkneys by
Mr. Svnie; Mr. Bold in his catalogue records a specimen from Long Benton, North-
umberland, but I have not seen the insect, nor do I know of any person who has
verified it.

A. bipustulatus, L. Oval, not very convex, black, upper surface
sometimes with a very slight metallic reflection, very strongly reticulated,
the meshes narrow and at all events at base taking a distinctly longi-
tudinal direction ; antennae and palpi red, apex of last joints of former
often darker ; legs pitchy, the anterior pair lighter ; male with the three
basal joints of the anterior and intermediate tarsi thickened, the claws

AffahllS.] ADEPIIAGA. 197

unequtil, the front one being moderately long, and the hinder one elongate
and much dilated behind ; female duller than male with the striae finer
and denser. Long, 10, lat. 5| mm.

Ponds and stagnant water generally ; very common and widely distributed through-
out the kingdom.

This species is extremely variable in sculpture ; in the highland dis-
tricts of Britain {Snowdon, NoHh of England, and Scotch Highlands)
the specimens become smaller, and of a narrower, more oblong and de-
pressed form ; the males also become more shining and smooth, and one
form of the females much duller, so that the disparity between the sexes
appears much greater than in the type form : this is the Arjabus Solieri,
Aube, and is called by Dr. Sharp " tlie dimorphic Alpine form" of ^.
bipustulatu.'^ ; it appears distinct at first sight, but is connected with the
ordinary temperate European form by every intermediate gradation ; the
colour is also variable, the elytra being sometimes reddish.

PXiATAMBUS, Thomson.

This genus comprises three species, one from Asia i\rinor and the
Caucasus, anotlier from Japan, and the third occurring in Europe from
Sweden and Finland to Spain.

A. xnaculatus, L. Oval, rather convex ; head red with more or
less distinct dark markings, thorax reddish testaceous with anterior and
posterior margins more or less broadly black ; elytra very variously
coloured, ranging from quite dark with margins and a few spots testa-
ceous, to testaceous with more or less regular dark markings, which are
usually broad, confluent, and longitudinally arranged; thorax with
lateral margins fine, posterior angles acute ; elytra smoother towards
base than at apex ; prosternal process broad, acuminate at apex ; male
with front and middle tarsi slightly thickened ; the sculpture and colour
is variable, but the disparity is not sexual. Long. 7|-8, lat. 4j mm.

Common and widely distributed in running streams throughout England and Wales;
Scotland, common tliroughout the greater part of the country ; a small dark variety
occurs at Aylsham (T. Wood), unaccompanied by the type, but these forms are more
usually found in Scotland (liracmar, &c.).

ZZ.VBIUS, Erichson.

This genus comprises upwards of thirty species, which are peculiar to
Europe, JS^orth and Central Asia, Japan, and North America ; seven of
tliese are British, two or three of which rc(|uire some care to distinguish

them.

The larva of I/i/bius fenesfralus is figured by Schiijdte (ii., PI. vi., Fig. 9): in
shape and gcnenil appearance it ^o closely resembles the h\v\n of J'/'i/(imhiis vidciiln/ux
tli;it there is hardly lued of a sejii'.rate description : the head is rather more (piadratc,
and the thorax longer and sonicwliat dill'erently hl)a))t'd, having the base truncate ainl
nut strongly sinuate; the seventh and eighth abdominal segments are very much

198 ADBPHAGA. [IlljhhlS.

narrowed and cylindrical aa in P. maculaius, but the eighth joint is plainly con-
stricted in the middle ; the claws are rather short, equal : the pupa3 very much
resemble each other, but that of I. fenestratus is longer and more parallel-sided.

I. Upper surface of a brown bronze colour plainly metallic.

i. Elytra with a broad yellow lateral border I. fuliginosus, F.

ii. Elytra without lateral yellow border.

1. Hind tnrsi of male with the joints externally

margined at their lower edge I. sub^neus, Er.

2. Hind tarsi of male with the joints not externally

margined at their lower edge I. fenestbatus, F.

II. Upper surface black with a slight bronze reflection.

1. Length 8-9 mm. ; apical ventral segment of male

not distinctly longitudinally rugose I. ^NESCENS, Thorns.

2. Length 13-14 mm. ; apical ventral segment of male

very plainly longitudinally rugose I. ATEE, De G.

III. Upper surface deep black without trace of bronze reflec-
tion.

1. Length 11 mm.; male with claws of anterior tarsi

toothed I. OBSCUEUS, Harsh.

2. Length 9 mm . ; male with claws of anterior tarsi

simple I. GUTTIGEE, Gt^ll.

I. fulig-inosus, F. [uliginosus, L.). Oval, ratlier narrow, convex,
not very shiny, under side testaceous red, upper surface aeneous with
the head and sides of thorax more or less obscurely ferruginous ; elytra
Avith margins broadly testaceous from base almost to apex ; upper side
very thickly and finely reticulate ; male with the front and middle tarsi
a good deal thickened, and furnished beneath with long hairs bearing
narrow palettes ; last ventral segment covered with long although not
deep wrinkles, and having a short raised keel in the middle ; female
with a large emargiuation at the apex of this segment, and in the middle
a coarse prominence or short fold. Long. 10, lat. 5 mm.

Clear and running water; common and widely distributed throughout the
kingdom,

I. subaeneus, Er. Oval, convex, not elongate, under side pitchy
or rufous, upper side a?neous with margins of thoiax and elytra lighter;
antennae and legs red ; upper surface finely and densely reticulate, elytra
with two obscure pale spots ; the body is broadest in and not behind the
middle ; male with the whole of the apical portion of last ventral
segment covered with coarse longitudinal striae, without any trace of
central keel ; female with this segment appearing deejoly notched at
apex, with two or three wrinkles on each side ; in /. fenestratus the
male has a strongly developed keel, and the posterior coxse are more
produced towards the intermediate coxse. Long. 11|, lat. 6 mm.

Very doubtful as British; its claim to be admitted into our lists rests on a single
specimen taken twenty years ago by a friend of Mr. Newman's at Peckham ; Dr.
Power determined the species : it has, however, never been found since, and requires
further confirmation.

I. fenestratus, L. Oval, convex, under side ferruginous, upper
side aeneous with margins of thorax and elytra narrowly lighter, some-

Ilylnuf:.] adephaga. 199

what shiny, densely and finely reticulate ; antennic red; each elytron
"with an elon^Mte testaceous patch about middle near the side, which is
indistinct and often obsolete ; posterior coxa? almost reaching inter-
mediate ones ; male with anterior and intermediate tarsi furnished with
more distinct palettes than the preceding species, from which it is
further di-stinguished by characters given above : it is also of a more
brassy colour than /. sulxeneus, and by this is distinguished from all the
other species except /. fuliginosiis, Avhich is at once known by the
broad testaceous margin of the elytra. Long. \\\, lat, 6 mm.

Ponds, &c.; not uncommon, but rather local; Ijewisliam, Croydon, Woking and
other places ill the London district ; Walthamstow, Essex; Swansea; Soham, Cam-
liii(lp:i', and ten districts generally; Daventrv; Leominster; Stamford iJridge, York;
JS'orthumberlaud district, rare ; not recorded from Scotland.

X. ater, De G. Oval, very convex, ]>lack with slight metallic reflec-
tion, under side pitchy ; antennte red ; legs more or less pitchy, posterior
pair darkest ; upper side flnely and densely reticulate, each elytron with
a more or less obscure pale dash behind middle, towards sides ; male
with the three basal joints of the front and middle tarsi distinctly
thickened and much compressed, apical ventral segment with a keel on
tlie middle of its hinder part, and longitudinally wrinkled on each side ;
female with this segment com})rcssed in middle, and so apparently
notched at the extremity. Long. 14, lat. 7| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; widely distributed and, as a rule, common throughout tlie country ;
Scotland not common, in marshes, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Tay, Solway, Clyde ;
Ireland, local, near Dublin.

I. obscurus, Marsh, Very like the preceding, but smaller, and
black without a trace of metallic reflection ; the reticulation of the
elytra is more obsolete at apex than in /. ater ; the apical ventral seg-
ment of male is only slightly rugose on each side of the raised keel
(whereas in /. ater it is disthictly rugose), and the extremity of this seg-
ment in the female ajipears less emarginate ; the tarsal hairs of tlie
male are less developed, and bear much smaller palettes. Long. 11^,
lat. G mm.

Piiuds, &c. ; not uncommon and widely distributed, es])ecially iti the Midland-; and
south-east of England ; Scotland, rare. Lowlands, Tweeii, Forth, Clyde; Ireland, near
Ik'lfast aud Armagh.

/. scciJentatus, Schitidte, is a variety of this species, distinguished by
tlie strongly dentate outer claws of intermediate tarsi of mule ; it ha«
been taken at Cambridge and near Liverpool, and in other localities.

I. g-uttigrer, Gyll. Oval, convex, rather narrow, black withuul
trace of metallic rellection, elytra closely and tinely reticuhite with a
small testaceous spot on each, sometimes indistinct ; antejinsB red, legs
I'iti'hy ; male with front ami middle tarsi slightly thickened and
luinisli( d with moderately lung hairs liearing minute palettes ; outer
claw of hind feet a good deal shoiler than lli(> inner one, suinewhat

200 ADEPHAGA. [^IlyhiuS.

thickened, with obtuse extremity ; male Avith a short keel on the last
abdominal segment and no longitudinal wrinkles ; female with this
segment broadly but shallowly emarginate, and in the middle a thick
short projection. Long. 9^, lat. 4| mm.

Ponds in bogs, &c. ; local; appears not to occur in the London district ; Askbam
Bog and Strensall, Yorkshire ; Lake district ; Northumberland; Scotland, rare. Low-
lands, " Paisley, Mr. Young ; " Ireland, near Dublin.

Z. senescens, Thorns. Yery like the preceding, but with a distinct
seneous reiiection ; it cannot, however, be satisfactorily distinguished
except by the sexual characters ; the apical ventral segment of tlie
male has a very short carina at apex and no distinct longitudinal
A\rinkles ; the outer claw on the hind feet is very little shorter than
the inner, and has the apex rather sharp ; the apical ventral segment in
the female is broadly and shallowly emarginate as in the preceding
species, but has in the middle hardly any projection. Long. 8|, lat.
4 1 mm.

Ponds in bogs, mossy pools. &c. ; local, but rather widely distributed ; Wey-
bridge; Woking; Esher; St. Faith's, Norwich ; Fen district, Whittlesea Mere, &c. ;
Northumberland district, rare (J. Hardy) ; Scotland, scarce, Lowlands and Highlands,
Tay, Dee, Sol way; Lxland, near Dublin, and also near Waterford (Power).

The specimens standing in British collections imder I. angustior
must all be referred to this species; the true /. angustior does not
appear to have occurred in Britain ; it is larger than I. cenescens and
rather broader than /. guttigcr, and the apical segment of the male has
a sharply elevated keel, and is wrinkled, with elongate coarse strite.

COPEXiATUS, Erichson.

This genus comprises upAvards of one hundred species, which are
widely distributed throughout the Avarmer parts of the Avorld ; one
species only occurs in Europe, AA'hich has been included by some
authors under Agahus.

C. agrilis, r. {Liopterus agilis, auct. oblo7igus, 111., riijicollis, Schall).
Oblong, moderately convex, rather shining, castaneous ; head smooth in
front, strongly punctured behind, Avhere it is more or less black ; thorax
Avith anterior margin somewhat darker; antenuceand legs clear testaceous
red ; upper surface extremely finely reticulate and covered with very
short striae ; elytra with Avell marked but irregular rows of large
punctures ; breast and abdomen black ; in the male the short striaa on
the thorax have a tendency to take the form of punctures, and the front
and middle tarsi are dilated. Long. 7|, lat. 3| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; local, but widely distributed; London district generally; Deal;
Hastings ; VValthamstow ; Cambridgeshire Feus ; Lincoln ; Exeter ; Askham Bog,
York ; not fourrd in the Northumberland district, and very doubtful as Scotch (the
only record being " Raehills, Dumfriesshire, Rev. W. Little," Murraj'sCat.) ; Ireland,
near Belfast (Ilaliday).

Rhantus.] ADEriiACA. 201

SHANTUS, Lacordairc.

Tliis genus comprises about forty known species, although there are
a good many more assigned to other genera that probahly belong to it ;
they are widely distributed throughout the world, there being very few
parts where the genus is not represented by one or more species.

I. Base of thorax sinuate on each side near posterior angles ;

colour black R. GEArii, Oi/ll.

II. Base of thorax almost straiijht ; upper side more or less
testaceous.

i. Under side entirely testaceous R. exolettjs, Forst.

ii. Under side wholly or partially black.

1. Thorax with a tiansverse dark spot on disc.

A. Antennaj entirely testaceous ; abdomen uni-

colorous black R. PULVEEOSTTS, Sleph.

B. AnteuuiD with last joints ringed with black ;

abdomen more or less testaceous R. kotATUS, Berg.

2. Thorax with anterior marjjin narrowly and poste-
rior margin broadly marked with black ; first ab-
dominal segment black R. bisteiatus, Berg.

3. Thorax unicolorous red, or at most with small
markings on posterior margin darker ; first abdo-
minal segment testaceous R. ADSPEESTTS, F,

It. G-rapii, Gyll. Oval, rather depressed, somewhat long and
narrow ; black, upper surface very closely and finely reticulate and
rather dull ; antennae and palpi testaceous ; legs more or less pitchy ;
margins of thorax and elytra obscurely pitchy-brown; thorax strongly
sinuate at base on each side, so that the posterior angles are produced ;
iiiternal posterior claw double as long as the external ; male with the
front and middle tarsi thickened and compressed with four rows of
small palettes. Long. 11, lat. 5j mm.

Ponds, &c. ; local, but not uncommon where it occurs ; London district, Lee, Birch
Wood, Reigatc, Forest Hill, Horsell, Woking; Horning Fen, Norfolk ; Cambridgeshire
Fens ; Askham Bog, York (common at certain seasons of the year) ; not recorded
from the extreme north of England or Scotland.

This species is often confounded by beginners with Agahus hipnxlii-
latus, and species of Ilijhius ; from the former it is at once distinguished
by its sculpture, and from the latter by its elongate and depressed form.

B.. exoletus, Forst. Oval, slightly convex ; head testaceous, Avith
dark markings more or less distinct ; antennae testaceous, apical joints
partially Iduck ; thorax testaceous, unicolorous or with two dark spots at
base touching basal margin ; elytra testaceous variegated with close and
fine dark markings which are more or less confluent and cover the whole
surface except margins and extreme ba.se ; upper surface very finely
reticulate, elytra with more or less distinct rows of larger punctures ;
legs testaceous ; male with the front tar.'^i rather thickened and a good
deal compressed with moilerately large palettes ; sculjiture of the sexes
identical : the species is easily distinguished by the testaceous under-
.side. Long. 10, lat. 5.1 mm.

202 ADEPHAGA. \_Rliantas.

Ponds, «fcc. ; not uncommon, althoup:h rather local ; Lonrlon district; Norfolk and
Huntingdonshire Feus; Swansea ; Williug-ton, near Burton-on-Trent ; Askham Bog
and Stamford Bridge, York ; Northumberland and Cumberland : Scotland, local, but
widely distributed ; Ireland, Armagh.

It. pulverosus, Stepli. Considerably larger than the preceding ;
head testaceous with dark markings ; thorax testaceous with a transverse
black spot on centre of disc ; elytra coloured as in R. exoletus, except
that the fine dark markings are more confluent, and give the insect
a more fuscous appearance ; underside black, coxal processes lighter ;
antennae and front pairs of legs testaceous, posterior pair pitchy ; male
with the basal joints of front and middle tarsi slightly incrassate and
very compressed, and furnished beneath with four rows of narrow
elongate palettes. Long. 12, lat. 6i mm.

Ponds, &c. ; rather common in the London district, but very local elsewhere ;
Hastings ; Willington, near Burton-on-Trent ; it has been recorded from Exeter,
Swansea, and Yorkshire, and is rare in Northumberland ; very doubtful as Scotch,
" Forfarshire, Eev. W. Little, Murray's Cat.," being the only record.

This species has an almost wider range than any other ; it reaches
right across Central and Southern Europe and Asia to China and Japan,
and is very abundant in Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia.

R. notatus, Berg. Smaller and narrower than the preceding ;
upper surface coloured in much the same I'ashion except that the dark
markings are not so confluent, and are divided as a rule by very narrow
irregular testaceous lines ; antennaj testaceous with apex of last joints
black ; legs testaceous ; underside of male black, abdominal segments
with hind margins and markings testaceous ; of female testaceous
spotted with black at the sides ; male with basal joints of anterior tarsi
much thickened and very little compressed, presenting a broad sole with
rather large palettes. Long. lOj, lat. 5| mm.

Ponds, &c. ; very local ; London district, not uncommon : Gravesend, Whitstable,
Sheerness, Wandsworth, Eeigate, Strood, Rainham ; fen districts of Cambridge,
Norfolk, &c. ; Aberystwith ; Carlisle ; Scotland, rare, Tweed, Forth, and Dee dis-
tricts ; I can find no record between these localities, but the species probably occurs
in Yorkshire and Northumberland.

R. bistriatus, Berg. Oval, not very convex, underside black, Avith
the prosternum, and usually the hind margins of the abdominal seg-
ments reddish ; head testaceous with black markings, thorax testaceous
with the anterior margin narrowly and obscurely, and the posterior
margin broadly and sharply black ; elytra coloured as in the preceding
species, except that the markings are darker and more confluent and give
the insect a blacker appearance ; antennsa and legs reddish testaceous,
apical joints of former partly black ; male with front tarsi considerably
thickened and furnished with four rows of moderately large palettes.
Long. 10, lat. 5| mm.

Ponds, ditches, &c. ; local in England ; not uncommon throughout the London
district; Hastings; Exeter; Repton, Burton-on-Trent; Norfolk and Cambridge-
shire Fens ; Streiisall, near York; Northumberland; Scotland, common in both Low-
lands and Highlands, and widely distributed.

Rhantusi] aoepiiaga. 203

Zl. adspcrsus, F. This species superficially very closely reseml)les
C. exvlelm, beinjf coloured like that insect on the upper side ; it is, how-
ever, rather ])roader, more widened behind, and more plainly reticulate :
it may at once be distinguislied by the colour of the under side, which is
tilack with the prosteruum, first segment, and apex, and hind margins of
(ither segments of abdomen testaceous, the breast also being redilish ia
tlie middle; male with the front tarsi considerably thickened and imt
much compressed with muderately large palettes underneath. Long. 9.,
hit. 5 1 mm.

Very rare ; lias only occurred near Cambridge, where it was found in 1829 in
numbers ; of late years it seems to have disappeared.

Dr. Sharp in his collection has a specimen of Hydaticus Icander, Rossi,
given him by Mr. Crotch as a l»ritish example of M. adspersus.

COIiVMBSTZlS, Clairvillc.

This genus comprises about twenty species, -which are chiefly found
in the northern parts of Europe and Asia and in North America ; they
are nearly all over 15 mm. in length, and some reach to 18 or 20 mm.

The larva and pupa of C.fusctis are figured by Schiodte (ii., PI. ii., Fig. 6, PI. iii.,
Fig. 2) : the larva hears a resemblance to an elongated peg-top, like other of the
Dytiseide larvae, the eighth segment being very much elongated and cylindrical; ihe
head is rounded, narrower than prothorax, and furnished with strong simple man-
dibles ; the prothorax is very large with the margins broadly explunate and somewhat
rertexed ; the rest of the segments as far as the seventh, which is much constricted,
are very short ; the cerci which proceed from the end of the eighth segment ai-e rather
long, tiiickly ciliated and terminating in long seta;; the colour is pale yellow with a
thin fuscous line running down the centre of tbe scuta and a few other darker
markings at sides ; the claws are long, almost eijual, slightly pectinate at base.

C< fuscus, L. Oval, rather elongate, moderately convex, underside
black ; head black, Avith front aud two spots behind retl ; thorax
fuscous Avith borders more or less l^roadly testaceous, elytra fuscous with
sides testaceous ; antennaa and anterior pairs of legs red with femora
pitchy, posterior pair blackish ; thorax finely strigose, elytra distinctly
transversely reticulate, with obscure wavy striation, with irregular rows
of larger jiunctures ; a])domen witli the second segment on each side
near middle with longitudinal wrinkles ; male with the basal joints of the
front and midiUe tarsi moilerately dilated and much compressed, and
furnished beneath witli four series of rather large, round palettes ;
sculpture of sexes identical. Long. 16, lat. 8} mm.

Ponds, ditches, and slowly moving streams and small rivers; common and widely
distributed throughout the gri'ater part of England, Wales, ami Inland : not so
common in the north ; Seolhnul not common, ^but widely distributed, uud reachiu^j
as far north as the Orkney Islands.

DYTISCINA.

Tile meml)ers of this tiilte arc cliaraeteriztd by luiving the al)duminal

204 ADBPHAGA. [Di/fisci'na.

stigmata of the two last segments much enlarged ; the swimming legs
are comparatively slender and furnished with two nearly equal claws ;
in the male the three hasal joints are much dilated and joined together
so as to form a round disc : only two genera are comprised in the tribe,
Hyderodes containing three Australian species which have no yellow
margin to the elytra, and Dytiscus in which it is always present.

SITTXSCUS, Linne.

This genus comprises about twenty species, which are peculiar to the
northern parts of the Old and New Worlds, and do not reach the tropics ;
the females are usually deeply sulcate from the base to beyond middle,
but are often dimorphic, one form resembling the male in sculpture :
one of the best distinguishing characters is the shape of the apex of the
process of posterior coxae ; besides the yellow marginal stripe of elytra,
the clypeus is always yellow, the colour being sharply divided off from
the dark colour of the front of head ; in all our species the labrum is
distinctly emarginate.

The larva of Dytiscus marginalis is a very common object ; it has been repeatedly-
figured, but the best figure is by Schiodte (ii., PI. iii., Fig. 6)'; it is also depicted by
Westwood (Classification, i. 95, Fig. 5, 14) : it is fusiform, narrowed in front and
behind and broadest in the middle ; the head is very large and almost orbicular, and
attached to the prothorax by a distinct neck ; the mandibles are simple and very
large, and furnished on the inner side towards apex with a suctorial orifice ; the pro-
thorax is trapezoidal, narrowed in front, and much longer than broad ; the seventh
and eighth abdominal segments are much constricted, cylindrical, and very long, and
the eighth is terminated by two short cerci which are thickly furnished with swim-
ming hairs ; by means of these cerci the insect can suspend itself at the top of the
water, and they are moreover organs of respiration j the legs are rather long and
slender and are ciliated on the inside, so that they serve as oars ; these larvaj are of a
dirty brown colour with scattered darker markings ; they are exceedingly voracious ;
during the summer the larva is said to attain its full size in about fifteen days, when
it leaves the water and makes a cell in the adjoining earth, where it changes into a
pupa of a whitish colour, and appears in the perfect state in a fortnight or three
weeks ; it is, however, some little time before the beetle arrives at a state of maturity'.
The larva of Cyhister Roeseli much resembles that just described, but it is longer and
more slender and the cerci are entirely absent.

Six species are found in Britain, which may be characterized as
follows : —

I. Underside black ; female not dimorphic . . . . D. PUNCTULATUS, F.

II. Underside testaceous or reddish, sometimes marked

with black, sometimes unicolorous.
i. Apices of coxal processes acuminate ; female di-
morphic.

1. Coxal processes short ; abdomen unicolorous . D. marginalis, L.

2. Coxal processes prolonged into a sharp point.

A. Abdomen with black markings.

a. Head without yellow border round eyes . D. CIEctjmflexus, F.

b. Head with broad yellow border round eyes D. 1APP0>'ICus, Gyll.

B. Abdomen unicolorous ; head with a narrow

yellow border round eyes D. CIBOUMOINCTUS, Ahr.

ii. Coxal processes quite blunt ; female not dimorphic D. dimidiattts, Bercf.

H. punctulatus, F. Pitchy black above and beneath with side?

DtjtistUS.'] ADEPIIAGA. 205

of thorax and elytra yellow, antenn;c red; legs pitchy black; prosternal
process elongate, rather acuminate ; coxal processes rounded; elytra witli
a longitudinal impression behind middle ; male shining, female dull,
more closely punctured, deeply sulcate from base to beyond middle.
Long. 27-29, lat. 13-14 mm.

Ponds and slowly running streams ; widely distributed and not uncommon throngh-
out England and Wales ; Scotland, local and not common but widely distributed.
Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin.

D. marg-inalis, L. ( g var. = conformi.-^, Kunze). Olive black above
witli the margins of elytra and the whole border of thorax yellow, tes-
taceous beneath with the metasternum dark in the middle, antennae and
legs red, posterior pair more or less pitchy ; prosternal process broad not
elongate, coxal processes short, rather acuminate ; male shining, female
dimorjihic either sulcate and dull, or as in male except that the elytra
are more closely punctured towards apex ; size variable. Long. 26-34,
lat. 16-18 mm.

By far the commonest of our species ; found in ponds and pools throughout the
kingdom : it ranges across Northern Europe and Asia to Japan and North America.

D. circuznflexus, F. ( ? var. = iwri^lexiu, Lac). Rather elongate ;
upper side olivaceous, sometimes greenish, with margins of elytra and the
whole border of thorax yellow ; scutellum yellowish ; under side testa-
ceous marked with black ; antennt\3 and legs red, posterior pair more or
less pitchy; prosternal process rather elongate; coxal processes verj^ long,
narrow, and sharp ; male shining, female dimorphic, sulcate and dull, or
as in male except that the elytra are more punctured towards apex.
Long. 28-35, lat. 16-17 mm.

Not common; found chiefly in the London district; Lee; Peckham, Lewisham,
Norwood, Camberwcll, Battersea, Red Hill, Shcerness; formerly recorded from
Swansea and from Lawrence Waltham, Berks; it is chitfly a South European
species.

D. circumcinctus, Ahr. ( $ var. = duhius, OylL). Upper side
blackish or olivaceous with the margins of elytra and the whole border
of thorax yellow or yellowish red, under side testaceous, with meta-
sternum dark in middle, antenuce and legs red, posterior tarsi pitchy ;
prosternal process broad, not elongate ; coxal processes narrow and acu-
minate, but not much prolonged ; male shining, female dimorphic, sid-
cate and dull, or as in male, but with the elytra more strongly punctured
towards apex : very like D. 7/iarginfiliK, but distinguished l)y the acute
coxal processes, and the narrow yellow border round eyes ; the punctua-
tion also on the thorax of the sidcato females isiiner; in Dr. Power's
collection there is a female that comes between the two forms, the sulci
being only rudimentary but distinctly traceable. Long. 32, lat. IG mm.

Rare; Cambridge Fens (Whittlcsca Mere, Wickcu Fen, &c.) ; Deal; Eastbourne;
Askham Bog, York ; it is found in North America.

D. lapponicns, (lyll. ( ? var. = f"2'f<nfrionali>:, (lyll ). Uppi-r sur-

206 ADEPHAGA. [Dl/tisCUS.

face pitchy with the margins of elytra and the whole border of thorax
yellow, scutellum yellowish, elytra with very fine yellow longitudinal
lines which are sometimes plain, sometimes almost obsolete ; under side
testaceous with the sides of abdomen spotted with black ; antemife and
legs testaceous ; prosternal process short ; coxal processes elongate and
acuminate ; male shining Avith elytra strongly punctured towards apex,
female dimorphic, sulcate and dull, or as in male except that the thorax
is more closely and finely punctured in the middle. Long. 25-28, lat.
14-15 mm.

Very local, but sometimes Bot uncommon where it occurs; found in Highland
lakes in Scotland in the Moray, Clyde, and Argyle districts ; it is not uncommon
in Mull ; Ireland, Donegal, in tarns ; taken in some numbers by Mr. Somerville.

D. dixnldiatus, Berg. The largest of our species, and at once dis-
tinguished irom all the others except D. punctulatus by having only the
side margins of the thorax broadly yellow ; with the latter species it
need hardly be compared, being a great deal larger and having the under-
side ferruginous with the metasternum pitchy in the middle ; the elytra
are somewhat widened behind ; the thorax has a very narrow light border
in front ; antenna and legs red, posterior tarsi black ; prosternal process
rather elongate, acuminate ; coxal processes blunt; male shining, female
always sulcate, the sulci reaching hardly beyond middle. Long. 32-37,
lat. 17-18 mm.

This species used to be locally abundant in the Cambridgeshire and other fens, but
of late jears has become exceedingly rare : the last specimen taken in Britain was
found three or four years ago in Askham Bog, York, by the Rev. W. C. Hey.

In Dr. Power's collection there is a specimen of Cyhister Roeseli
labelled as follows : "Found Sept. 30th, 1826, in a puddle at "Walton,
Essex, by J. Dane, Esq., who gave it to H. Griesbach, from whose col-
lection it came ; this is the specimen alluded to by J. F. Stephens on
which it was introduced;" this species cannot be admitted into our lists
without further confirmation, but there is no reason why it should not
occur, as it is found in Northern France and Belgium, and other species
that have long been erased from our lists have been confirmed afterwards
(e. g. Harx>alus caheatus, found by myself at Bridlington after an interval
of more tlian fifty years). C. Roeseli resembles a large Dytiscus, but is
much more depressed, and has the elytra widened behind ; the sides of
the tliorax are testaceous, and the elytra have a broad light band near
margin attenuated towards apex and separate from the side margin ; the
body underneath is testaceous. Long. 34, lat. 18| mm.

HYDATICINA.

This tribe comprises two genera, one, Prodaticus, from India, con-
taining one species, and the other Hydaticus, which is distinguished by
the very unequal claws of the posterior tarsi.

Ilijdatkui.'] ADEPHAGA. 207

KVDATZCUS, Leach.

AlDOut fifty species are coutaiiu'd in this genus (and probably a good
many others now referred to otlier genera) ; they are widely distributed
over the world both in the nortliern and southern hemispheres : two of
these are British; they may easily be distinguished as follows : —

1. Klvtra with a transverse yellow band just before base . H. TEAXSVEESALiSjiJerj'.

2. Elytra without transverse band H. seminigee, De O.

K. transversalls, Berg. Oval, rather broad, under side pitchy
witli itrosturnuni and middle of head testaceous ; upper side black with
the head red in front and with two red spots on vertex ; thorax broadly
red in front and at sides ; elytra with margins broadly testaceous with
irregular and interrupted dark thin bands on the light portion, and also
with a testaceous transverse band on each near base ; anterior pairs of
legs red, posterior pair pitchy ; antennae red ; male with front tarsi
moderately large, dilated joints forming a round disc and furnished with
suckers. Long. 13, lat. 7 mm.

Ponds, &c. ; not common ; London district, Battersea Fields (Stephens) ; Norfolk ;
Quy Fon and \^'icken Fen, Cambridge; Whittlesea Mere; Swansea; Devonshire (?) ;
Askham Hog, scarce, but found occasionally; Mr. Hey sent me a pair taken this year
(May 1885) ; it was last found there in Sept. 1881.

K. seminig'er, De G. {Hijhneri, Fab.). Very like the preceding
but broatlcr with no transverse band at the base of the elytra; antennoe
and anterior pairs of legs red, intermediate tibiie pitchy, posterior legs
pitchy ; female with the black colour on thorax often more extensive
than in the male, and sometimes reaching front margin. Long. 13, lat.
1\ mm.

Ponds, &c.; not common; London district, very local, but occasionally found in
some numbers ; Lee, Earlswood ; in the former locality Dr. Power once took eighty
sfict'imens in one day ; Whittlcsea iMcre ; Yaxley Fen ; Wicken Fen ; Askham Bog
(rare) ; recorded formerly from Sliropshire.

THERMONECTINA.

In this tribe the suture between the metathoracic episternum and the
wing of the metasternum is curved ; the spurs of the hind tibiae under a
high magnifying power are distinctly emarginate at apex : the tribe
contains six genera, of which two are British: these maybe distinguished
as follows : —

1. Elytra closely and strongly punctate ; female always sulcate

in our species AciLirs, Leacli.

2. Illytra very linely punctata-, apparently smooth; female not

sulcate GicAruoDJiBES, Hsch.

ACIIiZUS, Leach.

This genus as constituted by Dr. Sharp (who separates ofl' a number
of the species under 'JlnTmnnertrx^ Esch.) contains six species, wliich are
peculiar to Europe and North Ameiica.

208 ADEPHAGA. [AciliuS.

The larva of Acilius sulcaius is figured by Schiodtc (ii., PI. iv., Fig. 1), and also by
Westwood (Classification, i., p. 100, Fig. 6, 4) : it is elongate, broadest in the middle
and strongly narrowed in front and behind ; the head is oblong ovate, longer than
broad, and the prothorax is very long, somewhat constricted in the middle and widened
towards base ; the remaining segments of the body are short until the seventh, which
with the eighth becomes narrowed and cylindrical to apex of the body, which ends in
a blunt point from which proceed two short cerci : these are bare, but the sides of
the seventh and eight segments are furnished with a thick swimming fringe of
cilia ; the colour is yellowish with the head and dorsal scuta rather darker ; the head
beai's several dark spots (notal)ly a large triangular one on clypeus), and the hind
portions of the segments of thorax and abdomen are fuscous, so that the insect appears
banded ; the legs are long, thickly provided throughout with swimming hairs on their
upper and under surface, and terminating in'short equal claws. Westwood (1. c. p. 101)
observes that "the neck is generally bent downwards and the head turned rather
upwards, the parts of the mouth having also the latter direction, so that the animal
has the appearance of a small snake : it is extremely insidious in its attacks, the
position of the head and neck inducing it to seize objects above rather than in front of
it ; so that when an object is perceived floating on the surface of the water the larva
rises very cautiously until it has nearly reached it, when, by a sudden jerk of the
neck, it seizes the object with its jaws, and immediately drags it under water ; if it
still struggle, the larva endeavours to despatch it by repeated jerkiugs of the head.
When in the water they may constantly be perceived jerking themselves in every
direction, probably for the purpose of seizing upon minute insects."

1. Posterior femora with base spotted with black .... A. sulcatus, L.

2. Posterior femora without black markings A. fasciattts, De G.

A. sulcatus, L. Broad oval, upper surface depressed, elytra
broadest behind middle, head and thorax testaceous, the former with
two distinct maikings, and vertex, dark, the latter with two transverse
black bands across disc which are usually united at the sides by two
parallel bands ; elytra fuscous testaceous, sprinkled with very fine and
close black markings, side margins light, the whole surface distinctly
and closely punctured ; underside black, prosternum and apex of abdo-
men testaceous ; sides and margins of abdominal segments marked with
yellow ; anterior pairs of legs testaceous ; base of hind femora and hind
tibiae and tarsi dark ; antennfe very long and thin, testaceous, with apex
of last joints somewhat fuscous ; male with upper surface closely punc-
tured and dull, but not sulcate ; elytra of female deeply sulcate almost
to apex, thorax with a shallow depression on each side, the sulci and
depressions clothed with long yellowish hairs ; the three basal joints of
the male tarsi are greatly dilated, and bear one very large cupule and
two very small ones. Long. 16, lat. 10 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom ; the
Scotch variety {var. Scoticus, Curtis) has the elytra and sometimes the whole
upper surface almost entirely black, and the legs more or less pitchy : it appears to be
only a melanic variety, such as is very common among the Scotch Lepidoptera.

A. fasciatus, De G. (caimlirulafus, Nic). Veiy like the preceding
but rather smaller and narrower ; the head is souiewhat differently
coloured, the anterior of the black markings being absent ; the black
colour is less developed on the ventral segments, and the hind legs are

Aciliu^.] ADEPIIAGA. 209

entirely rufescent without the dark markings at the base of femora ; in
the female the pubescence at sides of thorax is almost, if not quite,
absent, and the third furrow is narrower; the underside is somelimes
entirely testaceous. Long. 15^, lat. 9? mm.

Ponds and ditches; local aud much less common than the piecedin": ; London
district, Earlswood (Brewer) and Reijjate (Liiiaull) ; Wliittlesea .Mere; lluutiiij,'don-
sliire Fens ; Scotland, scarce, Lowlands, Forth, Solway, Clyde, aud Moray districts ;
Fife, and Polmout near Glasgow (Power).

GRAPHODERES, Eschscholtz.

This genus contains about a dozen species from Europe, Xorthern
Asia, North America, and Japan ; our single British species has been
long included under ILjdaticiis, but apart from other differences it may
be distinguished by having the claws of posterior tarsi eij[ual, whereas
in llydaticas they are very une(]^ual.

G-. cinereus, L. Oval, rather broad and convex, shining ; head and
thora.x rcddisli testaceous, the former with the vertex and other markings
black, the latter with two more or less broad Idack ])ands on anterior
and posterior margins, which are distinct and well marked and reach the
front and hind borders, but not the sides ; elytra apparently black with
very hue and small scattered testaceous markings ; margins and a thin
line near suture testaceous; underside and legs reddish testaceous; male
with front tarsi strongly dilated and furnished with three larger and a
number of smaller cupules, thorax rather longer than in the female ;
sculpture of the elytra identical in the sexes. Long. \i\, lat. 8^ mm.

One of the rarest of the British Dytisclda; ; it has not been found for many years ;
in former years it occurred in the Cambridge aud Huntingdonshire Fens, aud used tj
be taken by Dr. Power and other collectors.

GYRINID^.

This family is one of the most distinct of tlie whole order of
Coleoptera ; it is so anomalous in many points that it might be with
reason formed into a sub-order ; * its position, however, is a matter uf
some difficulty ; it is almost universally classed with the Adejthaga, but
it is l)y no means certain that it can be retained in this connection ; at
tlie same time it must be admitted that several of the characters in
which its memljers dill'er most widely from the Carabidaj and L)ytiscid:u
are reproduced in individual members of those families, and it is at all
events plaui that the Clyriniike, if separated from the Adephaga, must be
regarded as linding in them their nearest allies; the chief dillerences are
as follows : —

1st. The mouth parts of the (lyrinid;e differ very widely from those
of the Caral)id;e ; the bruail blunt mandibles resemble those of certain

Having equivalent value with the Adepbaga.

210 ADErHAGA. [Gijrinidce.

of the Phytophaga, and seem to point to a partially vegetable diet ; the
lower mouth organs are only slightly of the predaceous type ; the sharp
sickle-like maxillse seem certainly predaceous, l)ut they have the outer
lobe always undivided, and occasionally (e.g. Dineutes) entirely wanting ;
the former peculiarity, however, is found among the Carabidsein CaUistus
{vide p. 32).

2nd. The Gyrinidte possess a pair of eyes on each side of the head, on
the upper and lower surface ; this appears to be a development caused by
their habits, as they swim on the surface of the water, and so require to
be on their guard against enemies both from above and below ; this
peculiarity however, according to Dr. Sharp (Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 52), is
repeated in one of the Carabidaj, Adelotopus., which is found under bark
of trees, and seems to have no need, as far as we can judge, of such an
arrangement.

3rd. The antennre are quite different from those of the Adephaga
generally, being very short and thick, with the first joint small, the
second large and dilated, the third large and inserted at the side of tlie
second, and the rest very much compressed and so soldered together that
it is difficult to determine of how many joints they really consist ; in
many respects they resemble the antennae of the Parnidse.

4th. The structure of the legs is entirely different ; both the posterior
and middle pairs are modified so as to form swimming paddles, and
are arrano-ed so that they can be packed away underneath the surface of
the body and offer not the least resistance to rapid motion, while l)y
thrusting out the one or the other leg the insect can at once change its
course ; hence their rapid motions on the surface of the water ; in the
Dytiscidse the hinder pairs only are modified.

5th. In the members of the Adephagous series generally five ventral
seo-ments are visible extending right across the body, a sixth being
visible only on each side ; in the Gyrinidae, however (as shown by Dr.
Horn, Carabidse, p. 93), the first segment is very long, and is composed of
two segments united, the rudiments of the suture being distinctly visible ;
they have, therefore, six ventral segments reaching across the body, and a
seventh visible only on each side.

The Gyrinidse bear a strong external resemblance to the Pseudomor-
liltina, one of the most aberrant of the Carabida?, but it is merely super-
ficial ; the peculiarity of Adeloiopus, Avhich belongs to these, has been
before alluded to; they are connected with the Dytiscidse by the entire
absence of the ante-coxal piece before the hind coxas, which is large and
distinct, and reaches across the greater part of the body in the Carabidee
and Haliplidae, is very small in the Amphizoida3 and Felobiidse, and
entirely wanting in the Dytiscidse and Gyrinidae.

Dr. Horn is strongly of opinion that in spite of all that may be urged
to the contrary the Gyrinidse must be retained in connection with the
Adephaga ; Dr. Sharp (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, i. 69) is inclined to hold
the contrary opinion ; Tliomson (Skand. Col. i. 113) places them with
the Parnidie and Elmidre in his group Amphibii between the Palpicornia

GyrinidcF.] auepiiaga. 211

and the Brachelytra ; the question must be left an open one, but for the
present it seems best, considering the evidence, not to separate them
from the Adepliaga ; it is quite probable, when we remember the com-
paratively recent discovery of AwjMzoa by ]\Ir. INfatthews, that further
connecting links may be discovered which will settle tlic question ; no
series can be stamped once for all as finally completed ; the Paussidai
among the Clavieornia show some strong affinities with the Adephaga, and
in other families more or lest distant relations with the same series may
be o1>served. The chief work on the group is tlie " ]Monogra])hie des
Gyrinida}," by M. Regimbart, publislied in the Annales de la 8oc. Ent.
Fr. for 1882-83 ; as there constituted, the Gyrinida» contain nine genera
and about two hundred and seventy species ; two of these genera occur
in Europe, both of which are British ; they may be distinguished as
follows : —

1. L.ibrum transverse, not prominent; upper surface not
pubescent, punctured in rows ; last abdominal segment

rounded and depressed Gthinus, Geoff.

2. Labrum semicircular, projecting; upper surface with
tliick short pubescence, irregularly punctured ; last

abdominal segment elongate and not depressed .... Oeectociiilus, Lac.

GVRINUS, Geoffroy.

About seventj'' species are contained in this genus, which are widely
distributed throughout the world ; they are usually fouml in large grou])S
on the surface of the water, on which they move very swiftly, so swiftly
in fact, that, when disturbed, the eye can hardly follow their motions ;
on the approach of danger they usually dive below tlie surface, but
soon reappear ; they are among the most familiar of the Coleoptera to the
ordinary observer, and are commonly known by the name of " whirli-
gigs " or " steel-coats ;" they have in most instances the power of
secreting a milky fluid with a disagreeable odour of apples ; they are
usually of a brilliant bluish-black or steel-black colour above with the
rows of punctures reflecting a bright brassy tint ; some species, however,
are duller, and the females, as a general rule, are duller and larger than
the males ; the males have the whole of the five joints of the anterior
tarsi dilated and furnished beneath with a large number of little round
transparent suckers (about fifty on each joint) whicli form a very beau-
tiful object under tlic microscope ; the GyriniiUv, like the Dytiscidie,
have ample wings, and can fly from one spot to another, when their
native pools dry up ; hence their sudden appearance on newly formed
pools and puddles.

The larva of Gyrinus is as curious as the insect itself; it is figured in Westwood's
Class:ticati(m, vof. i., p. 100, Kig. H, 18, and also by Sclii.idtc, Nat. Tids. i., 1*1. iii..
Fig. 1 : it is chiefly remarkabh' for the long slender, transparent and meml)rauous
fdanients which arise from each side of tlie nine abdominal sognunts, the terminal
joint being furnishtd with two pairs, and tlic eight preceding witli one pair each ; thrv
are fringed with hairs, and are employed as organs of re5i)iration ; the larvaas a whole
is long, nariow and compressed, and resembles closely a small centipede; it is wiiitish,

212 ADEPIIAGA.

with the corneous parts pale yellowish ; the head is oval, rather elongate, furnished
with two strong jaws, and two short and thin 4-jointed antenua3 ; the three anterior
segments of the body bear each of them a pair of rather slender legs about erjual in
length to the appendages above referred to; the eggs are laid on aquatic plants; they
hatch in about eight days; when the larva has attained its full size it creeps out of
the water and spius a whitish cocoon on the stems of rushes or other aquatic plants ;
in about a month the perfect insect emerges, and immediately returns to the water ;
the cocoous of Orectochilus have been found beneath willow bark a yard from the
edge of a river and two feet above the ground; this species iu the perfect state affects
logs and submerged timber much more than Gi/rlniis. Some of our British species of
Gi/rimis are very hard to distinguish, and it seems to bo in several cases a matter of
opinion whether they are regarded as species or as varieties ; all students of the group
.should read Dr. Sliarp's excellent monograph " On the British GyrinidaB " in the
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, v. 52 ; several of his views there expressed he has
since modified ; the arrangement below appears to represent the present state of our
knowledge on the subject, but must in one or two cases be regarded as provisional.

It will be noticed that one of the most important characters on which
the species is separated is the colour of the epipleurte or reilexed margins
of the elytra; care must, however, be taken , to see that the specimens
examined are mature, and they should be turned upon their backs and
looked at from above ; if viewed sideways when mounted on card the
reflection from tlie card and the red legs is quite sufficient to cause the
shining bronze margins of the marinus group to appear reddish ; in
immatitre specimens also they have a reddish tint, but this is (piitc
difl'erent from the clear red colour of the natator group.

I. Under surface entirely red.

i. Scutellum with a small keel-like projection ;

elytra unicolorous ; length 4 mm G. MINTJTtrs, F.

ii. Scutellum without projection; punctures of
elytra usually situated on more or less distinct
metallic lines; length 6-7 mm G. UUINATOK, ///.

II. Under surface either entirely dark, or (iu some

varieties) partially red.
i. Retlexed margins of elytra red.

1. Form elongate more or less parallel-sided ;

length 5-7i mm.

A. Apex of elytra transversely truncate with
the external angle sharply marked ; length

5-6^ mm G. elongatfs. Aide

{distinct us, Sharp).

B. Apex of elytra truncate in a curve with the

external angle not marked ; length 6-7j mm. G. BICOLOE, Fai/k.

2. Form oval ; length 5-6 mm.

A. Interstices of elytra and upper surface of
head and thorax covered with tine punctures

or strise G. caspifs, 3Ien.

(v. colj/inbtis. Sharp's Cat.).

B, Interstices of elytra smooth ; punctures

and margins more or less brassy . . . . G. NATATOE, Scop.
ii. Beflexed margins of elytra pitchy red; punctin-es

not brassy ; interstices of elytra smooth ; length

_ 'lAunn G. SvFyRlAm, Scriba.

iii. Beflexcd margins of elytra bronze ; interstices

of elytra finely punctured.

Gljn'n/(l^.] ADEPIIAGA. 213

1. Elytral rows of puiictiuvs scarcoly tiiicT

towards suture G. maeinus, Gj/ll.

2. Elytral rows of punctures much Hiicr towards

suture G. MAiti.NUS, v. opacus, Salil.

G-. minutas, F. The smallest and one of the ni(xst distinct of the
Britisli species ; ol)long-ovate, rather convex, of a bluish-lilack colour with
the sides of the liody and front of the head usually metallic ; upper surface
densely and finely coriaceous, so that the insect appears rather dull ;
scutelluni with a well-marked carina at base which at once distinguishes
the species ; elytra strongly and e([ually punctate-striate, the outer striic a
little more marked than the inner ones, underside including the inilexed
margin of the elytra entirely reddish : sometimes the basal segments of
the abdomen are a little clouded with a darker colour. Long. 3r,-4i,
lat. 2-2i mm.

Local aud rare in England and Wales; formerly recorded from Swansen ; ]?armouth
(Blatcli) ; Northumberland, not common (Bold) ; Scotland, local l)ut souietiuies
abundant where it occurs, and widely distributed in both Lowlands and Hii,'hlaiuls in
the Tweed, Fortii, Sohvay, Civile, Tay, Dee and .Moray districts, and probably further
uortli. Ireland near Belfast, and abundant locally in Donegal.

Ce. urinator, 111. {Uneahis, Steph.). Much larger than the pre-
ceding, ovate, l)road, and shining ; head with the front part brassy and
dull, the vertex black and shining; thorax shining with margins metallic,
with a long transverse impressed line across centre of disc, and besides
this a shorter one on each side ; elytra finely punctate-striate, the jiunc-
tures being almost obliterated except at sides and apex, shining black,
brassy at sides and suture, and more or less distinctly along the course of
the stria? ; under surface including the inilexed margins of the elytra
reddish testaceous. Long. 6-7, lat. S^-Bf mm.

Very local; recorded by Stephens from Slapton Ley near Dartmouth, but this appears
to have been in eiror, as it has not occurred there since, althnut,']!, as being a south
European species, we might c.\].ect to lind it in the south of England rather than in
the north ; the only locality appears to be the Duabon (Ouseburn) near Newcastle-ou-
Tyne, where Mr. Bold has taken it in some numbers ; 1 have a record from Strathglass,
Scotland, but, as 1 have not seen the specimens, I cannot be certain of this locality.*

G-. elongratus, Aubc (disthictzis. Sharp). Oblong-ovate, more or
less parallel-sided, upper side bluish black, shining, the sides brassy;
elytra punctate-striate, all the rows of punctures well marked, the inner
however being somewhat finer than the outer especially towards the base ;
apex of elytra sharply truncate with the external angle Avell marked ;
legs and reflexed nutrgins of elytra always, and mesosternum and
extremity of abdomen usually, red. Long. 5-0^, lat. 2^-3^ Jiim.

Local but not uncommon in uiany parts of the country in botli fresh and brackish
water; Deal; Gravesend; Whitstable ; Harwich; Brighton; Boui-nemouth ; Wey-
mouth; Birchington, near Uamsgate; Wiekeu Fen; Norfolk; SuUblk ; Devonshire;
Caunock Chase ; Northumberland ; Scotland, scarce, Forth and Clyde districts.

* Since writing the above 1 have heard from .Mr. (iillo of Bath that he has takeu
this species abundantly in the neighbourhood of that town.

214 ADEPHAGA. [Gijrinvs.

G. bicolor, Payk. Very like the preceding but more elongate, and
on an average larger, with the sides more parallel, and the elytra longer
with their apices more rounded, so that the external angle is not marked ;
according to ]\I. Bedel the mesosternum is always black in this species
and red in G. distinctus, but this appears to be a variable character, and
cannot be relied on. Long. 6-7^, lat. 2^-3^ mm.

Rare ; most of the specimens standing under this name in our collections belons: to
the preceding species ; it has been taken in Durham, and also at Horning Fen; it has
also been recoi'ded from Swansea, Exniouth, Weymouth, Graveseud and Liverpool,
but all these localities are doubtful ; in a long series of O. distinctus so many varia-
tions occur that it is probable that this species may be only an extreme variety of
that insect, although in itself it seems very distinct by reason of its elongate and
laterally 'compressed form ; specimens, however, of undoubted G. distinctus occur
which present this same peculiarity of form, although as a rule that species appears to
be more oval and less elongate than G. hicolor.

G-. colymbus, Er. {G. caspim, Men., 1833, Cat. rais. p. 142 ; Aube,
Icon. V. p. 3S6, pi. 44, spec. p. 679 ; distinctus, Aube, Icon. v. p. 385,
pi. 43, spec. p. 366 ; colymhiis, Er., 1837, Kaf. Mark. i. p. 191 ; lihanus,
Aube, 1838, spec. p. 667).

As there is so much confusion over 'this species, and as in the latest
European catalogue (Heyden-Reitter-Weise, p. 32, 1883) G. caspi'us,
Men., and G. colymbus, Er., are given as separate species, although in-
cluded together, as in the above synonymy, by M. Regimbart in his
monograph of the same date (1883), I have thought it best to give a
translation of liis description : —

"A very variable species, of rather long oval shape, never parallel,
generally a little contracted behind ; upper surface shining, black, with
bluish, or sometimes slightly greenish reflections, broadly and strongly
bronzed on the sides ; underside black, with the mesosternum and the
anal segment obscurely ferruginous, often almost black. Elytra covered
with a rather fine punctuation, sometimes thick and rather strongly
impressed, sometimes more diffuse and obsolete ; sometimes even the
points take the form of very short transverse striolte ; these variations
in the punctuation are independent of sex and locality. The truncation
of the apex of elytra is a little oblique and slightly rounded, with the
external angle obtuse and more or less roiinded, and the internal almost
a right angle narrowly rounded ; the punctures of the series on the elytra
are rather dull, rarely of a moderate size, set somewhat widely apart, and
rather stronger externally ; the border is narrow and terminated a little
behind the external angle." Long. 5|-7, lat. 3-4 mm.

The descriptions of G. colymhus and G. caspius as given by most
authors in many points so closely resemble one another that it is no
wonder that a confusion has arisen ; there seem, however, to be three
forms, one with the interstices smooth, the second with the interstices
plainly punctured if magnified, and the third with the interstices covered
with distinct and rather strong transverse striae. Aube distinctly says
of his cas'pius that it has the interstices smooth, and Kiesenwetter (Insect.

GyrinuK] adepuaga. '21')

Dcutsch. DytisciJcTe, &c., p.. HO) makes no mention of any punctuation
of the interstices of G. caspius, whereas (p. 141) he expressly says of
G. colymhas that the interstices in both sexes are very finely, but under
a strong magnifying power distinctly punctured. I have before me a
specimen of I)r. Sharp's from Stony Stratford labelled Gi/rinus cohjmbiis
Jide Rt'ijimhart = casjiius mihi : as the interstices are evidently, although
very finely, punctured, this is probably the true G. coJijmhus, Er. ; there
remains, however, the third form with the interstices covered with distinct
striiB : as will be seen by the description above, M. Regimbart considers
this a mere variety of casjj'ais ; Dr. Sharp in his last catalogue gives it
as V. coli/mhus, Shp., of roh/mhii.'^, Er., and considers easpius as synony-
mous Avith colijmbus. The striolate form appears, however, to be very
distinct, in fact considerably more distinct than several other of the
species ; I propose therefore to name it G. sfriolatus; the following is
the description : —

Ovate, not very convex, above bluish black, slightly shining, the elytra
punctate-striate, the internal striae rather finer than the outer ; the inter-
stices of elytra and the upper surface of head and thorax are closely covered
with short transverse strite, which are very distinct ; underside lilack,
margins of thorax and elytra and legs (including the claws), breast, and
extremity of abdomen rufo testaceous. Long. 6-7, lat. 3^-4 mm.

The insect in size and form resembles G. marimis, but is distinguished
from that species by the red reflexed margins of elytra, red claws, and
peculiar sculpture.

Six specimens originally in Mr. Crotch's collection, locality unknown.

If any weight at all is to be allowed to sculpture, I feel convinced
that this species must be allowed to stand ; if, however, it should still
be regarded as a variety, I think that the variety requires a distinct
name.

It seems doubtful whether the type caspius form is found in Britain.

G-. natator, Scop. Ovate, convex, upper side bluish-black with the
sides brassy ; elytra punctate-striate, the internal stria?, much fainter
than the external ; under side black, with the margins of the elytra and
the legs red, or reddish testaceous ; sometimes the breast and apex of
abdomen are red (var. suhstriatus, Steph.). Long. 5-6o-, lat. 2f-3i
mm.

Of this species there are two well-marked forms, which have been
regarded by some authors as distinct; they are, however, connected by
intminediate forms possessing characters of each ; they may be described
as follows : —

L G. mi'Tfjus, Ahr. Droad, not so much narrowed before and Itehind,
the inner striie evidently finer than tlie outer, especially towards the
suture, but always distinct and perceptible for their wliole length.

Very couunou in England I'sppci.illy iu tho sontli, but ilix-s not occur in Scotland.

216 ADEPHAGA. [Gi/nnu-s.

2. G natator. Narrower, the sides more rounded, and the internal
strite very obsolete or entirely wanting towards the base of the elytra.

Coramou in Scotland, but rarer further south (Cambridge, &c.) ; at Deal a form
occurs with the form of natator and the punctuation of mergiis.

Dark dull forms of the species are occasionally found ; in one form or
another it is one of the most abundant and common beetles throughout
the kingdom.

Gr. Suffriani, Scriba. This species is rather closely allied to G.
natator, but is much smaller than the average specimens of that insect,
and may be distinguished by the punctured stripe of the elytra not be-
coming finer towards suture on disc ; the reflexed margin of the elytra
is pitchy and not clear red, and the punctures on the elytra are not
brassy ; the apex of elytra is truncate almost in a straight line ; accord-
ing to M. Bedel G. natator has the apex of elytra not raised and marked
with a series of punctures placed transversely, whereas in G. Suffriani
this series is obsolete and the apex is raised ; this does not, however,
appear to be a constant or reliable character. Long. 4|-5, lat. 3
mm.

Rare; Horning Fen, Norfolk; Wicken Fen ; Sandwich; Scotland, Dumfries.

G-. marinus, Gyll. Ovate, not very convex, upper side bluish
black, shining, the sides brassy, the elytra strongly punctate- striate, the
internal striae being almost uniform in strength with the outer ; punctures
deep especially towards apex, Avhere the interstices are somewhat convex ;
underside, including reflexed margins of elytra, brassy black; legs (except
claws) red; male shining with interstices obsoletely punctured, female
rather dull with interstices thickly punctured. Long. 5-7, lat. 2|— 3-|-
mm.

Local but rather common in England both near the coast, in brackish water, and
inland, and widely distributed from Northumberland to Devonshire; it is found in
the midland districts; in Scotland the variety only occurs; Ireland, near Belfast and
Dublin, and probably common.

V. opacus, Sahl. This variety, which by spme authors is considered
distinct, differs from the type in being on the average considerably
smaller, and in having the strise on the elytra finer, especially the inner
ones : a form occurs in which the upper surface is altogether dull and
opaque. Long. 4|— 6, lat. 2^-3 mm.

Local in England; Tottenham; West Drayton ; Woking; Bishops Wood; Horning
Fen; Stony Stratford ; Beverley; Northumberland; it is not found, apparently, in
the south. Scotland, common in both Lowlands and Highlands, Forth, Tay, Dee,
Solway, and Clyde districts. The dull variety resembles G. minidus, in company with
which Dr. Sharp found it at Invercannich, Inverness-shire.

OI&ECTOCKZZiUS, Lacordaire

This genus contains about thirty-five species, Avhich are chiefly found
in the East Indies and Africa ; they are, as a rule, nocturnal in their

Orecfochihis.] adephaga. 217

habits, but not universally ; they are always found on clear or running
Avater ; one species only is European.

The larva of O. vilhsus is figured by Schiodte (ii., PI. vii., Ficr. 1) : it very closely
resembles that of Gyrinus marinus described above; it is, however, a little stouter,
and the segments are somewhat differently shaped, being not so much narrowed
behind ; the ciliated appendages attached to the sides of the segments are considerably
shorter and rather broader; the legs are somewhat longer and the claws stouter ; the
prothoracic scutum is broader and more darkly coloured, and the head is more oblong
with the ocelli less prominent.

O. villosus, Miiller. Oblong, rather narrow, very convex, rather
shining, of a fuscous colour, the upper surface covered with line
yellowish-grey pubescence, and in-egularly punctured ; underside pitch-
black ; extreme margins of sides, under surface of body including
reflexed margins of elytra, and legs, reddish testaceous. Long. 5^-6, lat.
2| mm.

Local but widely distributed and not uncommon ; it conceals itself under the banks
or in half-submerged logs, &c , by day, and comes out at night ; Dr. .Sh:irp says tliat
he has seen it gyrating by moonliglit on Loch Ken in Galloway. Loudon district,
Lewisham, Red Hill, &c. ; Norfolk; Wicken Fen; Dartmoor; Swansea; Midland
districts, common, Bewdley, Tewkesbury, Alcester, river Dove near Burton-on- Trent,
&c. ; Yorkshire; Northumberland and Durham district. Scotland, local. Lowlands,
Tweed, Forth, Solway, Clyde. Irelaud, near Dublin.

CLAVICORNIA.

This division, which includes a large numlier of families, must be
considered as more or less artificial, and as adoj^ted for the sake of con-
venience, rather than as being scientifically accurate : as Dr. Horn
observes (Classif. Col. Xorth America, p. xxx) the Clavicorn and Serri-
corn series present "so many exceptional cases that it is very hard to
dcBne their members ; in the Clavicorn series the tarsal system has its
feeblest value, as every possible variation exists from the pentamerous
to the monomerous ; as a general rule, in doubtful cases, any dej)arture
from the pentamerous tarsal structure is an indication of Clavicorn
relationship." I)r. Sharp prefers to drop these large and somewhat
anomalous divisions, and to retain the families only ; this is perhaps more
.scientifically correct, but the retention of the large divisions, as long as
it is remembered tbat they are more or less artificial, presents many
points of advantage to tlie general student.

HYDROPHILIDiE.

This family is made up of two distinct sub-families, the Hydrophilino)
and the Spluvritliinoe ; both these in the perfect slate feed on tlecom-
posing vegetable matter, but the former is composed exclusividy of
water-fretpienting insects, while the species belonging to the latter,
ilthough in some cases found in damp and marshy localities, are essen-
ually land insecl.<. and occur in licaps of decaying vegetable rubbish, the

218 iiYDROPniLiD.1:. \_Hij(lrophiUdx.

dung of herbivorous animals, &c. ; the term Palpicornia is perhaps more
suitable for the group than the names Hydrophilidfc or Philhydrida by
which it is usually known, the chief distinguishing mark being the
development of the maxillary palpi ; these in many instances are several
times longer than the antennae, which are very short in the majority of
the Hydrophilinae ; in the Sphaeridiinae the disproportion is not so
marked ; as, however, the family cannot be separated from the Clavicoruia,
the term Palpicornia causes confusion.

It is a curious fact that the larvae of the Hydrophilinse, at all events as a general rule,
are carnivorous and eminently predaceous, even devouring one another, if other animal
food fails them, as I have observed in the case of the larvfe of Spercheus ; they form,
therefore, a rather strong connecting link between the carnivorous Coleoptera and the
purely vegetable feeders ; the Hydrophilidaj as a rule, with the exception of the Helo-
phorina and their allies, are of an oval convex form, sometimes hemispherical, and
often very shining ; the elytra are sometimes striate, sometimes possess only a sutural
stria, and occasionally this too is wanting ; in the species with smooth elytra there
are generally three irregular rows of punctures on each elytron as in the Dytiscidaj ;
the palpi are four-jointed, the antennae are made up (perhaps only apparently) of not
more than from six to nine joints, and terminate, as a rule, in a three-jointed club ;
the number of free ventral segments of the abdomen varies from five to seven ; the
tarsi are all five-jointed (except in the genera Hijdrocotnhiis and Cymhiodyta, in which
the middle and hinder tarsi are truly four -jointed), with claws furnished with a small
basal tooth : the relative difference in the length of the tarsal joints affords a valuable
character for the separation of the tribes ; this character, however, as used in separating
the two sub-families SydrophilincB and Spceridiinee is quite untenable if applied to the
exotic species ; in our limited fauna it holds good.

The Hydrophilidae, as remarked by Dr. Sharp (Biol. Cent. Am.
Hydrophilidae, p. 53), will probably become a family of even greater
extent and importance than the Dytiscidse ; for the last-named family is
rich in species in the more frigid portions of the earth's surface, while
this is not the case with the Hydrophilidae, whose species appear to be
most numerous in the warmer regions, and as yet are very imperfectly
known in comparison with the more northern Dytiscidae.

The connection of the family with the Dytiscidae is very superficial ; it
bears, however, strong relations towards other families of the Clavicoruia ;
through Hijdrochus it is connected with the Elmides, through Cercyon
Avith Anisotoma, and through Cryptopleurum with Ahrceus and the
Histeridce ; in the present state of our knowledge the best position that
can be assigned to it is perhaps between the Adephaga and the Silphida).
The two sub-families may be thus distinguished: —

1. Legs provided with swimming cilia ; posterior tarsi with the

first joint very short, often not visible from above IlTDROPHiLiN.Ti:.

2. Legs not provided with cilia ; tibiae spinose ; posterior tarsi

with the first joint elongate Sph^eidiin/E.

Sub-Fam. KVDROPHII.INS:.

Besides the above-mentioned characteristics, the members of this sub-
family have the labrum almost always very distinct and not hidden
behind the clypeus ; the larva) are always provided with legs, which are

Ilydrophiliwv..'] iiydropiiilid.k. 219

absent in the larvre of the Sphjeridiinaj : all the species arc aquatic, but,
"with few exceptions, they are very poor swimmers ; as jNIulsant ol)serves
(Palpicornes, p. 13), it is quite sufficient to see their motions in the water
to lie convinced of their pacific and non-predaceous habits. They may
be divided into the following tribes : —

I. Second joint of posterior tarsi elongate, longer than tLird.
i. Thorax at base as wide as base of elytra, smooth.

1. Tarsi compressed ; metasternuni prolonged into a spine . Htdeophilina.

2. Tarsi not compressed ; uietasternum not prolonged into a

spine HroKOuiiNA.

ii. Thorax narrowed behind, narrower than elytra, furnished

with distinct longitudinal furrows IIelopuouina.

II. Second joint of posterior tarsi short, about equal to third.

i. Clypeus emarginate ; scutelluin long, triangular ; anterior

coxal cavities open behind Spekchkixa.

ii. Clypeus truncate ; scutellum small and short ; anterior coxal

cavities entirely closed IIvDiiOCUiNA.

HYDROPHILINA.

The two species belonging to this tribe are 1)3- far the largest of the
British Palpicornia, and the best swimmers ; they belong to separate
genera.

1 . Prosternum plainly excavated ; metastcrnal spine prolonged

considerably beyond posterior coxa; ; length 37-48 mm. . . IIVDKOruiLCS, (7eq/^.

2. Pj-osternum sharply keeled ; metasternal spine hardly pro-
jecting beyond posterior coxai ; length 14-18 mm. . . . Hydrochabis, Lair.

KYDROPKIX.US, Geoflfroy. {ITijdrous, Leach.)

This genus cunq)rises about forty species, which are widely distributed
tliroughout the globe, but are chiefly found in hot climates ; they are
remarkable for their large size ; they are usually black or olive-coloured,
but some exotic species are metalhc : the females construct a cocoon iu
which to shelter tlieir eggs.

K. piceus, L. Oval ; l>lack or olivaceous black above willi the
margins of the elytra greenish ; head smooth with some deeply punctured
depressions ; thorax smooth with a deep and deeply punctured depression
on each side of middle in front ; elytra with rather finely punctured
strire, alternate interstices with rows of large punctures, duller in the
female than the male, furnislied in both sexes with a sharp spine at the
sutural angle ; breast clothed with yellowish pubescence, alulomen black
with yellowish spots at sides ; antenna^ and legs black or pitchy ; male
willi tlie onychium (the last joint of tarsi bearing the claws) dilated into
a larg(» triangular plate : this sj)ecies, witli tlie exception of Liicanxs
o'l-riis, is the largest of our indigenous Coleoptera. Long. .37-48, lat.
19-22 mm.

This species is extremely local, and appears to be almost confined to the London
district and adjoining counties, and to certain portions of the fen districts ; it is not

220 HYDROPHiLiD^. \_Mydrophihis.

uncommon in many places near London, in stagnant water ; Sheerness, Lee, Wands-
worth, Croydon, Duhvich, Camberwell, Belvedere, Chelsea, Hampstead, Eppiug Forest,
&c. ; Whittlesea Mere and Yaxley Feu ; Swansea ; formerly recorded by Mr. Dale
from Glanville's Wootton, Dorset.

The larva of this insect is figured by Westwood (CLissif., vol. i. , p. 121, 8, 11):
when full growu it is three inches long, of a somewhat conical form, and stouter than
the larvaj of the Dytiscidaj ; the head is reddish brown, horny, and almost circular,
with strong mandibles, the lower surface being convex and the upper flattened ; the
body is terminated by two short cerci, which are employed in respiration ; these larvae
are very voracious, and feed on small molluscs, which they break upon their backs ;
they are able from the peculiar formation of their heads to twist them back so fiir as
to allow of their thus using their backs for a table, as has been noted by Lyonnet,
]Mulsant, and other observers : the females, as noted above, construct a cocoon for
their eggs, which batch in from a fortnight to six weeks, and in a few hours thelarvEe
leave their shelter ; when full growu they Cjuit the water and form an oval cell iu the
adjacent bank, where they change into a thick oval pupa fi-om which the perfect insect
emerges in about forty days, the whole period occupied from the hatching of the e^g
being about one hundred days ; Stephens says that the larva changes to a pupa
beneath dung, making a deep hole for the purpose, but 1 have not seen this fact cou-
firmed by other authors.

HYDROCKARIS, Latreillc.

{Hydrox>liilus, Leacli. Hydrous, Brulle.)

This genus comes very near the preceding but its members arc always
of a much smaller size : it comprises about twenty species, which are
widely distributed over the surface of the globe (Siberia, Ceylon, Java,
Brazil, &c.) ; like the Ilydrophili they are found in stagnant water.

H. caraboides, L. Oblong oval, upper surface olive-black, some-
times with a greenish reflection, shining ; maxillary palpi and antennae
except club reddish ; thorax rather short, with two short rows of large
punctures on each side of middle in front ; elytra somewhat wider
behind with very superficial stripe, the third and fifth interstices with
regular rows of large punctures, which are less regular on the seventh,
ninth, and tenth ; legs blackish, the anterior pair sometimes lighter ;
abdomen pubescent with a small smooth shining space at apex, the
segments with indistinct yellow markings on margins ; male with the
claws of anterior tarsi sharply bent like a grappling-hook. Long. 14-18,
lat. 6^-8 mm.

Like the preceding, local but not uncommon in the London district, but found iu
very few other localities ; Lee, Wandsworth, Barnes, Dulwich, Epping ; Waltham-
stow, Essex ; Askham Bog, York ; Swansea ; formerly recorded from Whittlesea
Mere and the neighbourhood of Cambridge.

The larva of this insect is figured by Westwood (Classification, i. 121, 8, 13), and
by Schiodte (i., PI. iv., Fig. 1), who also figures the pupa (Fig. 4) : the larva is slate-
coloured with the scuta fuscous; the head is larger and squarer than iu the larva of
Hydrophilus, broadest in front, and narrowed behind ; the scutum of the prothorax
is complete, of the meso- and meta-thorax incomplete ; the scuta of the dorsal abdominal
segments are broken up, and on each segment take the form of four small cylindrical
corneous excrescences pointing downwards; the larva is chiefly remarkable for these
and for the long ciliated appendages (something like those iu Gyrinus) borne by the

Hi/drorharis.'] iiYDROriiiLin.r,. 221

first seven abdominiil segments ; tlie corei are short bnt lonnfcr than in the larva; of
the snceeedinfj species : it is said that this hirva, wlien it lias seized its prey, raises it
by its inandibles out of the water in order to paralyze its resistance.

According to M. Duineril the digestive canal in this and tlie preceding
species undergoes remarkable modifications during the ti'ansformations of
the insect ; in the larv.Te it is short and suited to their digestion as
carnivorous, hut in the perfect insect it becomes much elongated and
adapted to their herbivorous diet.

HYDROBIINA.

This triljc is composed of several ratlier M'idely differing genera, some
of which (e.g. Chajtarthria and I5erosus) miglit perhaps l;)e formed into
separate tril)e3 ; the species are of an oval or hemispherical form ; some
of them bear a superficial resemblance to those of the preceding trilie,
but they are all much smaHer, and none of them have tlie mctasternum
prolonged behind into a sharp spine ; one exotic genus (Amphiops) is, as
Dr. Horn points out, remarkable for having four eyes like Gi/rmus.

Our genera may be classed as follows : —

I. Fii-st and second ventral segments not covered by plates.
i. Ventral segments five (tip of sixth sometimes visible) ;
anterior co\al cavities open behind.

1. Last ventral segment entire ; intermediate and
posterior tibia) without swiunning hairs on their

inner border.
A. Antenna; 9-jointed.

a. Length 4-8 mm.; maxillary palpi long.

a*. Elytra with a distinct sutnral stria more or
less abbreviated.
af. Ma.xillary palpi with the last joint plainly

longer than the penultimate Htdkobius, Lcacli.

bf. Maxillary palpi with the last joint plainly
shorter than the penultimate,
aj. Base of thorax narrowly bordered ; inter-

mediate and posterior tarsi 5-jointed . . rniLUTDUug, Sol.
bj. IJase of thorax without trace of bor-
der ; intermediate and posterior tarsi

4-jointed . CVMBIODTTA, J]e(h'/.

cf. Maxillary palpi with the last joint about

equal to the penultimate ENOCimrs, Thorns.

b*. Elytra without trace of sutural stria ; last
joint of antenna) plainly shorter than penul-
tinnite Hiclociiakes, Mul.s.

b. Length not exceeding 3 mm. ; maxillary palpi

short.

a*. Upper surface metallic; base of thorax with-
out trace of border VwiXCYMVS, Thoma.

b*. Upper surface not metallic ; base of thorax

very narrowly bordered Anac.i:xa, Thoma.

]?. Antenna' S-jointid Laccobivs, Er.

2. Last ventral segniunt almost always emarginato ;
intermediate and posterior tibi;e furnished with

swimming hairs on tlieir inner border Beuosts, Leach.

222 HYDR0PHILID.I5. [Hydwhuna.

ii. Veutrnl segments seven ; auterioi' coxal cavities closed

behind ; elytra truncate LiMNEBlUS, Leach.

II. First and second ventral segments covered by two plates

meeting in middle Ch^taetheia, Steph,

nVSROBZUS, Leach.

The genus Hydrobius proper contains only a very few species, of
moderate size, and of a black or slightly l)ronzy colour ; they are found in
stagnant water, and are widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North
America ; in a wider sense it comprises forty or fifty species, all occurring
in temperate regions and not entering the tropics.

The larva of Hydrolkis fuscipes is figured by Schiodte (i., PI. iv., Fig. 5) : it is of
a dirty-white colour with the scuta fuscous ; it is broadest in the middle and much
narrowed in front and behind; the head is very small with exceedingly short antennae,
the prothorax quadrate, much narrower than the following segments, with the scutum
entire; the scuta of the meso- and meta-thorax are incomplete, and those of the
abdominal dorsal segments are broken up and take the form of minute warty corneous
plates, four on each segment ; the segments tliemselves are much wrinkled in transverse
folds ; the eighth segment is very much narrowed, and bears two almost imperceptible
cerci and a very small prominence at apex ; the legs are very short.

The larva of Philhydrus and the allied species bear so close a resemblance to that of
Ht/drobius that they hardly require a separate description ; that of P. testaceus is
figured by Schiodte (i., PI. iv., Fig. 6), and a reference to his plate will show their
extreme similarity ; the female beetles diifer from the female of Helochares (the larva
of which is very closely allied to that of these species) in not caiTying their eggs in a
sac attached to the abdomen.

1. Elytra with distinct punctured striaj, strife deep towards

apex ; length 5-7^ mm H. FUSCIPES, L.

2. Elytra with fine rows of punctures, not striated ; length

8-9 mm H. oblongtjs, Herhst.

K. fuscipes, L. Oval, convex, black or pitchy black, shining,
female duller than male ; thorax much broader than long, very closely,
but distinctly, punctured ; elytra as broad at base as base of thorax, .with
eleven punctured strise on each ; interstices closely punctured, the alternate
ones furnished with a row of pores ; legs ferruginous, femora darker at
base, posterior femora pubescent almost to apex. L. 5-7| mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

H. picicrus. Sharp, appears to be a distinct race of this species, and
may perhaps be considered distinct : it differs from the type form in
being rather smaller, shorter, and more convex ; the tibiae as well as the
extremity of the femora are pitchy, and the hind angles of the thorax
form a more obtuse right angle ; the striae of the elytra also are more
strongly punctured ; it has been found in the following localities : Ask-
ham Bog, York ; Liverpool ; Knowle, near Birmingham ; Wicken Fen ;
Lymington ; Corstorphine Hills, Scotland, &c.

A variety very rarely occurs in which the upper surface is of a strongly
metallic greenish or bluish colour.

K. oblong-US, Herbst. {piripes, Fab.). Very like the preceding, but

Hydrobius.^ nYDRoriiiLiD.T;. 223

lar;^for, longer in proportion, and more ofton sliowinj^ a motalHc roflcctioii ;
it is easily (listingiiislied by the absence of stricC on the elytra, and by the
fact that the posterior femora are quite smooth. L, 8-9 mm.

Brackish ditches ; local, but not uncommon in some districts near London, and in
tlio south and south-east of England, (iraveseiid, Sht'orncss, Whitslablo, Kainhani,
Di'al, Hastings, &c. ; Soutbport and Lancaster (Mr. Reston) ; according to M. Bedel
this insect possesses a slight power of stridulatiou.

PHZI.HVDRUS, Solier.

This genus comprises about fifty species, which are widely distributed
both in the northern and southern hemispheres, from Northern Europe
and America to Ceylon, Java, Chili, and Brazil ; they are found in
stagnant water, and some of the species are confined to brackish ponds
and ditches.

The larva; of this genus closely resemble those of Ilelocharos ; the females, however,
do not carry their egg-sac underneath the abdomen, but attach about fift(!en little
triangular silky packets to the Leiiuia on the surface of the water, each containing
ten or a dozen eggs ; the larviC do not leave these receptacles for two or three days
after they have hatched.

Six of the seven European species are found in Britain, and may be
distinguished as follows : —

L Thorax with more or less distinct larger punctures ar-
ranged transversely on middle of sides ; size larger,
i. Maxillary palpi with second joint dark .... P. TESTACEUS, F.
ii. Maxillary palpi with second joint entirely testa-
ceous.

1. Head testaceous, sometimes darker in mid<llo . P. maritimus, Thorns.

2. Head black, at all events as far as anterior margin

of eyes.
A. Elytra without a trace of series of larger
punctures ; last joint of maxillary palpi testa-
ceous (at most very slightly darker at extreme

apex) P. NIGRICANS, Ziff.

IJ. Elytra with indistinct traces of series of
larger punctures ; last joint of maxillary palpi

rather broadly l)lack at apex P. MELAXOCEriiAl.us, 01.

IL Thorax without larger punctures at sides ; size
smaller.
i. Head without yellow spots in front of eyes ; last

joint of maxillary palpi black at apex P. minutus, F.

ii. Head with distinct yellow spots in front of eyes j

last joint of maxillai-y palpi entirely testaceous . . P. COAKCTATUSj GreiU.

P. testaceus, F. Oblong-ovate, ratlier conve.v, upper surface
finely and closely punctured, ligliter or darker testaceous, head black as
far as front of eyes, disc of thorax dusky ; elytra Avith a sutural stria
reaching from apex to a little bcynnd mid<lle ; legs ferruginous.
Ii. 6-7 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; local but not uncommon ; London district generally ; Norwich ;
Deal; Hastings; liamsgatc; Horning Fen; Swansea; Devonshire; Manchester

224: iiydrophilidj:. [Philhydrus.

district; Askliam Bog, York; not recorded from the extreme north of England
or froiu Scothiud.

This species is easily distinguished by the dark second joint of the
maxillary palpi.

P. maritimus, Thorns. {J/icolor, F., grisescens, GylL). Vexy like
the preceding, but at once diistinguished by the second joint of the
antennai being entirely testaceous ; it is also slightly smaller and
narrower, and the head and legs are of a lighter colour. L. Q>-(S\ mm.

Brackish ponds and ditches ; common near the coast except in the extreme
north of England and in Scotland. Gravesend ; Sheeriiess ; Whitstable ; Lyming-
ton; Brighton; Pegwell Bay, near Deal; Hunstanton; Southport ; recorded also
from Ireland.

P. nigricans, Zett. (fr^ontalis, Er.). Oval, convex, smaller than
the two preceding species ; head entirely black, or black as far as front
of eyes ; thorax dark with margins more or less broadly testaceous ;
elytra lighter or darker testaceous ; legs testaceous, femora darker ; last
joint of maxillary palpi entirely reddish testaceous. L. 5-5 1- mm.

Ditches, &c. ; local ; not common near London ; Plumstead, Lee, Gravesend,
Greenwich, &c. ; Abbey Wood ; New Forest ; Pegwell Bay ; Wicken Pen ; Askham
Bog, York ; Lancaster ; Northumberland ; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Tay, Dee,
Moray, Sol way.

P. melanocephalus, 01. {f_[uadri]punctatus, Herbst.). Very like
the preceding, but slightly narrower, and usually of a darker colour ;
head, and thorax, except margins, black ; elytra with traces of rows of
larger punctures ; last joint of maxillary palpi distinctly black at apex.
L. 5-5 3 mm.

Ditches, &c.; local but not uncommon; Darcnth Wood, Lee, Greenwich,
Woking ; Devonshire ; Swansea ; Lancaster ; Liverpool ; Rothley Lakes, Northumber-
land ; Scotland, common. Lowlands, Highlands, as far north as the JVloray district ;
Ireland, near Belfast and Dublin.

P. minutus, F. {mwginellus, Thoms.). Oblong-ovate, moderately
convex ; upper surface closely and distinctly punctured ; head black,
unicolorous ; thorax dark with lighter margins ; elytra lighter or darker
testaceous, suture and sides usually darker ; legs brownish testaceous,
tarsi lighter ; the maxillary palpi are more or less dark, and the last joint
is often entirely black. L. 3| mm.

Ditches, &c. ; apparently not a common species, the succeeding species being far
commoner, and being often confounded with it ; Esher, Woking, Purfleet, Horsell ;
Cambridge; Manchester district ; Northumberland; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Forth,
Tay, Clyde, Solway.

P. coarctatus, Gredl. (suturalis, Sharp). This species comes very
close to the preceding, but is distinguished from it by its rather larger
size, testaceous palpi, and the yellow spot on the clypeus on each side in
front of eye ; the colour of the suture also is usually more marked ;
occasionally the palpi have the second and the middle of the last joint
slightly clouded. L. 3|-4 mm.

Common and widely distributed ; Loudm district ; Deal ; Hastiugs ; New Forest ;

J'hil/>i/'lni.'<.] nYuuupiiii.ui.K. 22-3

• Shrewsliury ; Cambrldjjesliire Fens ; Askli:im Bog ; ScoUaml, local, LowliiiuU, Tay
aud Sohvay districts ; probably common in Ireland.

CYMBIODVTA, Bedel.

This new _<rerms, provisionally iudicatcil l)y j\I. Pandelle, and after-
wards established by M. Ik-del, contains at present two or three species
from Europe and the United States, which, according to M. Bedel, are
distingiushed from PhiUi}jrlnis by the shape of the mesosternum and the
absence of a border at the base of thorax ; Dr. Sharp, however, has
pointed out that this genus and also the genus IlijiJrocomhus (which is
near P/ii/Iii/dyus) differ from the othtjr Hydrophiliiue as at present
known, in having the intermediate and posterior tarsi truly (and not
appanmtly as is often the case) four-jointed ; the pseudo-basal joint of
tlie maxillary palpi is also very slightly bent in such a manner that when
extended the curve of the joint is concave in front or inwardly, whereas
in Pliilln/dnis it is in the opposite direction.

C. ovalis, Thorns. {mar(jindluf<, F.). Oblong-ovate, moderately convex,
a little di'pressetl on disc, unicolorous black with the sides of thorax and
elytra more or less distinctly redilish ; \ipper surface closely and dis-
tinctly punctured ; antenme and maxillary palpi ferruginous, joints of
the latter lighter at apex ; legs black or pitchy black, tarsi testaceous.
L. 4— ii- mm.

Katlier common and widely distributed in the London district and the south of .
Enjjlaud ; also occurs in the CambriOecsliire Kens; there aiijicars, however, to be
no record of its capture from further north than Askhain V>{y^, «hrro I Lave taken it
not uncommonly.

ENOCKIiUS, ThuiiiSMU. '

This genus is included by many authors umhn- PliUhijJrus, and per-
haps it would be better not to separate it from that genus ; the relative
length of the last joints of tlie maxillary palpi is the chief cJiaracter In'
which it is distinguished.

E. bicolor, (ivll. {mdanoeepJiciIus, ()\., (i//-irrqnl/us, Steph.). Oval
or oblong-oval, convex ; upper surface closely and distinctly punctureil ;
head bhick with a yellow spot on each side? above eyes; maxillary iialpi
t(!staceous with second joint sometimes (doudeil and with apex of last
joint l)lack ; thorax and elytra rather brightly testaceous, the latter with
more or less-distinct traces of rows of larger punctures ; legs ami under-
side black, tarsi and apex of tibiic somewhat lighter. L. 5-5.^- mm.

Local ; ponds, ditches, &c., both fresh and brackish ; London district, not uncommon ;
llorniii).; I'n; Deal; Ha.-tin^jjs ; Ramsgate; Tlie Molt (Selborue); Finderii, near Burton-
oii-Treut ; Strelford, near Maiii-hister ; Scarborou^jh ; not recorded from the e.xtremu
north of Englanil or from Scoilaiiil.

PARACVIVXUS, Thomson.
The species belonging to this and the succeeding genus have been classed

226 HYDROPHiLiDiE. \Pararymus.

by some authors under Hydrohms; tlieir very small size and short maxillary
palpi will at once distinguish them superficially ; it must, however, be
remembered that many of the generic distinctions are purely artificial,
and that in many cases it seems rather a matter of taste than of scientific
accuracy whether we adopt them or not.

P. nigroaeneus, Sahl. Oval, convex, dark metallic bronze or
bronze-black, upper surface closely and rather strongly punctured ;
maxillary palpi broadly pitchy at apex ; legs pitch-black. L. 2 j-2^ mm.

Ponds and ditches ; local and not common. Lee, Wimbledon, Esher, Woking,
Horsell ; New Forest ; Exeter.

We do not possess the true P. cvncnis, Germ., which is rather smaller
and narrower with the palpi unicolorous red, and the legs also red. Dr.
Sharp also points out (E. ]\I. Mag. xxi. 112) that the structure of the
antennse is different in the two species.

ANACSINA, Thomson.

The species of Anacaina are distriljuted over the greater part of the Old
World ; they are distinguished from the preceding by the non-metallic
upper surface, and by having the base of the thorax narrowly bordered.

I. Head black at most with a very small
•reddish spot on each side befoi-e eyes ;

thorax dark with side margins lighter.

1. Form broader; maxillary palpi and

tarsi stouter A. GLOBULUS, VayTc. (limhata, Sharp).

2. Form narrower ; maxillary palpi and

tarsi more slender A. LIMBATA, F. (varialilis. Sharp).

II. Head with a large testaceous marking on
each side before eyes; thorax testaceous

•with centre of disc darker A, bipustulata, Steph.

A. g-lobulus, Payk. (Umbata, Sharp). Oval, almost hemispherical,
very convex, shining, upper surface distinctly punctured ; head black ;
thorax black with margins lighter ; elytra fuscous or fuscous-black with
margins and apex lighter ; legs reddish or pitchy. L. 2|-3 mm.

Ponds and ditches; common and widely distributed in England and Scotland.

A. limbata, F. (variahilis, Sharp). Very like the preceding but
narrower and more elongate ; the mesosternum is raised behind in the
middle in a pointed projection, which is wanting in the preceding species;
the maxillary palpi are not so thick, and the tarsi are more slender ;
the colour of the elytra is, as a rule, but not always, lighter ; the head
is usually entirely black, but a variety occurs in which there is a
small rufo-testaceous spot on each side before the eyes. L. 2-2 1 mm.

Ponds and ditches ; common and widely distributed in England, but local in Scot-
land, and only recorded from the Forth, Tay, and Solway districts.

A bipustulataj Steph. Smaller than the two preceding species;

Anaccena.] nYDKoniiLiD.E. 227

liead dark with a large testaceous mark on each side in front of eyes ;
thorax testaceous witli the disc more or less broadly dark ; elytra tes-
taceous with indistinct dark markings ; legs testaceous ; in form it is
more widely oval than A. luiibata. . L. l|-2i mm.

Pniub and ditches ; local, and as a rule not common ; London district, rather fre-
quent, Lee, Wimbledon, Woking, &c. ; Stonj- Stratford ; Southsea ; Deal ; not re-
corded from the north of Eut^laud or from Scotland.

HHIiOCXXARES, :\rulsant.

This genus comprises a moderate number of species, two or three
of which arc found in Europe ; they are distinguished by the fact that
the elytra have no trace of a sutural stria, and that the last joint of the
anteunai is plainly shorter than the penultimate.

The larva of H. lividus is fully described and figured by Cussac (Ann. Fr. 1852,
J). 62J-, PI. 13): it very closely resembles that of Philhydrus ; the female beetle, un-
like those belonging to the allied genera, carries her eggs iu a little bag attached to
tiie abdomen ; according to IMulsant she becomes more unwilling to abandon her eggs,
if disturbed, as the time of hatcliing approaches, althougli at first slu' will let them
go at tlie approach of danger; the insect appears either to attach the egg-bag to
an aquatic phint shortly bef'on' hatcliing, or, if there is none at baud, to turn itself
on its back at the surface of the water, and there remain until the young larvffi have
emerged.

Two species are found in Britain, the second of which is considered
by many authors to be only a race or variety.

1. Punctuation fine ; last joint of maxillary palpi uni-

colorous or slightly dusky at extreme apex oidy .... II. lividus, Forst.

2. Punctuation coarser ; last joint of maxillary palpi dis-
tinctly and rather broadly black at ape.ic II. rC^■C^ATCS, Sharp.

H. lividus, Forst. Oblong-oval, rather elongate, not very convex ;
upper surface entirely testaceous, finely punctured ; maxillary palpi very
long ; thorax with anterior margin almost truncate, base not margined ;
elytra rather wider behind, without sutural stria, with traces of rows of
larger punctures ; underside pitchy, legs testaceous, femora darker and
strongly pubescent ; claws toothed at ba.se. L. 5-6 mm.

Ponds, ditches, &c., both inland and near the coast ; local, but rather common and
widely distributed as far north as Askham Bog, and Preston JIarslies, Lancashire ;
it docs not, however, occur in the extreme north of England or in Scotland, as far as is
at present known.

K. punctatus, Sliarp. Very like the preceding but more strongly
])Uiiclun.'d, with llic apex of the last joint of maxillary palpi rather l)roadly
bhick, and with stronger traces of larger punctures on the elytra ; the
general colour is darker, and the liead is often almost black; the legs
also are much redder. L. 5-G mm.

Ponds, ditches, &c. ; local ; common in the London distiict generally, and also in
the New Forest; Kcpton, Burton-on-Trcnt ; Lancaster; in all j>robabiiity wiilely distri-
buted throughout the midland and southern districts: iu Scotland it is very local,

Q 2

228 HYDROPHiLiDiE. [H''Jorhar(>s.

being only found in the Tay district, where it has occurred rather commonly in a
pond on Moucreiffo Hill, Perth.

According to M. Bedel this species at first sight seems very distinct,
hiut, as all the intervening links occur, he considers it to be only an
extreme variety of //. lividus, which he regards as an essentially variable
species.

LACCOBIUS, Erichson.

This genus comprises about fifteen species chiefly from Europe, but
one or two occur in I^orth America and Africa : they are small insects,
and are found in both fresh and brackish water either stagnant or
running ; they often occur in abundance in very small puddles ; if the
bottom is disturbed they rise to the surface ; the males have the second
and third joints of the anterior tarsi dilated. Until quite lately two
species only have been considered to be British, but Dr. Sharp, following
M. Bedel, has discovered that we possess four ; the distinctions are very
plain, but for their satisfactory recognition they require a high magni-
fying power.

I. Interspaces of thorax quite smooth between punctures.

1. Punctuation of elytra confused ......... L. SINFATUS, ilfo^s.

2. Punctuation of elytra in reg-ular rows L. bipitnctattjs, J''.

II. Interspaces of thorax alutaceous between punctures.

1. Punctuation of elytra confused . . • L. alftacetts. Thorns.

2. Punctuation of elytra in regular rows L. minutus, i.

. Ii. sinuatus, Mots, {nigriceps, Thoms.). Oval, very convex ; head
black ; thorax black with sides broadly yellow ; elytra greyish-testaceous
with traces of darker markings, and wuth sides lighter ; legs and
Diaxillary palpi testaceous ; second joint of posterior tarsi almost twice
as long as third ; the" colotir is somewhat variable ; a variety occurs in
Avhich the clypeus is bordered with yellow on the sides (var. maculiceps,
Eott.). L. 3 1-4 mm.

The largest and commonest species of the genus ; widely distributed throughout
the kingdom.

Xi. alutaceus, Thorns. Slightly smaller than the preceding ; at once
distinguished by tlie sculpture of the thorax ; in other points it very
closely resembles L. sinuatus, with wdiich it has long been mixed
in our collections. L. 3| mm.

Dr. Sharp considers this the rarest of our four species, but it is widely dis-
tributed ; London district generally ; Deal ; Southend ; Ramsgate ; Bognor ; Lyming-
ton ; Knowle, near Birmingham; Shrewsbury; Wicken Fen; Gnniley, Market Har-
borough ; Hunstanton ; Hartlepool ; Liverpool ; Scotland, Edinburgh and Aberlady.

Zi. minutus, L. Considerably smaller than the two preceding ;
easily distinguished l;)y the alutaceous ground of thorax and the regular
rows of punctures on elytra ; apex of elytra without pallid spot. L. 2|-3
mm.

Apparently not common; Cambridgeshire and Norfolk Fens; Needwood Forest,

Laccohiu.'!.] uvuKopiiiLiD.E. 229

iioar 13urtoii-on-Treut ; llun.stantoii ; Liverpool district; Holy Ishiiul ; Kotliley
Lakes, \(jrlliuinl)crlaiid ; Scotland, Tlioruhill (abuudaut), Loch Uully, &c.

Xi. bipunctatus, F. Very like the preceiliiiL,', Init distinguished

from it by the sinuoth ground of thorax, and also by having almost
always a pale spot near the apex of each elytron; the second joint
of tlio posterior tarsi is one and a half times as long as the third. L.
2^-3 mm.

KatliiT local, but often abundant; Gravesend ; Folkestone; Deal; Iliuistanion ;
Hartlepool; Horning FenjSLuny Stratford; Itepton ; Liverpool dialrict; Scotland,

Edinburgh.

BEROSUS, Leach.

This genus com]irises about fifty species, which are widely distriliutcd
over the surface of the globe in both the northern and southeiii lienii-
spheres ; they differ very widely from all the other llydrophilidip, the
■\vliole elylra being i)lainly striated ; the head and disc of tliorax are
usually metallic ; tliey live in stagnant water, and are much better
swimmers than the majority of the members of the family ; they appear
to feed upon decaying water plants, but are sometimes carnivorous; by
tlie movement of their abdomen they are able to produce a rather strong
slridulation.

The larva is described and firrured by Schiodte (i., I'l. v., Fig. 9) : in general shape it
somewhat resembles that of I'kilki/drus, except that it is much wiiler and more ovate;
the head and prothorax are very small, the scutum of the latter being complete; the
scutum of the mesothorax is small, and those of the remaining segments are broken
up into very minute corneous plates, four on each segment, invlsil)le except highly
iiKigiiltied ; the tirst seven abdominal segments bear very long branchial api)endages,
the front ones shorter than the hinder ones, which arc nearly as long as the whole
:ibdo\nen ; the eighth segment is short and cylindrical, and hears no cerci ; the legs
are rather long, and terminate, like those of the larviu of the majority of the llydro-
lihilimu, in simple claws; the colour is dull white, with blackish dots.

L Apex of each elytron furnished with a s))ine ; head al-
most entirely testaceous {Enoplnru.t, Llope) . . . B. SPIXOSTJS, Slev.
II. Apex of elytra simi)le ; head entirely metallic.

i. Thorax with ditFuse punctuation ; male with the

second joint of anterior tarsi short B. SIONATICOLI.I^, C/uirj).

ii. Thorax with very close i)UMetuation ; mule with the
second joint of anterior tar^i elongate.

1. Striiu of elytra broad and deep, with large strong

punctures; interstices convex B. LUKIDU3, L.

2. Strite of elytra fine and shallow, closely and not

strongly puucliu'ed ; interstices flat Tl. k¥Vi:^i3, Britlle.

B. spinosus, Slev. Oblong-oval, very convex, testaceous or re(l(lisli
testaceous, with a greenish tinge when alive ; head entirely or almost
entirely testaceous, more coarsely punctured than thorax ; elytra rather
wider than thorax, with rather deep i)unctured striae, interstices with
irregular rows of rather large punctures, all the punctures being, as a
rul(\ dark ; there are two dark spots, often obsolete, on thorax, anil some
indistinct dark patches on elytra; underside brown; legs testaceous;

230 iiYDROPHiLiD^. [Berosus.

the species is easily distinguished by tlie very distinct spines at the
apex of elytra. L. 4|^-G mm.

Local; brackish ponds and ditches; Sheerness; Sh.eppy; Soufchsea; Harwich;
Rye ; Brighton ; Eastbourne ; Seaford ; Lymington Salterns ; Hunstanton ; Scar-
borough ; not found in the north of England or in Scotland.

This species is variaLle as regards size; in Dr. Power's collection
there are two or three very small specimens.

B. sig-naticollis, Charp {cpriceps, Curt.). Oval, very convex ; head

hronze-green or coppery, iridescent, closely and strongly punctured ;
thorax brownish-testaceous with a large dark band in middle, rather
diffusely punctured, with an impunctate central line winch is obscurely
testaceous and separates the dark band indistinctly into two parts ;
elytra considerably broader than thorax, with rather strong punctured
stride, interstices punctured, dark brown with punctures darker; legs
ferruginous, femora darker in middle ; underside black. L. 5-5| mm.

Ponds and ditches inland and near the coast ; local, but not uncommon ; Wimbledon,
Eslier, Woking, Lee, Wandsworth, Earlswood, Whitstable; Cambridgeshire Feus;
Devonshire; Swansea; Askham Bog; not recorded from the north of England or
from Scotland.

B. luridus, L. Smaller than the preceding, with the punctuation
of thorax closer and stronger, and the dark band more plainly marked
and sometimes covering the greater part of the disc ; the testaceous
margins are lighter and more clearly defined; the striae of the elytra
are stronger and more coarsely punctured, and the legs are of a somewhat
lighter colour. L. 4-4^ mm.

Ponds and ditches ; local ; Esher, Lee, Lewisham, Earlswood, and other places
in the London district ; Deal ; Hastings ; Cambridge ; Scotland, rare, Solway and
Moray districts.

B. aifinis, Erullc. In size and shape this species rather closely
resembles the preceding, but differs in not having the dark patch on
thorax separated by a narrow obscurely testaceous line, and by the
narrow and finely punctured striae of elytra and flat interstices. L.
^-il mm.

Local, but sometimes abundant where it occurs ; ponds and ditches inland and near
the coast ; Phnnstcad, Lee, Gravesend, Sheerness, Kainham ; Lymington Salterns,
very common; Hastings; Devonshire; Swansea; Liverpool district.

XiIBINEBZUS, Leach.

The Limnebii are small insects very much resembling in miniature the
larcfc Hydropliilus jjiceus; the elytra are truncate or almost truncate at
apex, and the last two segments of the abdomen arc furnished Avith
hairs ; they live in stagnant or sloAvly moving water, attached to aquatic
plants; they are very poor swimmers; according to Miger the larva is
terrestrial, and is carnivorous like so many other of the HijdroiMUdce;
the males are usually smaller than the females, and differ from them in

Limnchius.] iivoRnPinLiD.E. 231

various cliaracters affecting the palpi, femora, or tibiie; they also have
the thorax somewhat more rounded at the sides : about twenty species
are known, which are found chietiy in Europe and North America ; four
of these are British, and, except by their size, it is rather hard to deter-
mine them ; the minuter species of Limnebius bear rather a striking
resemblance superficially to the Trichopterygian genus 11 yd rosea pka.

I. Length 1|-2V mm.

1. Liihrum eiuargiuiite L. TEUNCATELLUS, Thorns.

2. Liibruiu entire L. papposus, Muls.

II. Loiiglh not exceeding 1^ mm L. nitidus, Marsh.

III. Length >- mm L. PICINUS, il£ar*A.

Ii. truncatellus, Thoms. (mar;/i7ialis, Stoph. ? 1). Oblong-oval,
convex, shining, black or brownish black with the thorax and elytra
lighter at sides ; head and thorax distinctly punctured; elytra alutaceous
with i)lain punctuation; legs brownish testaceous with dark femora;
male with the last abdominal segment furnished at apex with a blunt
channelled projection, and with the intermediate tibise arcuate, and the
posterior tibiae very strongly narrowed at apex. L. l^-^} nim.

Common and widely distributed throughout England and Wales ; Scotland, common,
Lowlands, as far north as the Moray district j Ireland, near Belfast, Dublin, and
Waterlbrd, and probably coniiuon.

Xi. papposus, ]V[uls. Very like the preceding in size and general
appearance ; upper side brown or brownish yellow with the head and
disc of thorax blackish ; head finely punctured, thorax rather obsoletely
jiunctured ; elytra alutaceous with distinct punctuation ; legs lighter or
darker testaceous; male with the penultimate joint of the maxillary
])alpi thickened, and with a fan-like tuft of hairs at the extremity of the
last abdominal segment. L. l|-2 mm.

Rather common and widely distributed from the Midlands downwards, hut I can
find no record from further north than Repton, Burton-ou-Treut, and it has not been
taken in Scotland. Ireland, near Belfast.

Zi. nitidus, Marsh. Considerably smaller than the preceding, shining
l)lack, with the sides of thorax and elytra obscurely reddish, very
scantily pubescent; elytra alutaceous, rather obsoletely punctured, with
a narrow side margin which is not continued to apex ; legs darker or
lighter testaceous. L. 1| mm.

Local hut not uncommon ; ditches, &c. ; Earlswood, Lcwisham ; Camhridgoshire
Fetis ; Horning Fen; Uaiiisgate ; New Fon-st ; Swansea; liirmingbani district;
The Wausheek, WuUington, and Itolhley Lakes, Northumberland; Scotland, rare,
Lowlands, Tweed and Forth districts. Ireland, near Belfast aud W'alerford.

Zi. picinus, ]\[arsh {afi)mi(f<, Duft., mi)iiifi.-<.'<ii/iut>, Germ.). This

sjtecics is easily tlistinguished by its very minute size, ami liy having the
suture of the elytra linely Ijordered behind ; the elytra, which are plainly
alutaceous, are impunctate or very obsoletely punctate, much more so
than iu nitidus ; the colour is usually black or brown black, but is

232 HYDROPHILID.E. [L/l/UiehillS.

sometimes lighter ; the last ventral segment of the abdomen is furnished
with two long hairs which often meet together ; legs lighter or darker
testaceous, femora darker; male with the first joint of anterior tarsi
dilated. L. f mm.

Very local ; ponds and ditches ; exceedintcly abundant in Askham Bos:, York, and
I have also taken it at Stamford Bridge; Knovvle, near Birmiugham ; Hunstanton;
Lancaster.

Pale varieties of some of these species are occasionally found, in which
the upper surface is entirely or almost entirely testaceous with the head
darker.

CHSITARTIZIIIA, Stephens.

This genus comprises about half-a-dozen species, which are found in
Europe, the Canary Islands, and North America ; they are small and
very convex insects', resembling small examples of Agathidium ; our
single species is found in damp moss at the edges of ponds or streams ;
the genus is remarkable for the plates that cover the first two ventral
segments of the abdomen.

C seminulum, Herbst. Very convex, almost hemispherical, shining
black ; liead smooth, antennfe and' palpi red ; thorax with the sides
margined, smooth ; elytra as broad as thorax, margined, feebly punctured,
with a sutural stria, and a feeble stria on external border ; underside
reddish brown, L. 1-1| nim,

Kather local but not nncommon ; London district ; Wicken Fen ; New Forest;
Guniley, Market Harborough ; Cannock Chase ; Repton ; Askham Bog ; Liverpool ;
Northumberland ; Scotland, local, in damp mosses, Tweed, Solway, Tay, and Moray
districts.

SPERCHEINA.

The Spercheina are distinguished from all the other Ilydrophilidfe
by their emarginate clypeus and long triangular scutellum, and also by
their general contour ; their legs are not adapted for swimming, and they
progress slowly along the surface of the water with their back down-
wards ; one genus only, Spercheus, is included in the tribe : the American
genus, Sperchopsis, Leconte, forms a portion of Hydrohius, and has no
connection with Sp)ercheiis.

SPERCHEUS, Kugelann.

This genus comprises about half-a-dozen species, which are found in
Europe, Egypt, Senegal, Java, and New Caledonia; besides the cha-
racters mentioned above, they are remarkable for the form of the external
lobe of the maxilla, which is long, palpiform, and subulate, and by some
of the old entomologists has been mistaken for a true palpus ; the an-
tennse are apparently six-jointed, the last five joints forming an invgular
club j one species only is found in Europe, S. emarrjinatus : the larva of

Spcrrhois.] iiYDRormi.iD.K 233

tliis species is described and. figured b}^ Cussac, Ann. Fr. 1852, p. 617,
ri. xiii., Fig. 8-15 ; the young larva and its habits are also described by
myself (with figures by Rev. A. Matthews) in Ent. Monthly Mag. xix.
7i) ; the female carries her eggs in a bag attached to the abdomen until
they are hatched; she is able to produce several batches of eggs in
succession without the intervention of the male, as observed by M.
Cussac ; the full-grown larva is remarkable for its large head and very
powerful mandibles, pear-shaped mentum, and the peculiar shape of its
body, which is widest in tlie middle, and thence contracted both ways so
that it appears diamond-shaped ; the segments are furnished on each
side with a large tuft of hairs ; the legs are rather long ; the larvie are
carnivorous, and in confinenu^nt prey upon one another; they walk upon
the surface of the water back downwards, like the perfect insect ; the
perfect insect has the power of producing rather a strong stridulatory
noise.

S. emarg-inatus, Schall. Oval, very convex, of a dirty testaceous
brown colour with the head, except front which is obscurely reddish,
and the thorax, except margins, dark ; the elytra also are furnished with
distinct dark markings at suture, and more obscure ones at sides; head
and thorax coarsely and irregularly punctured, the former large, raised
at the sides, the latter short, twice as broad as long ; elytra rather
strongly punctured in somewhat irregular rows, completely covering
abdomen, with indistinct traces of raised lines ; legs lighter or darker
brown or pitchy. L. 5|-7 mm.

Until quite recently this lias been considered one of the rarest British insects ;
Stephens records it tVoni Windsor. York, Kensing'tDn Gardens, and Yaxley Fen, but
only two or thi'ee British specimens were extant in collections, until in 1878 Mr.
Bilhips found it in a ditch adjoininsr some marshy ji^round at Wist Ham, Ksse.v ; in this
]ilace he subseipieutly took a cousideraljle number of siiecinuns ; the localitv how-
ever, has since been destroyed by a railway ; the insect appears to live at the roots of
aquatic phiuts in tlie muddiest and dirtiest ditches, and probably escapes notice owing
to its retired habits,

HELOPHORINA.

Thi.s trilie, as here constitute<l, comprises the single genus IIch>}ih(rru.-< ;
by some authors the genus Octhehiiis with, its allies IIi/'Jn>r/nts and
llijilmna are included in it, but these may be distin_i^uishcd by tlie
short second joint of the posterior tarsi and the sculpture of the thorax,
as well as by tlieir very ditierent form.

H&XiOPHORUS, Fabricius.
The species lielongiiig to this g.ntis have a very distinct appearance;
tlie body is oblong and rather depressed, and the surface of the tliorax
is furiushed with broad longitudinal furrows ; the colour is usually dirty
brown, or testaceous, sometimes dark bronze, the head and thorax ])ein"
in some species strongly iridescent; the head is sunk in the thorax, the
anterior angles of which arc projecting; the nine-jointed antennae are

234 iiYDROPHiLiD^. [HeJophorus.

terminated by a perfoliate club, and the legs are rather long and slender ;
the under surface of the body is covered with a silky pubescence : the
Helophori cannot swim, but proceed along the surface of the water by
awkAvard movements of their legs ; in summer they often bury themselves
in the mud, but they are able to fly from one place to another if they
choose, when the pools they inhabit are dried up ; they are, however,
often found at some distance from any water, in moss or under damp
leaves, or even by sweeping herbage.

The larva of Selophorus aquaticus {grandls. 111.) is figured by Schiiiite (L, PI. vii.,
Fif. 5) : it is pale with the corneous parts fuscous; the head is small, much narrower
than the prothorax which is trapezoidal, slightly narrowed in front, and twice as long
as the meso- and meta-thor;is ; the scuta of the three thoracic segments are entire, and
cover the whole surface, and are deeply channelled longitudinally in the middle ; the
abdominal segments are nine in number, the first eight of equal breadth ; each of
these eio-ht segments is protected by four corneous plates arranged transversely, the
middle pair being the largest ; these are really formed by the breaking up of the
single scuta, and correspond to the minute plates on the abdominal segments of Hydro-
lius, Berosus, &c., that have been before referred to ; the ninth segment bears one
large plate ; from each side of the segments and from each portion of the scuta proceed
sino-le long setas ; the cei'ci are long and jointed, and each of them bears five or six
long seta) ; the legs are very short, and terminate iu simple claws.

The genus comprises about sixty species, which are almost entirely
found in Europe and North America ; a few species, however, occur in
Northern Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries ; it is a great matter of
doubt how many species we really possess as British ; if we admit all
the described species the number will amount to eighteen, but five or
six at least of these appear to be varieties or races, so that the total
number does not actually exceed twelve : there is hardly any other
"enus that is involved in such confusion and causes so much difficulty
to Coleopterists ; in determining the exotic species the same difficulty is
also found ; there are, however, several well-marked groups and forms
that are very easy to determine ; in some, however, the synonymy is in
a state of hopeless confusion ; the student who wishes fully to study
the genus may consult with advantage the revision of the species by
Thomson (Skand. Col. x. 297) ; Bedel has done more than any other
Coleopterist of late years towards unravelling some of the difficulties.

I. Alternate interstices of elytra tuberculate ; colour
shining black with aBueous reflection on elytra, thorax

somewhat iridescent ■ . . . H. tUbebculatus, Gyll.

II. Alternate interstices of elytra strongly raised in ridges ;

colour brown ; thorax not metallic,
i. Humeral angle of elytra projecting ; ridges of thorax

irregular, sometimes raised in small knobs; length

5-5| mm ; . H. eugosus, 01.

ii. Humeral angle of elytra blunt; ridges of thorax

simply convex, not interrupted ; length 3-3^ ram. . H. kubilus, F.

III. Alternate interstices of elytra plainly, but not
strongly, raised in riJges; thorax metallic; colour

laj-own H- INTEEMEDIDS, Muls.

IV. Alternate interstices of elytra not or very slightly
raised iu ridges; thorax metallic.

Jleluphurus.']

IIYDUorillLlDiE.

235

i. IJase of elytra with a series of punctures between the

1st and 2iicl striiu H. AQUATICUS, L.

ii. Base of elytra without series of punctures between

the 1st ami 2ud stria?.

1. Frontal furrows in the form of a V or Y without
lateral appendages from the extremities of the

arms ; interstices of thorax more or less granulate.

A. Last joint of maxillary palpi elongate ; penulti-

mate' twice as long as broad.

a. Elytra usually dark brown or bronze with a
metallic tinge ; darker markings behind middle

of elytra, as a rule, scarcely visible,
a*. Thorax narrower than elytra; iiuier thora-
cic furrows distinctly angular in middle,
af . Elytra with distinct testaceous patches
bf. Elytra without testaceous patches . .

b*. Thorax as broad as elytra ; inner thoracic
furrows shallow and sinuous

b. Elytra light biown, occasionally testaceous,

with darker elytral markings plainly visible,
a*. Length 3i|— It mm.; alternate interstices

of elytra slightly raised

b*. Length 2-3^ mm.; alternate interstices
of elytra never raised.

af. Disc of thorax smooth or only slightly
granulate ; interstices of elytra rather
broad and flat

bf. Disc of thorax strongly granulate; in-
terstices of elytra narrower .....

B. Last joint of maxillary palpi plainly thickened

at base, penultimate hardly longer than broad.

a. Thorax with sides almost straight towards
base; last joint of maxillary palpi longer, pear-
shaped ; punctuation of stria) of elytra mo-
derate

b. Thorax with sides plainly sinuate before base ;
last joint of maxillary palpi very short, ovoid;
punctuation of striie of elytra very coarse
and strong

2. Frontal furrows in the form of a X or |VI the
anterior furrow being furnished with longer or
shorter longitudinal appendages; interstices of

thorax shining, almost smooth H. NANUS, Slurm,

II. DOKSALIS, Mul.t.

H. J2NE1PENNIS, Thorns,
{typeform).

II. LATICOLLIS, Thorns.

n. MCLSANTI, Bi/e.

II. AFFiNis, Harsh.

H. BEEYICOLLIS, Thoms.

H. BKETirALPIS, Bedel.

H. AliVERNICUS, Mills.

K. tuberculatus, (lyll. Oblong oval, Mack, shiny, elytra with a
slight iuneous reiiectioii ; thorax strongly granulate, slightly irith'scfnt,
with not very deep furrows ; elytra with strongly punctured strirp, tho
alternate interstices, especially behind, raised in polished oblong
tul)ercles ; legs £eneous-black : this and the two succeeding species
belong to the sub-genus Eiiij>h'iirit.<, Hope, which is distinguished by tho
wide epipleur?p of the thorax and elytra ; in the other species of Ilelo-
j)/i(irn.-^ they are narrow.

Very rare; taken in tlie iNIanclu'ster district by Mr. Chappell, and in Yorkshire
by Mr. Lawson and Mr. Wilkinson.

236 UYDRoruiLiDiE. \_Heh>i>hurus.

K. rug"OSUs, 01. {rufipes, Bosc). Oblong oval, rather broad; head
reddish, granulate ; thorax very transverse, dark, with reddish' sides,
silicate and strongly ridged, the "ridges interrupted and broken up into
small knobs, anterior angles prominent ; elytra brownish testaceous with
distinct dark markings, hardly broader than thorax, almost parallel-
sided, with plainly punctured striae, alternate interstices strongly raised
in ridges ; near the suture at base are two short ridges ; legs testaceous.
L. 5-5i mm.

Rather local, but widely distributed throughout Eughind and Wales, botli in-
land and near the coast; not so counnon towards the north; Scotland, scarce.
Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Solway, and Dee districts.

K. nubilus, F. (costatus, Goeze), Very like the preceding, but
much smaller, duller, and more unicolorous ; thorax sulcate, interstices
evenly raised in ridges, the ridges not interrupted, rather broader in
proportion than the thorax of H. rugosus ; elytra duller with the black
markings not so apparent ; legs reddish-brown. L. 3-3| mm.

Common and widely distributed in England. Scotland, local, Lowlands, Tweed,
Forth, Tay, and Solway districts. Ireland, near Belfast and Waterford.

This species and the preceding prefer sandy places near water ; the
latter species, however, is often found in heaps of decaying rubbish or
under leaves, or even by sweeping herbage, far from water. M. Ferris
has discovered the larva of one of these species of the sub-genus Em-
pleurus in cabbage stalks devouring the larvae of Halticida^.

H. intermedius, Muls. Oblong, moderately convex, shiny ;
head and thorax more or less iridescent, the latter with the sides testa-
ceous yellow, somewhat rounded in front and thence straight to base ;
interstices of thorax finely granulate ; elytra brownish testaceous Avitli
irregular dark markings, with ten moderately strongly punctured striai
on each, the alternate interstices distinctly but not strongly raised in
ridges ; legs testaceous : the species somewhat resembles a small //. aqua-
ticus, from which it may be separated by the plairdy raised ridges on
elytra. L. 4-5 mm.

Local ; brackish and fresh water ; Sheerness, Ruiuham, Gravesend, Whitstable,
Merton (Surrey); Hastings; Walton-ou-Naze ; Glauvilles Woottou ; Brighton; Deal;
Liverpool district.

. K. aquaticus, L. (gra7idis, 111.). Oblong ; head and thorax iri-
descent (greenish bronze or coppery), more shining in male than female ;
antennae and palpi testaceous, tip of latter often dark ; thorax with in-
ternal furrows angular, with round granulations, which are sometimes
less distinct on disc ; elytra rather broader at base than base of thorax,
disc rather flat, with a rather strong broad depression a little before base,
dark testaceous with more or less distinct dark markings ; on each elytron
are ten rather strongly punctured stria?, Avith the punctures round,
gradually weaker towards apex ; between the first and second striie at

/li'/niiJioni-<.] iiYimcipniLiD^E. 237

l);iso is a short row of punctures; alternate interstices slis^^litly raised ;
legs testaceous ; underside thickly puljescent. L. 5-7 mm.

Common iiiul wiiU'ly distributed throughout the kingdom.

The V. (cqvalis (H. ccqualis, Thorns., fni/idns, Graells) is perhaps
entitled to he considered a species, hut it comes very close to the type form,
and the differences are to a great extent comparative : it is smaller, and
as a rule darker ; the sides of thorax are less rounded, and the surface less
closely granulose ; the elytral interstices are not raised, and the tlepression
lu'fore hase is hardly traceahle ; the posterior tarsi have the second joint
almost douhle as long as the third instead of only one and a half times as
long, and the last abdominal segment is simple, and not minutely serru-
lated as in //, aquatictis. L. 4-6 mm.

Ajjparciitly not uucommon, nnd standing: in many collections under aqnaficus.
lislier, Lincoln, Hepton, kc. ; also from Scotlan<l.

In ]\Ir. jMatthews' collection there is a specimen of //. aqualicua with
Iho alternate interstices strongly raised ; it does not, however, appear to
1m' anything hut an abnormal form : it was taki'ii many years ago in
Oxfordshire.

ZX. dorsalis, ^Nlursh {q/fccdrisir/natui^, Each. 1 cenniymnis, Thorns,
var.). Oldong; head and thorax iridescent, greenish or coppery, the
latter granulate, with the granulations more or less obsolete on disc, in-
ternal furrows angular in middle ; elytra at base wider than base of
thorax, dark bronze with distinct testaceous patches and markings, which
aic more or less regular, two before middle and two towards apex being
usually especially conspicuous ; punctured stria? strong, interstices rather
convex but not raised ; underside dark, abdomen sometimes marked
with yellow ; legs testaceous, claws black. L. 3|-4 mm.

Rare: Hammersmith Marslies (formerly), Hampstend, Wimbledon, Clnygate Lane
(Ksher); Hastings; Exeter; Holm Hush, Britrhton ; (llanvillcs Wootton ; Malvern;
^n'oillniinbi'rland district, rare; recorded IVoni Dollar in ^Murray's Catalogue, but con-
sidered to be doubtfully Scottish by Dr. Sharp.

H. Ecneipcnnis, Thorns, ((/ranularis, Gyll., (/ra/nilaris v. obt<rHni'^,
^Fuls). Oblong or oval-oblong; head and thorax iridescent, antennre
and paljji testaceous, tip of latter sometimes dark ; internal furrows of
tliorax always plainly angular in the type form ; elytra dark testaceous,
(ir, more commonlj', of a dark brownish-bronze colour with a distinct
metallic reflection ; punctured stria? rather strong, interstices somewhat
convex, but not raised ; legs testaceous, claws dark. L. 3-4 i nun.

Common and widely distributed tliroughont England and Wales and Scotland;
Ireland, near Waterford, and {)rob.ibly comuion.

Of all the species of Ilelophori this is the most variable ; several new
species have been split olf from it, and any one who examines a long
series of specimens from various localities would have no difficulty in
forming several others; //. tinrsaliti, ]\rarsh, has licen retained as a

238 HYDRoniiLiD.E. [Ilsfvphonis.

species, but this also is by some authors referred to H. ceneipennis ; the
chief varieties to be noticed are the following : —

Y. planicoUis {H. planicolUs, Thorns.). Eather narrower than the
type with the sides more parallel, the elytra being longer in propor-
tion to thorax ; the thorax is flatter, and has an evident depression just
in front of the middle of the central channel ; the femora are dusky
black on the basal half (in the type only faintly darker at the extreme
base) ; the punctures in the striae of the elytra are very evidently finer
and closer, and the interstices are flatter and a little narrower.

Apparently not uncommon in the mountainous districts of Scotland and Ireland,
but not found hitherto in England ; it occurs as far north as Shetland.

V. strigifrons {H. sfrir/ifrnnf^, Thorns.). Allied to the preceding
variety, and also to the type form ; it is, on the average, a little larger
than either ; the elytra are more strongly dilated behind the shoulders,
and they have a broad reflexed margin, the space beyond the last stria
being hardly, if at all, narrower than the widest interstice ; the sides of
the thorax are more regularly rounded ; the longitudinal furrow on the
head (which in type ceneijyejims and v. planicollis widens out forwards)
is iniiformly narrow ; the internal furrows on the thorax are less angu-
lated, and the alternate interstices are elevated ; from v. planicollis it
differs in having the pimctures on the elytra much larger and not so
close, and the femora almost entirely testaceous. (See Ent. Mo. Mag.
xiii. 39, 40 )

Apparently not uncommon in Scotland and Ireland, but not recorded from England,

V. crenatus, Eey. Allied to both the preceding varieties ; it has a
less thick-set form than v. strigifrons, and the sides of the thorax more
rounded ; from v. planicollis it differs in not having the frontal furrow
widened in front, and in having the elytra more strongly crenate-striate
than in that species.

Recorded from England by M. Pandelle, and probably to be found in our collec-
tions.

K. laticollis, Thoms. (Idee, Power). This species, although re-
lated to //. ceneipennis, appears to be very distinct ; the thorax is
broader, witli sides more regularly rounded, and more convex, Avith the
central furrow, and in fact all the thoracic furrows, narrower, shallower,
and more even ; the internal pair are not angular, and the outer pair
are distinctly parallel to tlie margin ; the elytra are more parallel-sided,
of a dark brownish colour, sometimes but not often metallic, with
stronger, somewhat crenate stria3, and narrow interstices ; the last joint of
the maxillary palpi is stouter, and is usually entirely black (a character
which at once distinguishes the species) ; legs brownish testaceous. L.
3-4 mm.

Taken by Dr. Power in some numbers at Woking, but not apparently recorded
from any other locality.

JIrl(qjhoru.^.] IIVDROPIIILI[).E. 239

H. 3>Iulsanti, Rye. {<Iorsalis, Mnls., ncc Marsh). Oblong ; head
and thorax bronze green or coppery, iridescent, tlie latter with the sides
often paler ; internal furroAvs of thorax sinuous ; alternate interstices
of elytra slightly raised : this species somewhat resembles //. hrevipalpis,
from which it may be distinguished by its slender palpi and larger size ;
from light specimens of //. icnerpennis the sinuous internal furrows of
thorax will separate it ; Avhile from //. affinls it differs entirely in size,
shape, and sculpture; from all three the slightly raised interstices of
elytra will distinguish it ; the underside is hardly pubescent ; legs
testaceous. L. 3|— i mm.

Local; not micomnion near London, Lcc, Chatham, Rainham, Darcnth Woori,
Dorking', Winibleilon, Mickleham, Earlswood ; Lvmington Salterns ; Liverpool (rakeii
commonly by Ci'otch) ; Scotlanii, local ; abundant in pools of salt water by the side
of the Kith below Dumfries, but not recorded from any other locality.

H. affinls, jNfarsh {Erichsoni, Bach., don^alis, Er., griseu)<, Thoms.).
One of our smallest species ; head and thorax usually very strongly
metallic, bright green or bright red, the latter almost smooth on disc ;
antennse and palpi yellow- testaceous, tip of last joint of latter sometimes
dark ; elytra ligliter or darker testaceous with dark markings distinct,
punctured stj-ise not very strong, interstices broad and flat; legs testa-
ceous. L. 2-3 mm.

This species does not appear to be nearly as common as 11. hrevipalpis,
with which it appears to be mixed in collections. Dr. Sharp considers
that it is doubtful whether it occurs at all in Scotland : it may easily be
distinguished from H. hrevipalpis by the elongate last joint of the nuixil-
lary palpi, and in a less degree by the broader and flatter interstices of
the elytra ; in this latter point, however, it is somewhat variable. In
]\lr. Matthews' collection there is a large specimen 4 mm. in length.

K. brevicollis, Thoms, (gram/Iaris, L. 1, griseus, Ilerbst. '?). This
is a somewhat doubtful species; it closely resembles the preceding, but
tlie elytra are somewhat narrower, more parallel-sided, and more pointed
at apex ; the disc of the thorax is distinctly granulated, and not smooth
or nearly smooth as in the preceding species ; the interstices of the elytra
are narroAver and more convex ; ironi the succeeding species it is distin-
guished by the elongate last joint of the maxillary jialpi. L. 2-2.'. mm.

Rare; two specimens recorded by Mr. Blackburn from Killarney, and two in Dr.
Power's collection from the London district that seem to agree witli a type specinuu
sent me h\ M. Ikdel, are all that 1 know of, but it is veiy likely mixed "with the pre-
cedini,' in many culleL-tions.

H. brevipalpis, Jledel {(jrixnis, Er., grcoinJaris, Thoms.). Colour
latlier variable ; head and thorax iridescent, but sometimes dull ;
anteun.T and palpi testaceous or more or less dark, last joint of latter
dilated at base, not elongate; thorax granidate on disc as Avell as at
sides ; elytra lighter or darker testaceous with dark markings jilainly
visible, with rather strong punctured striae, interstices not broad and
slightly convex ; legs brownish testaceous. L. 2-2 j mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

240 IIYDROPIIILTD.E. \_IIehqihonnt.

As the great confusion that lias arisen with regard to these small
species of Helophori is in great measure due to the indi- criminate way
in Avhich the names grisetis and granularis have been applied now to
one species and now to another, they ha'^'e been entirely dropped, it being
cpiite impossible to determine which species have the prior claim to Ite
called by these names.

K. arvernicus, IMuls. One of our most distinct species ; head and
tliorax rather obscurely metallic, greenish or reddish ; antenna? and pidpi
reddish, last joint of latter dilated, short oval ; thorax with sides rounded
in front, contracted and sinuate behind, entirely granulated, rather dull ;
elytra rather short in proportion to thorax, usually dark brown, but with
the darker markings distinctly traceable, Avith strong and very strongly
punctured strise ; interstices convex, alternate ones somewhat raised ;
legs brownish testaceous. L. 3 mm.

Local ; a nortliern and mountainous species as a rule : once taken by Dr. Power at
Horsell (Surrey) ; Snowdon ; banks of the Bollin, Cheshire ; Scothind, local, Lowhinds,
on sandy banks by the sides of rivers, Tweed, Solway, Clyde, Tay, Dee, and Moray
districts.

H. nanus, Sturm. Oblong-oval ; head and thorax bronze with
reddish or greenish reflection which is often absent, antennae and palpi
testaceous, apical half of last joint of latter usually dusky ; thorax with
almost straight, even, and regular furrows, the spaces between being
almost smooth and shining, that between the last furrow and the margin
being the most roughened ; elytra darker or lighter brown with bronze
reflection, with strong punctured strise, interstices rather narrow and
somewhat depressed ; underside pubescent, black with a greenish metallic
tinge ; legs testaceous, tarsi somewhat darker ; the sculpture of the
thorax ancl the form of the frontal furrows will at once distinguish this
species from any other : it is said to have only eight joints to the
antennae instead of nine, the regular number, but this fact does not
appear to have been satisfactorily established ; if it is the case, the
species must be formed into a new genus. L. 2-3 j nnn.

Very local ; taken abundantly by Dr. Power at Lee, Kent ; Guestlins;, near
Hastings (Butler) ; it has also occurred in Horning Feu: the species varies very
much in size.

HYDROCHINA.

The members of this tribe have the clypeus truncate and not eraargi-
nate, and by this are distinguished from the Spercheina ; besides the
points before mentioned under Helnphonis, they differ from that genus in
having the abdomen with six or seven segments instead of five, the last
being often membranous ; the short second joint of the posterior tarsi
will also at once distinguish them ; all the species belonging to the tribe
are very small : an account of our three British genera {Hydroclms,
Odliehius, and Hyilranni.) will be found' given by myself in tlie Ento-
mologist for July, 1881. I have since then come to the conclusion that

llydrochlna.] nYDUOi'iiiLin.!:. 241

the old genus IMiicocerii-^ Steph., shoulil be separated from OcUtelms,
and I find that M. Bedel is of tlie same opinion : the jjeculiar formation
of the palpi seems to afford a good generic character,

I. Maxillary palpi with their last joint at. least as long

as the pri'fcding.

1. Maxilhii'j' palpi much shorter than head and thorax;

eyes very prominent Hydeochus, Leach.

2. Maxillary palpi at least as long as head and thorax j

eyes not prominent Hyde^NA, Kuff.

I I . Maxillary palpi with their last joint subulate, shorter
than the j)reeeding.

1. Last joint of maxillary palpi very short, penulti-
mate much dilated IIexicoceeus, iS/f?/?/*.

2. Last joint of maxillary palpi half as long as the
preceding, penultimate joint oblong, contracted

in front OCTHEBIUS, Leach.

HVDXIOCZ-IVS, Leach.

This genus comprises about tliirty species, chiefly from Europe and
North America; species, however, occur also in Asia (Siberia, India,
and Ceylon), Northern Africa, and Oceania ; the genus is also repre-
sented in South America ; they are easily distinguished from the other
llydropliilidse by their projecting eyes, and the very. strong punctuation
of the elytra, of which tlie alternate interstices are often raised ; the
under side is clothed with a silky pubescence ; the upper side is some-
times l)lack, but more often metallic and iridescent; the species are
very poor swimmers, and their movements are exceedingly sluggish ;
they are found attached to plants in stagnant or slowly moving water.
Four out of nine or ten European species are found in liiiiain.

L Form short and thick j elytra broad oval, much widened

behind middle IL buevis, Ucrbst.

II. Form elongate; elytra oblong or long oval, not much

, widened behind middle.

i. 3rd and oih interstices of elytra raised in ridges.

1. Ridges of 3rd and 5th interstices efiaced behind ;

length 3-t mm H. elongatus, Schall.

2. Ridijes of 3rd and 5th interstices not effaced behind ;

leLgth 2\-3 mm H. caetnatus. Germ.

ii. ICIytra without any interstices raised in ridges . . H. angustatus, Germ.

H. brevis^ Ilerbst. lUack or metallic lilack, rather shining ; head
and thorax thickly and coarsely punctured, the latter scarcely longer than
liroad, sinuate before posterior angles, with seven irregular depressions,
not very plainly marked as a rule, arranged in two transverse rows, three
in front and four behind ; elytra short, oval, much broader than thorax,
considerably widened behind middle, an<l thence narrowed to apex, with
very strongly punctured, crenate striae, alternate interstices raised ;
undersitle pubescent, silky black ; legs rather slender, pitcliy, or reddish
black. L. 2^-3 mm.

Hare; Hovetou, Uoruing Fen, Woodbastwick (Dr. Power); Ouuiley, iVfarket

ii

242 IIYDROPHILIDiE. [Hyh'ocJnif. ■

Harborongh (Rev. A. Mattliews) ; Nortliumberland, Gosforth (Mr. Bold); Soot-
land, very local, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, Tay, and Clyde districts (Perth, Dumfries,
&c.).

B. elong-atus, Schall. Elongate, head and thorax metallic black or
green, coarsely punctured, the latter plainly longer than broad, with five
distinct depressions arranged in two transverse rows, the anterior con-
taining three and the posterior two ; elytra black or brownish with
strongly punctured, crenate stride, alternate interstices raised in ridges,
third and fifth eff"aced behind ; underside silky black i legs pitchy : tliis
is the largest of our species. L. 3|-4| mm.

Widely distributed throughout England, although somewhat local ; apparently
commoner in the Midlands and south than in the north ; Scotland, rare, Lowlands,
Forth district only.

Occasionally this species has the upper surface entirely metallic green
or bronze.

H. carinatus, Germ. Very like the preceding, but considerably
smaller and narrower ; the depressions on the thorax are shallower, and
may be reckoned as .seven in number instead of five, as two are rather
indistinctly traceable near the posterior angles ; the tliird and fifth inter-
stices of the elytra, also, are not efi^aced behind as in H. elongatws.
L. 21-2^ mm.

A fen species ; very local; first taken in 1859 in Holme Fen, Huntingdonshire, by
Mr. Dossetor, and since then in Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, and other localities
near Cambridge.

K. ang"ustatus, Germ. Elongate ; upper side usually metallic
green or bronze, but sometimes the elytra are brown or violet, or the whole
body is of a metallic violet colour or almost black ; head and thorax
strongly punctured, the latter with five or seven depressions, the two
outside ones in the posterior row being often obliterated ; elytra with
strongly punctured, crenate strife, with none of the interstices raised in
ridges ; this character will at once separate this species from the otlier
three ; underside silky black ; legs reddish, knees and extremities of
joints of tarsi usually dark, L. 2-3| mm.

Common and widely distributed in the Midlands and south of England, but
apparently less common further north : it is not recorded by Mr. Bold from North-
umberland and Durham, and in Scotland is rare in the Tweed, Forth, and Clyde
districts.

HENICOCBRUS, Stephens.

This genus comprises three species, all European, of which we possess
one as British ; they are found, in running streams under stones, and
occur chiefly in mountamous or hilly districts : the shape of the j)alpi
and the difference of the sculpture of the thorax in the sexes serve to
mark the genus.

The transformations of JTeMicoeenw eocseulpius are described by Wailes (Eat. Mao-.
1833, p. 25G) and Westwood (Classification, i. 121) : the species arc fouiul in the
crevices of stones in rivulets, just level with or a little above the suriace; the larva?

Himirorerus.'] HYDUOrniMD.i:. 243

are found, in company with the perfect insects, in the autumn ; they are anophiri-
form or louse-shaped, measurinf^ when full fjrown ahout 5 umi. in !i'nf,'th,and 1 mm.
in breadth; they arc of a uniform black colour, and luivo the ajx'X of each abdominal
segment fringed witli very short hairs; the-ir food is probably niucor, and they prefer
rough shiny stones ; when full grown, they leave the water, and construct, upon the
edges of the stone, a small cell, by agglutinating together small particles of mud.
These cells are sometimes very numerous, giving the fragment of stone a curious
appearance : the pupa is of an orange colour, and the imago, when hatched, gnaws
its way through its prison, ilulsant (Palpicornes, Plate, Fig. 4) gives the figure of a
larva that he hidieves to he that of IT. granulatus : the head and thoracic segments
are very broad, and the abdominal segments arc gradually narrowed to the ninth
which bears two moderately loug, setose cerci, which serve as organs of respiration
(1. c. p. 53).

H. exsculptus, Germ. Colour variable, some examples being of a
dull black, others shining bronze, while occasionally specimens are met
with in which either the thorax or elytra, or the base of both, are of a
l)right metallic blue colour ; head coarsely punctured in female, more
diffusely in male, eyes rather prominent, antennre reddish, club dark ;
thorax somewhat cordiform, strongly contracted behind, broadly dilated
and flattened in front at sides, with a strong central furrow and two
impressions on each side, one round, the other oblique ; elytra short
oval, considerably broader than thorax, with strongly punctured, crenate
striaj ; legs reddish testaceous, joints usually darker ; in the male the
thorax is very convex, rather finely and difi'usely punctured ; the anterior
impression is almost obsolete, and the posterior is reduced to a slender
line ; in the female the thorax is flatter, and both impressions are very
large and deep. L. 1| mm.

Local and not common in England ; North Wales ; Church Stretton ; Eggington,
near Burton-on-Trcnt (very rarely) ; Ilalilax ; Xorthumberland ; Scotland, common,
Tweed, Forth, Solway, Clyde, and Moray districts.

OCTHEBIUS, Leach.

This genus comprises about fifty species, which are widely distributed
ov(;r the surface of the globe from the north of North Amejica to South
Africa ; the greater part, howcA'er, occur in the northern and temperate
regions of the world ; they are found in both stagnant and )'unning
water ; some species are conflned to brackish ponds and ilitchcs, and
according to ^I. Bedel some occur exclusively in muddy cavities in rocks
which are covered by the sea at high tides : the chief points of distinc-
tion between the species are found in the sculpture of the disc of
tliorax, the membranous border or posterior angles of the tiiorax (which
latter are often excised and filled with membrane), and tlie si-ulpture of
the elytra ; the sculpture of the disc of thorax is cliiefly of two kinds,
and consists either of a central furrow with a tiansverse line above and
below it (like an H l'^'^^ ^*i^ "^i"' •'^ide), the untlci line lieing more or less
curved, and secondly of a c(Mitral furrow with two impressions on each
side, the front ones circular, and the posterior ones oblitpie and con-
verging towartls the base of the central furrow, presenting the appearance

R 2

244 HYDROPHILID/E. \ Odlichius.

of a straight line with a semicolon, more or less distinct on each side of
it(c|5).

The transformations of Octhebius are described by M. Mathan, Ann.
Fr. 1865, p. 201.

About half the European species of Octhebius are found in Britain ;
three of these, 0. margijmllens, 0. exaratus, and 0. Poiueri, are very-
minute, not, or scarcely exceeding 1 mm. in length ; one, 0. loundatus,
is considerably larger, reaching 3 mm. ; the remainder vary from 1|-
2 mm. : in determinmg the species the character of size will be found of
great service.

I. Upper surface glabrous ; length not exceeding

13 mm. ; elytra punctured in rows,
i. 'liiorax with a more or less distinct central
furiinv with transverse impressions above and
below.

1. Transverse impressions of thorax continued to

sides; length 1mm O. exaeatus, IIuls.

2. Transverse impressions of thorax not con-

tinued to sides.
A. Length 1-li mm. ; elytra bronze . . . O. marqipallens, Latr.
E. Length is mm.; elytra more or less

castaneous 0. marinus, Fayk.

ii. Tborax with well-marked central furrow, but no
impressions on disc. '

1. Head almost smooth ; punctuation weak ;

colour golden-brassy O. ^NEUS, Ste]jh.

2. Head rugosely punctured; punctuation strong;

colour dark brassy O. pyom.eus, F.

iii. Thorax with central furrow and two well-
marked impressions (forming a more or less dis-
tinct semicolon) on each side.
.1. Length 1| mm. ; legs red or reddish -yellow.

A. Punctuation of elytra strong ; striaj

distinct.
a. Thorax uuicolorous ; elytra longer . . O. bicolon, Germ,
h. Thorax with margins broadly red ; elytra

shorter and more ovate O. RUFiMARGlNATtrs, Steph.

B. Punctuation of elytra fine ; stria; hardly

visible O. nanps, Steph. {aratus,

Stepli.).
2. Length 1 mm. ; legs dark O. Poweri, Eye.

II. Upper surface strongly pubescent; length 3 mm. ;

elytra confusedly jjuuctured 0. punctatus, Steph.

O. exaratus, Muls. Brown-black, shining, elytra sometimes rather
lighter ; head large, thorax transverse with a deep central furrow and
two transverse furrows reaching sides which at once distinguish it from
all the other species ; posterior angles broadly excised and filled -with
membrane ; elytra short oval, convex, 'with ten rows of strong, almost
square punctures on each, which become feebler behind ; legs red.
L. 1 mm.

Very local and as a rule rare : it has, however, been found in abundance by
Dr. Power (who introduced it as Britisb), and also by Mr. Champion. Gravesend ;
Whitstable; Southend; Rainham; Lewes : it occurs in brackish ditches.

Orthebius.] iiYiiuoriiir.iD.i:. 245

O. marg-ipallens, Latr. (pmiU /(.<;, Steph.). Oval, moderately
convex ; upper surface dark bronze with a more or less distinct greenisli
reflection ; thorax transverse, gradually contracted to base and furnished
along both sides with a narrow memliranous border that becomes gra-
dually wilier to base, with a central furrow and a transverse inipressiou
above and belOw, the latter often irregularly widened, and rather shallow
and indistinct ; elytra hardly broader than thorax with moderately
strongly punctured strite, interstices rugose ; legs reddish testaceous.
L. Ij mm.

Locally alniiidaut ; occurs cliicfly, but not always, in brackish ditches ; Whitstahle,
Shoeniess, Gravesend. Hanwell, Lcwishaiii, Itainhani ; Uoguor; Pcirwell Bay ; Bar-
mouth and North Wales ; apparently not I'ouiid in the north of England, or in
bcotlaud.

O. marinus, Payk. (var, jiaUidus, Dej.). Oblong, moderately
convex ; head and thorax green or brassy-green or coppery ; the latter
transverse, with margins sometimes testaceous, with a membranous
border narrow in front and wider behind, marked on disc with a central
fuirow and a transverse impression in front and behind ; elytra ]'ather
long, wider than thorax, reddish brown or castaneous, sometimes with a
metallic reflection, with ten punctured strite on each, the punctures
being moderately strong and almost sipiare ; in the lighter examples the
siri;e aie hardly ajiparent ; legs testaceous. L. 1^- mm.

Brackish ditches; rather common and widely distributed alonjr the sea coast; not
so common in the north ; Scotland, local. Forth and Solway districts.

O. aeneus, Steph. Ovate, very shining ; head and thorax of a
brilliant metallic golden or golden-coppery colour, margins of latter
reddish testaceous ; thorax rather dilFusely, punctured with sides con-
tracted towards base, posterior angles excised and hlled with membrane ;
disc with a central furrow and no other distinct impressions ; elytra
rather broad, widest behind middle, of a"light brown or testaceous colour
with brassy reflection, punctured striae rather Aveak ; apex of elytra
somewhat acuminate ; legs testaceous. L. 1 f mm.

Rare; taken by Dr. Power at Birdbrook (Essex), Cowley (near Uxbrirlfre), Han-
well, and HorscU, also by Mr. Blatch in the Isle of Wight ; it has also occurred at
I'utncy and Woking; it is found in stagnant fresh-wat,er ditches.

O. pyg-maeus, F. {impressus, Marsh). Ovate, dark bronzi\ Avith a
slight greenish reflection ; thorax transverse, strongly punctured, narrowed
behind, posterior angles rather narrowly excised and tillinl with mem-
brane, marked on disc, as in the preceding species, with a central furmwr
and no other distinct impressions ; elytra oval, widest behind middle,
Avith a rather strong lateral margin, punctured stri;e strong, interstices
rugose ; legs reddish testaceous. L. Ij mm.

stagnant ponds and ditches; the commonest species of the genus ia the Alid-
lands and south of England ; not so common, apparently, I'urther nirth ; Scothnui
local, and found as yet only near the ^oast, Tweed, Forth, and Solwsiy disttict-i :
as a rule, it is by uo means a maritime insect ; it is easily liistinguished from the

246 HYDROPHiLiDiE. [Octhebius.

preceding species by its much darker and less metallic colour, and the much stronger
sculpture of the elytra.

O. bicolon, Germ, .{impressicollis. Cast.). Upper side bronze or
bronze-brown, shiny ; thorax very transverse, very strongly punctured
with sides contracted beliind, posterior angles excised and filled with
membrane, disc marked with a central furrow and two strong impressions
on each side, the anterior circular, the posterior oblique or almost semi-
circular, forming together a semicolon ; elytra with strongly punctured
strife ; legs reddish testaceous, tarsi darker. L. .If mm.

Ponds and ditches, inland, and near the coast, usually the latter ; rather common
and widely distributed in England and Wales; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Forth and
Solway districts.

O. rufimarg-inatus, Stepli. Closely allied to the preceding species,
of which it is considered by most authors to be merely a variety ; it is
distinguished by- its shorter form, the elytra being considerably shorter
and thicker in proportion than in 0. bicolon, duller appearance, and the
broadly reddish margins of thorax. L. lj-l|^ mm.

Rare ; stagnant ponds and ditches both fresh and brackish ; Sheerness, Maid-
stone, Birdbrook, Lee, Tottenham; Hastings; Scarborough; Northumberland, The
Wansbeck ; I have taken it at Repton, Burtoii-ou-Trent, in flood rubbish, unaccom-
panied by the previous species. Scotland, local, Lowlands, Forth and Solway districts.

O. nanus, Steph. (reratus, Steph.). Oblong-ovate, dark-bronze,
almost black ; head large, eyes very prominent; thorax transverse, but
rather longer than in some of the preceding species, sides excised from a
little behind middle and filled Avith clear white membrane ; elytra with
rows of rather weak punctures set in very feeble, almost obsolete, stride ;
apex of elytra almost truncate ; legs reddish, knees darker : the duller
' and less metallic colour and smoother elytra will at once distinguish this
from the preceding species. L. H-lf mm.

Brackish ponds and ditches ; also in fresh stagnant water; local, but not uncommon
in the Midlands and south of England, but not recorded from the extreme north or
from Scotlaud. Whitstable ; Sheerness; Ramsgate; Deal; Hastings; Shoreham
Brighton; Hunstanton; Southport ; Cambridgeshire and Hun tiugdoushiro Fens.

O. Poweri, Eye. Elongate-ovate, dull, pitchy-black ; thorax trans
verse, strongly dilated in front and contracted behind, coarsely punctured,
anterior angles somewhat prominent, posterior angles excised and tilled
with membrane, disc with a central furrow and two impressions on each
side ; elytra with strongly punctured stride ; legs reddish, knees and tarsi
dark ; the palpi also are pitchy. L. 1 mm.

One specimen taken by Dr. Power at Seaton, Devonshire, and several by Dr.
Sharp and Mr. Crotch near the Chesil Bank, Weymouth.

The small size of this species prevents its being confounded with any
other except 0. exaratus, and small specimens of 0. nian/ijjallefift, from
both of which the sculpture of the thorax at once distinguishes it.

Odhehias.'] nvDKOPiiiLiD.E. 247

O. punctatus, Steph. (hibcrjiicus, Curt.), Elongate, dark-brassy,
somewhat iridescent, upper surface clothed "with long pubescence ; thorax
transverse, with sides rounded, posterior angles excised and filled with
membrane, disc with a dorsal furrow and two impressions on each side ;
there are also two lateral impressions united by an impressed line ; elytra
tliickly and confusedly punctured ; legs reddish testaceous, tarsi dark ;
the apex of palpi is also dark. L. 3 mm.

Local ; occurring only in the south-east and south of Knirlaud : Slieerness ;
Worthinor ; Isle of Wight; Lyniiugton Salterns; Pegweil Hay; O. hihernicus,
which appears to he syuouymous witli this insect, has hecii taken near Belfast and
Portmarnock.

(I have received from Mr. "W. G. Blatch a specimen of Odhehius
which was taken by himself at Clacton-on-Sea, and returned to him
frum the Continent as 0. inij'ressicoKifi, Lap. : the specimen appears to
agree with a rather dull reddish variety of 0. hicolon taken by Mr.
Champion in Sheppy, and forms perhaps the connecting link between
this latter species and 0. rufimargiyiatus. The synonymy in the last
European catalogue is as follows : 0. hicolon. Germ. = striatm, Lap. =
rujimarginatus, Steph.; 0. inipressicollis, Lap. = hicolon, Steph.)

IIVDRSINA, Kugelann.

About thirty species are comprised in this genus, chiefly from Europe,
hut a few come from North America, Teueritre,&c.,and one from Australia;
they are chiefly remarkable for their very long maxillary palpi; they are
usually black or reddish brown, and have no metallic lustre like the
Octhebii ; they are, as a rule, found in running water, attached to stones
or logs ; like their allies they are very poor swimmers ; tlie males and
females differ considerably in the shape of the palpi and tibia?, and also
sometimes of the femora : the species are in many cases hard to deter-
mine ; the chief characters are found in their general shape and colour,
and also in the number of the rows of punctures between the suture of
tlie elytra and the humeral angle; the under surface is clothed with
tliick silky pubescence.

I. Each elytron with more than six rows of punctures be-
tween the suture and the hnnieral angle.

i. Thorax testaceous with the disc at most darker, elytra

more or less testaceous IT. testack*. Curt.

ii. Thorax dark with tlie extreme margins only testaceous II. PALLsruis, Er.

iii. 'J'liorax entirely dark.

1. Elytra with sides more or less rounded ; thorax
with ohliipie impressions indistinct ; rows of
punctures between suture of elytra and humeral
angle i) or 10.

A. Size larger ; elytra not dilated heliind . . . II. kii'MMV, a'"//.

B. Size smaller ; elytra dilated behind .... II. mjhiia, (ifrm.

2. Elytra with sides almost parallel ; thorax with
tA'o strong ohli(|ue or longitudinal impressions;
rows of punctures between suture of elytra and

humeral angle 8 II. a.\oust.\t.v, Sturm.

248 HYDROPHiLiD.E. [Ill/drama.

II. Each elytron witb at most six rows of punctures between
the suture and the humeral angle.
i. Punctuation of elytra very strong and regular and
plain to apex.

1. Length 2 mm.; elytra parallel-sided, rounded

at apex only H. GEACILI3, Germ.

2. Length l^ mm. ; elytra with sides rounded and

dilated behind middle, sharply truncate at apex . H. ATRICAPIL'LA, Wat.
ii. Punctuation of elytra more or less coufused, espe-
cially towards apex.

1. Thorax conUform, sides sinuate; elytra con-
fusedly punctured H. ptgm^a, Wat.

2. Thorax hexagonal; elytra punctured in feeble

rows on disc H. pulchella. Germ.

H. testacea, Curt. Head black, strongly punctured, palpi testa-
ceous ; thorax about as long as broad, side's feebly angular in middle,
contracted towards base, testaceous with disc darker, stroligly and some-
what rugosely punctured ; elytra testaceous, widened behind, each with
eight rows of strong punctures between the sutiire and humeral angle ;
nnderside black ; metasternum with three raised lines, the middle one
bifurcate : this latter character serves to distinguish tliis species from all
the others. L. H-l| mm.

Local ; found in both stagnant and running water; Lee, Battersea Fields, Epping,
"Woking, Cowley ; Holm Bush, Brighton ; New Forest ; VVicken Fen ; York ; Scot-
land, rare. Lowlands : in pools by the side of the Cairn at Irongray in the Solway
district.

ZZ. palustris, Er. Considerably smaller than the preceding ; head
black, strongly punctured, palpi testaceous ; thorax black, quadrate, con-
tracted behind, strongly punctured,. with extreme margins usually plainly,
but sometimes obscurely, testaceous ; elytra considerably broader than
thorax, rather widened behind, with nine or ten rows of moderately
strong punctures between the suture and humeral angle ; legs testaceous.
L. 1^ mm.

Stagnant ponds and ditches; rare, and very local; it may usually be found
sparingly at Abkham Bog, York, and it lias also been taken at Cowley (London
district), and in Bewdley Forest.

H. riparia, Kug. Eather elongate ; head and thorax brownish-
black, the former rugosely punctured in front, the latter with the length
a little less than the breadth in middle of sides where they are slightly
angular, and thence contracted in almost a straight line to base ; punctua-
tion of thorax strong ; elytra brownish • black or blackish with sides
subparallel, not, or'very slightly dilated behind, with nine or ten rows
of almost square punctures on each between the suture and the humeral
angle ; legs and palpi reddish testaceous. L. '2^-2^ mm.

Found in both stagnant and I'unning water ; common and widely distributed through-
out the country ; Scotland, common. Lowlands ; IreLmd, near Dublin and Waterford,
aud probably common.

H. uigTita, Germ. (pusiJI a, Ste-ph..). Very like the preceding, with

Ilij/Jncna.] inuRoriuLiu.t;. 249

small specimens of which it is often confounded, hut it is a smaller
species ; the colour is darker, and the extremity of the last joint of
the palpi is often, but not always, blackish ; the elytra arc rather short
oval with the sides rounded and much more evidently dilated behind
llian in the preceding species, and the punctures are almost round ; the
lateral margin of the elytra is prolonged to the shoulder, whereas iu
JI. 7ii(jrita it is effaced before it reaches it. L. H-2 mm.

Usually found in running water, under stones ; local, and not common ; Hii-dbrook
(Essex); Holm Bush (Brighton); Hastings; Kiiowle (Birmingham) ; Hewdley Forest;
Kcpton, ISurton-on-Trcnt ; Llangollen and other Welsh localities; Hartl('i)ool ; North-
umberland district ; Scotland, local. Lowlands, Tweed and Forth districts; Ireland,
near Watertbrd (Dr. Power).

H. ang-ustata, Sturm. Eathor elongate, black, or castancous
btcnvu ; palpi testaceous, apex usually blackish ; thorax a little broader
than long in middle where the sides are somewhat angular", sinuously
contracted to base,' with two deep oblique impressions, disc very
scantily punctiu'ed, sides rather closely punctured; the lateral impres-
sions also of thonix are very distinct; elytra rather parallel-sided, with
eight rows of strong, almost square, punctures; legs reddish testaceous.
L. U-2 mm.

Bare ; not found in the Midlands or south of England; Hartlepool ; Northumborland
district (The VV'ansbeck, Wallington, &c.) ; Scotland, rare, Lowlands, Tweed, Solway,
and Clyde districts (Falkirk, Glasgow, &c.). It was first discovered in Britain by
L)r. Power at Blair Bank, Polmont, Glasgow.

This species is somewhat difficult to determine, but may be dis-
tinguished from a. riparia, with which alone it is likely to be confused,
liy the distinct impressions of thorax, the sides of which are more
sinuate towards base, and by the smaller number of rows of punctures
on the disc of elytra, which give the insect a more coarsely punctured
general appearance.

K. gracilis, Germ. One of our most distinct species ; narrow,
elciigalc, and ilepressed ; of a shining black or dark castaneous colour
with the elytra and margins of thorax often, but iiot always, lighter ;
])alpi reddish testaceous; thorax about as long as broad with the sides
dilaifd iu middle in a rounded obtuse angle, rather coarsely punctured,
more closely at sides than on disc ; lateral impressions distinct ; elytra
long, parallel-sided, hardly broader than thorax, not contracted until a
little before apex, with six rows of large and not very closely set
])unctures between the suture and . the humeral angle ; legs reddish
testaceous, external margins of femora and tibiae sometimes dusky ; male
with the femora slightly thickened antl the posterior tibiiv ciliated on
their internal margin. L. 2 mm.

Local but not uncommon in the ^tidlands and the north of England, but rarer
further south, and apparently not found in the London district and the southern conn-
ties ; Scotland, common both Lowlands and Highlands.

U. atricapilla, A^'at. {farips, Sturm, jvu^il/a, Ilcer.). Head

250 HYDRorHiLiDiE. [Hydrce?ia.

Hack; thorax black or brown with margins more or less broadly tes-
taceous, more closely punctured at sides than on disc, sides obtusely angled
just behind middle in female, more rounded as a rule in male, rather
strongly contracted to base ; elytra castaneous brown, oblong, with sides'
moderately rounded, apex obliquely truncate, with six rows of strong
rather square punctures on each between the suture and humeral angle ;
male with the last joint of the maxillary palpi thickened and excised on
its innfer margin towards apex, so that the apex is pointed ; legs testa-
ceous. L. 1-H ^^•

Local ; a nortberu species ; usually found in running water attached to stones ;
Knovvle, near Birmingham; Derbyshire; Scalby Beck, Yorkshire; Lancaster (River
Lune) ; Northumberland district (The Wansbeck, Wallington, &c.) ; Scotland, rare,
Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, and Solway districts.

K- pygrmsea, Wat. {Sieholdi, Kosh.). Eather short and broad, de-
pressed, shining castaneous brown, disc of thorax usually more or less
darker ; head black or dark brown ; thorax cordiform, rather wide in
front, strongly and sinuously contracted to base, coarsely and diffusely
punctured, especially on disc ; elytra short and broad, more so in female
than in male, \\dth six rows of rather large but not deep punctures on
each between suture and humeral angle, which are somewhat irregular,
and behind the middle are hardly traceable ; apex rounded ; male with
the femora a little thickened, and the posterior tibice strongly thickened
inside from about middle to base ; female with the surface of the elytra
somewhat depressed behind middle, so that the suture appears somewhat
raised ; legs reddish testaceous. L. H-lf mm.

Rare ; Scarborough ; Northuraberland district (The Wansbeck, &c.) ; Scotland, rare.
Lowlands, Solway district only.

K. pulchella, Germ. A small species, rather elongate and de-
pressed, brownish or yellowish testaceous with the head black and the
disc of thorax more or .less dusky ; palpi clear yellow ; thorax broader
than long in the middle where the sides are angled and thence contracted
to base, rather strongly and moderately closely punctured ; elytra oblong-
oval, with six rows of rather feeble punctures on each between suture
and humeral angle, punctuation confused towards sides and behind middle,
but usually more or less regular on disc ; apex rounded ; legs clear
yellow-testaceous. L. 1-1 ^ mm.

Rare; in running water ; River Dove, near Burtou-ou-Trent ; Derbyshire; Scalby
Beck, Yorkshire ; Stretford, near Manchester ; Northumberland district ; Scotland,
rare, Lowlands, Forth, Tay, and Solway districts.

These three species appear to present some difficulty, probably because
the latter two are so rare that other species are mistaken for them : H.
atriccqnlla may at once be distinguished by the truncate apex of its
elytra, very strong and regular punctuation^ and the thickened joint of
the maxillary palpi in male ; H. pijrimcea by its thick broad elytra, more
or less confused punctuation, and the thickened tibite of male ; //. pul-
diclla by its feeble and irregular punctuation, small size, and lighter

Ili/dncna.] hydhophiliu.e. 251

colour ; the latter species cannot be confused witli any other except light
specimens of atricajjilla, from which it may at once be separated by the
rounded apex of its elytra, and different sculpture.

It is worthy of note that only two species of Ht/drcena (II. fesfacea
and JI. riparia) appear to occur in the London district, and only two
or three species are found in the south of England, whereas all the
]>ritisli species, with the exception of //. palustris, are found in the
Northumberland district, and in Scotland ; this is the more strange as
seyeral of our rarer northermspecies (//. an'/ustafa, pi/f/tmna, pulchdld, &c.)
are found in France, and there is no reason why we should not find them
widely distriluited in England; it is quite possible that owing to their
rarity and tlieir minute size they have been passed over by collectors.

SPHiERIDIIN^.

The second sub-family of the llydrophilidaj, the Si)hairidiina3, appear
both by their structure and habits to form the connecting link between
the lIydrophilida3 and the Silphida? ; they are, as a rule, teritjstrial in
their habits, and were accordingly named Geophilides by Mulsant, as
opposed to his other division Hydrophilides ; several species, however,
are subaquatic, being found in damp places, in moss by the side of jionds
and streams, or even in the water ; they feed on decaying vegetable
matter, and may 'be found in great numbers in dung, especially that of
herbivorous animals ; the species of the large genus Cercyon, in spite of
their minute size, by reason of their countless numbers form one of our
inost useful scavenging agencies, and in conjunction with the Aphodii,
fleotruiies, and other Xecrophaga, do the greatest service in })artly clear-
ing oil' the dung through its consumption by their larvic, partly in riddliu"-
it through and through with holes and galleries so that the rain is able
freely to percolate through it and wash it into the ground.

The Sph3eridiina3 are, as their name implies, round, convex, sometimes
almost lu^mispherical insects ; they are sometimes fully striated, some-
times smooth except for a sutural stria ; the maxillary palpi are not so
strongly developed as in many of the Hydrophilid;e, but they are often
as long as or slightly longer than the antenniE ; the onychium or last
joint of the anterior tarsi is very long, as long as or longer than the four
others united, and is often considerably dilated in the males; the first
joint als(j of the posterior tarsi is elongate, a character which at once
separates the family from the Hydropbilid;v, in which the tirst joint is
very short and often hidden so that the tarsi ap[)far tctramerous ; the
tibiie arc spinose and adapted for digging ; good generic characters are
found in the shape of the scutellum, and also in the form of the nieta-
sternum, which as a rule is much longer than broad, but in Ma/a-
sfpimnii and Cnjptopleurum is very broad, the breadth exceeding the

Irl.gUl.

The liirvfc of this family arc destitute or virtually (Uvtitiite of legs, and in this
difl'er widely from those of the Ilydroiihiliuiu, which are furnished with disliuct legs

252 HYDROFHILID.E. [Sjjh(£ridu7i(V.

and are nuicli more active : this is a natural consequence of their prediitory habits ;
the hirviB of the SphaeridiiuEe, on the otlier hand, being entirely feeders on dung or
decaying matter, and being hatched in the midst of their food, do not require to move
from one place to another, and hence, as in many of the larvie of the Diptera, &c.,
the legs are not developed.

In Gemminger and von Harold's catalogue seven genera are enumerated,
five of which are represented in the British fauna; they may he dis-
tinguished as follows : —

I. Elytra with sutural stria only.

i. Scutellum in an equilateral triangle ; pygidium
liidden Ctclokotum, Er.

ii. Scutellum twice as long as broad; pygidium

visible SPH^EIDIUM, F.

II. Elytra regularly puucturtd in rows, or with distinct

punctured stria3.
i, Mesosternum narrow; epipleuraj plainly visible along

meso- and meta-sternum CERCroN, Leach.

ii. Mesosternum very broad ; cpijileuraB wanting.

1. Anterior tibia3 strongly emargiuate externally at
apex; thorax margined; upper surface without

pubescence Megasternum, Mtds.

2. Anterior tibiffi entire ; thorax not margined ; upper

surface finely pubescent .- . Crtptopleueum, Muls.

(Figures of the undersides of all these five species are given by
Mulsant in his Histoire jS'aturelle des Coleop teres de France, Palpi-
cornes, in tlie single plate at the end of the part.)

CVCXiONOTUIW, Erichson.

According to the Munich Catalogue this genus comprises thirty
species, but several of these must be referred to Dad ijJodernum, Woll. ;
they are Avidely distributed over the surface of the globe.

C> orbiculare, F. Short oval, convex, shining black, upper
surface distinctly and thickly punctured, funiculus of antennae, and
tarsi, red ; maxillary palpi shorter than antennae, last jcnnt bluntly
acuminate; posterior angles of thorax rounded ; scutellnm large; sutural
stria well marked from apex to Iteyoud middle ; legs short, femora broad,
coarsely pimctured. L. 4-5 mm.

At roots of grass and under rubbish in marshy j^laces, also in damp moss at the
sides of ponds ; common and widely distributed ; often found iu company with
ChcEtarthria ; Scotland, somewhat local, but widely distributed.

SPHJERIDZUM, Fabricius.

This genus contains about twenty species, which are widely distributed,
being found in Europe, South Africa, jS'orth America, Ceylon, Java, i^-c. ;
they live in dung of herbivorous animals, in which they bore galleries ;
our common species S. scarahceoides may often be seen on cow-dung iu
the hot sun, but at the least approach of danger it very swiftly disappears
into its retreat.

Spharidium.] nvDRornii.in.T-:. 253

The ]arva of SphtBridium scarahcBoides is figured by Schiiidt'o (i., PI. vi., Fiir. 1) : its
shape is much like that of the maggot of the ordinary flosli-tly, the licud being very
narrow and the hinder poi-tion of the body very broad in proportion; the coKnir is
a dirty white with the mandibles blaekisli and the corneous parts f usco-testaceons ;
the thoracic scuta are complete, that of the prothorax bearing four round foveae two
on each side besides oblique impressions, and those of the nieso- and meta-thorax (which
are very short) being strongly and coarsely punctured ; the eighth segment bears
four exserted conical appendages, and has a broad cjuadridenticulate apex ; the larva is
virtually legless, but Schiodte considers the small projections on the under surface to
be rudimentary legs wanting the tarsi.

I. Margins of thorax and elytra not lighter ; legs black ;

elytra dark with apex broadly testaceous; length 5.V-6J mm. S. SCARAB.E0IDE5, F.

II. Margins of thorax and elytra -more or less narrowly

testaceous ; legs testaceous ; length 4-5^ mm.
i. Each elytron with a red spot more or less distinct at

apex S. BirrsTULAxrM, F.

ii. Elytra without spots at apex var. mabgixatum, F.

S. scarabaeoides, F. xVimost round, apparently truncate beliind,
■whole npper surface very thickly and finely punctured, shining black ;
antennie and palpi black, apex of last joint of maxillary palpi red ;
thorax with sides rounded and margined, base bisinuate, posterior angles
slightly produced, almost right angles ; elytra as broad as thorax, with
base and margins bordered, "with an obscure, sometimes obsolete spot
towards shoulder, and a transverse irregular testaceous 1)and at apex,
interrupted by the suture, which is always black ; sutural stria distinct
from apex to beyond middle, effaced in f lont ; legs black or pitchy some-
times with reddish spots. L. 6-6-0- mm.

Common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

S. bipustulatum, Fab. Shorter than the preceding and more
depressed, shining black, upper surface densely and linely punctureil ;
thorax and elytra with margins more or less narrowly testaceous, the
former with sides rounded and plainly bordered, posterior angles pro-
duced and sliarp ; elytra as broad as thorax with an obscure reddish spot
towards slioulder, which is often obsolete, and a common irregular red-
dish or reddish-testaceous spot at apex, which is not interrupted by
suture ; sometimes the whole elytra is of a reddish colour with extreme
margins lighter, in which cast; all the spots are indistinct ; legs testa-
ceous, femora usually with dark markings. L. A.-b\ mm.

The V. marr/inafuiii, F., has the upjier surface entirely black with the
margins of the thorax and elytra sometimes rather broadly, sometimes
very narrowly testaceous.

The V. f>t')itis(riafinn, Cast., has tlic elytra furnislied with more or less
distinct punctured strite or rows of punctures.

Kathcr common, and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

CCRCVOZf, Leach.
This genus, according to the Munich Catalogue, contains about seventy

254 HYDROPHiLiDiE. [Cerrijnn.

species, which are widely distributed over the surface of the globe ;
many of them are very difficult to determine, as may be gathered from
the fact that Stephens described no less than sixty species from Britain
alone ; the majority of the species live in the excrement of herbivorous
animals, but some are only found in moss, &c., on the margins of ponds
or streams, while a few live under sea-weed and decaying vegetable
matter on the sea coast in localities that are often submerged at high
water ; they are all small, but vary considerably in size, and also in
colour ; the chief points of distinction lie in the size, shape, and punc-
tuation of the interstices of elytra ; in many cases the colour is a sure
means of distinction, but occasionally it is misleading : the larva of C.
littorale is described by Thomson (Skand. Col. ii. pp. 103, 104); it is
pale testaceous, with the head ovate, the prothorax semicircular, and the
mesothorax transverse ; the maxillae are longer than the antenna3, which
are three-jointed ; the mandibles are sickle-shaped, sharp at the apex,
with a sharp tooth on their inner margin ; the abdomen is coriaceous
with the last ventral segment tricuspid ; there are no legs ; it is found
under sea- weed with the perfect insect.

The larva and pupa of Cercyon analis are fifrurerl hj- Scliiiidte (i., PI. vi., Figr. 8 and
24) : tlie lavva very closely resembles that of Spharidium scarahcfoides, but the scuta
of the meso- and meta-thorax are incomplete, and the eighth sea-ment bears two short
filamentous cerei and no conical appendages ; the legs are entirely wanting : the pupa
of Cercyon is narrower and not so round as that of Splxeridium ; it is not so thickly
coveVed with the long appendages so marked in the pupae of the Hydrophilida;, and
called by Schiodte the " styli motorii," and the cerei attached to the last segment are
longer.

I. Upper surface depressed (species always found on the

coa>t).

i. Anterior tibiae emarginate at apex ; striae of elytra

continued to apex < . . . C. littoralis, Oyll.

ii. Anterior tibiae simple at apex ; striae of elytra obso-
lete towards apes C. DEPRESSUS, Steph.

II. Upper surface more or less convex (species generally
distributed).

i. Thorax separately convex, forming an angle, when

viewed sideways, with the convexity of the elytra . . C. iijemotlrhovs, Gyll.
ii. Thorax and elytra, viewed sideways, presenting an
evenly rounded contour.

1. Punctuation of interstices of elytra distinct.

A. Length 3-4 mm.

a. Elytra slightly narrowed towards apex ;
fourth stria of elytra parallel to third ; size

smaller C. H.KiroRRHoiDALis, F.

b. Elytra as broad in front as behind ; fourth

stria of elytra approaching third ; size larger C. obsoletus, Gyll.

B. Length 2-3 mm.

a. Sides of thorax concolorous with disc ; apex

of elytra often prolonged into a tooth,
a*. Elytra lighter or darker reddish brown . C. flaVIPES, F.
b*. Elytra orange red with a well-marked

triangular dark patch around scutellum . . C. melaXOCEPHAltts, L.

b. Sides of thorax more or less broadly reddish or
yellowish ; apex of elytra not prolonged.

Ct'rri/oi/.'] nYDRciriiii.iiij:. 255

a*. Elyti'a dark witli a wcll-ilcfined apical
yellowish patch extending upwards along
margins to base C. AQUATicrs, Mills.

h*. Elytra yellowish -testacrous with a well-
defined large common dark spot aljout middle C. UNIPUNCTatds, L.

c*. Elytra lighter or darker reddish brown
with margins of thorax broadly and obscurely

reddish C. lateralis, Mamh.

C. Length 1-2 mm.

a. ]>:iteral margins of thorax nari-owly con-
tinued along base, for at all events some little
distance; elytra yellow-testaceous.

a*. Size larger, striaj deeper C. QriSQriLiua, L.

b*. Size smaller, stri-d? feebler C. kigiuckps. Marsh.

b. Posterior margin of thorax not bordered.

a*. Size smaller; elytra not acuminate at
apex,
af. Inner stria; of elytra confused and

feeble towards b;ise; form shorter . . C. ptgm.?;u5, ///,
bf. Inner stria; of elytra very plain at

base; form longer ' C. terminati.s, ilfarsZs.

b*. Size larger ; elytra acuminate at a;ex . C. anali:;, Payk.
2. Punctuation of interstices of elytra indistinct or
absent.

A. Stria; of elytra continued to apex.

a. Elytia duller than thorax; second joint of

m:ixillary palpi not or only slightly dilated . C. moUBUlS, Taylc.

b. Elytra as shining as thorax ; second joint of

maxillary palpi considerably dilated . . . . C. GRANaeius, Er.

B. Striae of elytra not continued to apex . . . . C. mixuxl's, J/m/s.

C. littoralis, Gyll. Oval, depre.ssed, black, sliiny, thickly punc-
tim;il ; clypeus emarginate at apex; thorax transverse with the sides
rounded ; elytra with punctured striae which are deeper towards apex,
interstices thickly punctured ; apex broadly testaceous ; legs pitchy or
reddish ; anterior tibiae excised externally before apex ; the colour is
somewhat variable, the thorax and elytra btjing sometimes margined with
nnl ; occasionally the whole insect is reddish, or the elytra are pale red
and the thorax darker ; the colour, however, depends iu great measure
on the maturity of the insect. L. 2-3^ mm.

A maritime species ; found on the coast, often below high-water mark under decay-
ing sea-weed, rubbish, &c. ; common and widely distributed iu England and Scotland ;
Inland, near Belfast and lialdoyle, and probably eoninioii.

C. depressus, Sleph. {(lorso-striafum, Thorns.). A'ery like the pre-
ceding, but (li.stingiiislied by having the anterior til)iiT entire, tlie clypeus
subtruncate or rounded at apex, and by the fact that the elytral striae
are evanescent towards apex ; the colour is somewhat more variable as a
rule, and the punctuation of the interstices of the elytra is rather more
obsolete, but these latter cliaracters are not to be depended upon ; the
average size is rather smaller. L. 2- ."') mm.

Found under the same circumstances as the preceding, but much less common ;
Devonshire; Weymouth; Hayling Island; I.-le of Wight (Ityde, Ventnor, Ac);

255 HYDROPiiiLiDj:. [C('rr>jon.

Sboreliam ; Deal; WLitstable ; Swansea; Nortlniuiberland district (very rare) ; not
recorded from Scotland ; Ireland, recorded from Baldo.vle,-but tins may be in error;
1 am raiber inclined to think that ]\lr. Bold was mistaken- in his Northumberland
record; he says tliat he had only seen two or three lo.al specimens, and these appa-
rently were not captured by himself.

C. liEemorrhous, Gyll. (ustuMus, Preys., hcemoryJwidalis, F.). Oval,
convex, thickly punctured, shining black with the apex of elytra red,
the colour being usually distinctly marked ; thorax separately convex,
gibbons, slightly depressed at base ("prothorace jjulvinato," Thorns.;
" pronotum "bombe isolement, tombant a la base," Bedel), sides rounded
and finely bordered ; elytra somewhat depressed on disc, Avith plainly
marked strife, the external ones more plainly punctured than the dorsal ;
legs brownish, or reddish brown, tarsi lighter. L. 3-3| mm.

At roots of grass, under rubbish, in moss, &c., in damp places ; sometimes under
stones or in damp and decaying wood; it rarely occurs in dung; as a rule common
and widely distributed in England and Wales, but not so common further north ;
Scotland, local, Lowlands, Forth aud Solway districts ; Ireland, near Dublin.

The shape of the thorax, if viewed sideways, will at once distinguish
this species.

C> hEemorrhoidalis, Herbst. (impressus, Sturm). Short oval,
thickly and finely punctured ; head and thorax shining black, the latter
with sides rounded and more narrowed in front than in the preceding
species, with a very short but distinct longitudinal impression at base
just in front of scutellura ; this impression is often present, but less dis-
tinct in the preceding and following species ; elytra somewhat depressed
on disc, black toAvards base and thence gradually reddish to apex, the
colour being suffused and not distinctly marked off; strire punctured,
the fourth straight, interstices wide, finely punctured ; legs brownish,
femora darker. L, 2i-?>\ mm.

In dung, ic ; common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

C. obsoletus, Gyll. (lur/uhris, 01.). The largest of our species ;
oval, as broad in front as behind, thickly and finely punctured, shining
black with the apex of elytra reddish ; thorax convex, with sides
rounded and margined ; elytra a little broader than thorax, ratlier
depressed on disc, with fine punctured strise ; legs reddish brown, tarsi
usually paler ; the fourth stria of the elytra is not straight, and gradually
approaches the third, so that the fourth interstice is narrowed for part of
its length ; the interstices are distinctly punctured. L. 3-4 mm.

In dunff, &c. ; local, and as a rule not common; Loudon district, generally distri-
buted ; Hastings; Birmingham; Burton-on-Trent ; Swansea; Northumberland dis-
trict, rare ; Scotland, scarce, Lowlands, Tweed, Forth, and Solway districts ; Ireland,
near Waterford (Power) and Dublin.

C. aquaticus, Muls. Oval, not very -convex, thickly punctured ;
head shining black ; thorax black \vith margins reddish ; elytra a little
broader than thorax with fine punctured stride, which become feebler

Ccrcj/nn.] iivnK'oniiLiD.K • 2r)7

towards apex, black witli_ the .apex yellowish testaceous or reddish, the
colour being very distinctly marked and continued along the margins to
base ; legs reddish, tarsi paler : the species may at once be distinguished
by the colour of the elytra. L. 2|-3 mm. .

At roots of grass, in moss, &c., in damp and marshy places ; local, and not common ;
London district, Sheppy, &c. ; "Hastings ; Devonshire; Hcysham, near Lancaster;
Northumberland district; Scotland, rare. Lowlands, Tweed and Forth districts.

C. flavipes, F. Oblong-oval, moderately convex, thickly punctiu'ed ;
head and thorax black, antennae and palpi dark ; elytra lighter or darker
reddish brown or reddish black, with the apex and more or less obsolete
markings on disc and towards base lighter, wilh rather fine punctured
stria3, interstices plainly punctured ; legs reddish, femora darker ; the
apex of the elytra is often prolonged into a sharp tooth which is dis-
tiiictly visible if the insect is viewed sideways, but this character is not
always constant, and perhaps is sexual. L. 2|-3 mm.
In dung, &c. ; common and widely distributed.

C. lateralis, ^farsh. Very like the preceding in size and general
ai)pearance ; head black, shining; antennty and palpi red, club of former
darker ; thorax black 'with sides broadly and obscurely reddish ; elytra
reddish brown with the apex and other more or less obscure markings
lighter, or the ground is lighter with obscure darker markings ; strite
fine, punctured, interstices distinctly punctured : this species may easily
be distinguished from the preceding by the reddish sides of thorax and
lighter mouth organs. L. 2-3 mm.

In dung; also by sweeping ; common and widely distributed.

C. melanocephalus, L. Oblong-oval, convex, shining ; head and
thoi'ax black, antennae and palpi dark ; elytra with fine punctured stria?,
bright orange red with the scutellum and the region about it black in
the form of a distinct triangle ; there is also an elongate dark patch near
shoulders at margin ; interstices punctured ; legs reddish testaceous,
femora darker ; as hi C. JJaripr/^ the apex of elytra is often produced
into a tooth. L. 2-3 mm.

In dung, &c. ; very common and widely distributed throughout the kingdom.

C. unipunctatus, L. ()l)long-oval ; head black, shining, thickly
punctureil ; tlioiax black with the sides sharply yellowish ; elytra rather
depressed on disc, dorsal striie not distinctly punctured in middle, lateral
striiie reduced to rows of punctures, yellowish-testaceous with a large
dark common spot al)Out middle ; legs and sometimes {)art of the under-
side reddish yellow. L. 2 3 mm.

In dung, &c. ; common and widely distributed.

Occasionally the dark spot is m>ich smaller, and I'arrly it is (pn'te
obsolete.

C. quisquiliiiB. L. OlMong-oval ; head black, sliining, thickly }ninc-

258 • TITDIWrillLlDiE. [CfVCl/Oll.

tured ; antennae and palpi testaceous, club of former darker; thorax
black ; unicolorous, or with the sides very narrowly pale at extreme
margins, thickly punctured, with a fine border, which is continued on
each side for some little distance along Ijase ; elytra shorter and broader
in proportiou than in the preceding species and less narrowed at apex,
entirely testaceous, suture sometimes somewhat dusky especially towards
scutellum, with punctured strife which become much feebler at sides ;
interstices flat, thickly punctured ; legs reddish yellow or yellow : from
immaculate examples of the preceding this species may be distinguished
by its smaller size, shorter elytra which are more broadly roundeil at
apex, narrower pale margins of thorax, and more closely punctured
interstices of elytra. L. 1 1-2 mm.

In iluug, &c. ; common and widely distributed tlironghout the kingdom.

C. nigriceps, Marsh {rcntromaculatm, Sturm). Short-oval ; head
shining black, antenn?e and palpi yellowish red, club of former not
darker ; thorax brownish-black with sides ratlier broadly and not sharply
reddish, finely bordered, the border continued on each side along base ;
elytra yellowish- testaceous with distinct punctured striae, usually with
an obscure dark band or broad marking behind middle, which, however, is
sometimes obsolete ; the internal striae are continued plainl}'- to base ; meta-
sternum with an oblique line on each side ; legs testaceous. L. 1-1^ mm.

In dung, &c. ; not common ; Greenwich, Keigate, Forest Hill, Dulwich ; Hastings ;
Norfolk; Edgbaston ; Devonshire and Cornwall (Whitsaud Bay, near Plymouth,
&c.) ; Northumberland district; Scotland, Solway district only.

This species differs from C. quisquilius by its smaller size, more
rounded posterior angles of thorax, more broadly red margins of thorax,
and the more finely punctured interstices of elytra.

C. pyg-maeus, 111. Oval, somewhat oblong, moderately convex ; head
and thorax black, ratlier finely punctured, the latter with the base not
bordered towards sides ; elytra narrowed towards apex, very varialile in
colour, sometimes black with apex reddish, sometimes entirely reddish
with the region round scutellum and shoulders black, and presenting
many variations between these extremes ; striae of elytra rather fine and
not strongly punctured, the inner ones obsolete towards scutellum, inter-
stices punctured ; metasternum with an oblique line on each side ; elytra
somewhat rugose at base; legs reddish testaceous. L. 1-1 1- mm.

In dung, &c. ; common and widely distributed.

This species comes very close to C. nu/riceps, but is more narroAved
at apex of elytra, and is always furnished with a dark patch around
scutellum ; the colour of the thorax, which is unicolorous black, will
also distinguish it, and the fact that the inner striae in C. nigriceps
are distinct at base, whereas in C. i^jrinumis they are obsolete near
scutellum.

C. terminatus, IMarsli {am f pilaris, ^te-ph., jylagiafns, Er.). liatlier

Cercijon.'\ HYDiiorriiLiD/E. 259

long oval, convex, shining ; head vau\ thorax black or brownish-black,
closely and rather strongly pun(;tured ; antennae and palpi testaceous, the
former with the club elongate ; elytra variable in colour, either reddish
testaceous with the base ])lack, or black with apex reddish, or with dark
longitudinal markings on each, leaving the suture, apex, and sides red.
with plainly punctured striae, which are distinctly continued to base ami
apex; interstices rather strongl}' punctured ; metasternum. without the
complete lateral oblique lines which are found in the two preceding
species ; legs reddish testaceous. L. 2 min.

In duug-heaps, &c. ; often caught on the wing ; local, and not common ; Whitstahlo,
Cobham, Greenwich, Forest Hill, Putney, Dulwicli, Mertou, Ealing, Hampstead ;
Hastings; Exmouth ; Manchester district ; Northumberland district ; Scotland, rare,
Tweed district ; Ireland, near Belfast : Dr. Power tells me that he has always taken
tliis species flying (generally near a wood-stack), and tliat he has never found it in
dung.

From C. pyrimmiis it may be at once distinguished by its larger and
longer form, the much stronger strise of elytra which are complete to
apex, the stronger punctuation of the interstices of elytra, and by the
oblique lines on the metasternum being absent or abbreviated behind.

C. analis, Payk. Ovate, shining ; head and thorax black, finely
punctured ; elytra black with apex reddish testaceous, narrowed gradually
from a little behind middle to apex which is acuminate and somewhat
deflexed ; elytra convex, with punctured striaj which are continued to
apex, interstices plainly punctured, with, as a rule, two rows of punctures
on their anterior half, and one row on the posterior ; the ninth interstice
has one row of punctures, and in this point differs from many of its
allies ; legs testaceous. I>. 2 mm.

In flood rubbish, bottoms of hay-stacks, decaying sea-weed, &c. ; common and
generally distributed.

C. lugrubris, Payk. Oval, very convex, sliining black j head and
thorax thickly punctured, antennas and palpi reddish or reddish-black ;
thorax with the sides rounded and bordered ; elytra a little broader than
thorax, convex, contracted behind, with punctured striae Avhich are
plainly continued to apex ; interstices depressed, almost impunctate, and
alutaceous, so that the surface of the elytra appears almost dull ; apex of
elytra more or less distinctly red except at suture ; mesosternuui narrow,
somewhat lanceolate ; legs testaceous red. L. l|-2 mm.

At roots of grass in marshy places, in flood rubbish, &c. ; not uncommon ; Lee,
Shecrness, Shirley, Walton-ou-Thames and Loudon district generally ; Sussex, Devon-
shire and southern counties generally; I^Iidiand districts; Liverpool; much less
common towards the north ; not recorded from the N'orchuinberlaud district, and rare
in Scotland, Forth district only.

C. granarius, Thorns. Very like the preceding, from which it was
separated by Tliomson ; tlie elytra, however, have more distinctly
punctured and stronger striae, and the interstices are less alutaceous,
so that tlie elytra appear more shining ; the second joint of the maxil-

^ o

260 nYDROPHILID.E. " [Cevr 1/0)7.

lary palpi is rather strongly dilated, and the mesosternum is oval.
L. l|-2 mm.

This appears to be rather a donbtful species ; I have specimens of
what I believe to be C. luguhris taken together and mounted on the
same card, which seem to vary in the dilatation of the second joint
of the maxillary palpi, and in some of the Hydrophilidse (e.g. Liin-
nehius) this seems to be a sexual and not a specific character ; with
regard to • the less alutaceous and more shining elytra it is quite
jDossible that this also is sexual, as a double form of the female
(shining and dull) is very common in the Hyilropori at all events,
and might be found in other families ; the character of the mesosternum
appears to be the one most to be relied upon for its distinction as a
species.

Found under the same circumstances as the preceding, and probably overlooked ;
Birmingham district; Walton-on-Thames ; it is very likely that it is widely dis-
tributed, but mixed with C. luguhris in our collections.

C minutus, Muls. (tristis, 111.). This species also chiefly re-
semljles C. lugubrts, but is easily distinguished from it by not having
the striae of elytra continued to apex, so that the apex is smooth ; the
elytra also are less contracted and rounder behind, and the punctured
striae are finer ; the mesosternum is somewhat narrower, and the legs and
palpi as a rule a little darker ; the interstices of the elytra are almost
impunctate, alutaceous, and dull, as in C. hir/ulris ; this character will
at once separate the species from C. mialis. L. l|-2 mm.

Found like the two preceding in flood refuse, at roots of grass, in moss, &c , in
marshy places, and like them not occurring in dung; not common; Netting Hill
(formerly), Weybridce, Walton-ou-Thames, Blackheath, Dagenham ; Tewkesbury ;
Scotland, Forth and Sohvay districts.

It is very probable that this and several other of the rarer Cercyons
are much commoner than they seem to be, as from their clo'se resemblance
to the common species they must often be passed over by collectors,
who, as a rule, do not trouble themselves much about this genus.

MS:G-AST3SRNUM, Mulsant.

This and the succeeding genus, as remarked before, are easily dis-
tinguished from Cercyon by the much greater width of the mesoster-
num ; from Criq^itopleurum this genus may at once be separated by the
anterior tibiae being emarginate externally in front ; it contains three or
four species from Europe, Japan, and North America.

9X. boletophag-um, Marsh. Short oval, very convex, somewhat
narrowed beliind, smooth and shining, black, or dark pitchy brown ;
antennae, palpi, and legs red, club of former darker, second joint of
maxillary palpi dilated ; sides of thorax sometimes reddish; elytra with
apex somewhat obscurely red, with rather distinct rows of punctures set '
in obsolete striae which are often hardly traceable ; interstices punctured;

Mnjaiite.ruHin.^ iiYnROPniLiD.i;. 261

tlie emarginaiion of the anterior tibite is very strong, and at once dis-
tinguishes the species. L. 11-2 mm.

Ill decaying vegetable matter, rotting fungi, dung, Sec. ; coniniou and widely
distributed.

CRVPTOPLEUnUM, :\rulsant.

This genus is remarkable for having the sides of the thorax broadly
rcflexed underneath and sharply angled in the middle of the margin of
tlie reflexed portion ; it contains five or six species from Europe, JSouth
Africa, IS'ortli America, and Ceylon.

C. atomarium, Muls. {ininuUim, F.). Short oval, dull ; head and
thorax black, tliickly punctured ; antenn;eand palpi reddish or brownish-
nul ; elytra black with apex red, the reddish colour often extending some
little distance upwards towards base; at the shoulders also tliere are
often obscure lighter markings ; striae very strong, alniost sulcate, and
strongly punctured, so that the interstices appear somewhat raised ; in-
terstices thickly and rather strongly punctured ; legs reddish-testaceous :
the scidpture of the elytra will at once separate this species superficially
from all our species of Cercyon and Meyasternum. L. 1^ mm.

lu decaying vegetable matter, dung, &c. ; common and generally distributed.

INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

Abax, Bon. . . .

. 68

nebulosus, Forst. .

. 193

Acilius, Leach . .

2U7

nitidtis, F. .

190

canaliculatus, K/c.

208

pahidosus, F. . .

191

liisciatus, l)e (J. .

208

Soheri, Aube . .

197

siilcatus, L. . .

208

striolatus, Gyll.

191

Afiip:ili)iis, Latr.

37

Stuniiii, Scbiiii.

195

brnniiipi'S, Stnnii.

38

tarsatus, Zelt. .

196

eousputus, Diift. .

3'J

uligiuosus, L. . .

192

derelictiis. Daws. .

39

undiilalus, t<chr. .

195

clorsalis, V. . . .

38

unguicularis, ThoiDs

192

exiguus, l)ij. .

38

viireus, Payk. . .

193

flavicollis, Stunii .

38

Agonuni, Bon.

89

Gyllcnhali, T/>ums.

38

Aiiiarhia ....

68

V. luridus, Di'j.

38

Aiiiara, Bou. . . .

68

merkiiamis, L. . .

3<J

acmiiiuata, I'ayk. .

75

Adelosia, Steph. .

67

alpiua, F. . . .

71

Ailepliatra ....

1

apiiearia, Sturm .

70

Aepus, Sam. . . .

124.

aulica, Paiiz.

71

J'ulvfisrevx, Sam. .

12-t

bifroiis, Gyll. . .

73

niariiHis, Strom. .

121

brunnicornm, lleer.

77

Ilobinii, Lab, . .

125

communis, Paiiz. .

78

.\ctoi)lionis, Sclim.-

consularis, Dut't. .

70

Gocb

138

coutinua, Tlioms. .

78

inipeiialis, (utiii. .

138

convexior, Uliph. .

78

Agabus, Leach

188

conve.viuscula, ilarsii

71

abbreviatus, 1'. . .

195

curta, Dcj. . . .

77

affiiiis, I'avk. .

192

equeslris, IJiifl.

71

arcticus, Pa\k.

195

eurynota, Dej. . .

75

bitinltalup, 01. . .

190

t'auiiliaris, Lull. .

77

l/ij)ii)iclatiis, F.

193

fulva, I)e CJ. . .

70

bipiistulatus, L. .

196

lusca, I)ej. . . .

73

bi-uuiieiis, V. . .

191

granaria, Dej.

72

c'halconotus, Pan/,.

196

iulima, UnCt. . .

72

convener, Thiiub.

193

iiigenuit, DuJ'l . ,

73

coiispersus, Mai'.sh

191

livida, I'. . . .

73

didymus, C)l.

193

lueida, Duft. . .

77

din par, Bold .

192

luuicoUis, Scliiiidle

76

fcnioralis, Pa_vl<. •

191

nitida, Sturm . . .

76

ferrvgineux, Sleph.

191

obsolela, Dej. .

75

foiithm/ii-, Steph. .

190

obxo/c/fi, Jj'iijl. . .

75

>,'uttatns, Payk. .

]!tO

oriclialciea, Daws.

73

niacu/dtiis, L. .

l!t7

ovata, Dej. . . .

75

mchiiiai'ius, AubJ .

190

palricia, Dull. . . .

71

PAGE

plebeia, Gyll. . .

. 79

jirtetermissa. Sahib.

72

Queuselii, Seliiju. .

73

rufocincta, Dej. .

72

rufoeincla. Salt lb.

. 73

similata. Gyll. . .

. 75

!>pin/pes, Auct.

71

spreta, Dej. . . .

. 77

streiiua, Zhuni.

. 79

tibialis, Payk. . .

. 70

trivialis, Gyll. . .

. 78

vulgaris, I)aw.<. .

. 78

vulgaris, F. . .

- 75

vulgaris, Fanz.

. 76

Amphigynus, Hal. .

83

Aniphizoidw . . .

. 157

Anactuua, Thoms.

. 226

bii>ustulata, Steph.

. 226

globulus, Payk.

. 22(>

lirabata, F. . . .

. 226

limbala. Sharp

226

variabilis. Sharp .

226

Anehouuaiiua . . .

79

Auchomeuus, Kr.

85

albipes, F. . . .

88

angustieollis, F. .

S7

assimilis. Payk. .

87

atratus, DuCr. . .

91

dorsalis, Miill. . .

88

elongatus, Dij.

91

crieeti, Pan/,. . . .

90

fulgens, Dans.

90

lulij.'iiu)sus, Pauz.

93

gracilipes, Duft. .

yi

gracilis, (iyll. . .

93

jnuceus. Scop. .

87

Iftvis, Mali. . .

91

livcu;s, Gyll. . . .

89

niarginatus, L.

89

micans, Xic. . .

92

V. incc>tus, Duft. .

92

Mull.ri, llcrhsl. .

91

oblougus, Sturm .

88

264

IXDEX.

PAGE

pallipes, Dej. ... 88

panimpunctutus, F. . 91

pelidnus, Payk. . . 9i

piceus, L 93

■picipes, F. .... 93

prasinus, Thunb. . . 88

puellus, Dej 94

pusillus, JJnhl. . . 91

quadripunct;itus,DeG. 94

Sablbergi, CL;iud. . 90

scitulu?, Dej. ... 93

sexpunctatus, L. . . 89

Thoreyi, Dej. ... 94

versutus, Gyll. . . 92

viduus, Panz. ... 92

Anisodactylina ... 54

Aiiisodactylus, Dej. . . 56.

V. atricornis, Steph. . 56

binotatus, F. ... 56

pceciloide?, Stepb. . 57

V. spurcaticoruis . . 56

Anihracus, Mots. . . 39

Argidor, Meg. .' . . 66

Badister, Clairv. ... 29
bipustulatus, F. . . 30
humeralis, Bon. . . 30
peltatus, Panz. . . 30
sodalis, Duft. ... 30
unipustulatus, Bou. . 2.9
Batenus, Mots. ... 89
Beiiibidiina .... 96
Beuibidium, Latr. . . 100
feneum, Germ. . . . 105
adustum, Scbaum . . 120
affiue, Steph. . . . 112
AndrecE, Dfj. . . .117
Andrea:, Er. . . .117
aiiglicauuui, Sbarp . 116
articulatum, Pauz. . 107
assimile, Gyll. . . . 106
atrocseruleiun, Steph. Ill
bignttatuui, F. . . . 105
bipunctatuni, L. . , 118
bisignatum, Serv. . . 104
irwnnipes, Slurm . . Ill
bruxellense, Wesm. . 116
celere, F. . . . .110
Clarki, Daws. . . .106
couciuuum, Steph. . 115
currens, Steph. . . 103
decoriun, Panz. . . Ill
dentellum, Thunb. . 119
doris, Panz. . . . 107
epbippium, Marsh . 119
J'asciolatmn, Dun. . 110

PAGE

femoratum, Sturm . 115
flammulatum, Clairv. 119
fluviatile, Dej. . . .117
t'umigatum, Dut't. . . 106
gilvipes, Sturm . . 109

guttula, F 104

hcBmorrhoum, Steph.-. 101
harpaloides, Serv. . 103
lampros, Herbst. . . 109
littorale, Ol. . . .117
littorale. Bedel . . 121
Imiatum, Duft. . .114
lunulatum, Fourc. . 105
Manuerhearii, Salilb. . 104
Mannerheimi, Dej. . 109
melanocephalus, Steph. 103
minimum, F. . . . 108
iiiouticohi, Sturm . 112
nigricoroe, Gyll. . .110
nitidulum, Marsh . . Ill
normanuum, Dej. . . 108
ohliqnum, Sturm . . 121
obsuletum, Dej. . . 115
obtusum, Stiirm . . 104
octomaculatum, Gceze 107
olivaceum, Q-i/ll. . . 119
pallidipeime. 111. . . 117
pallidipenne, D'j. . 119
pakulosum, Panz. . . 121
prasiuum, Dutt. . . 119
punetulatum, Drap. . 118
punillam, Ggll. . . 108
quadriguttatum, F. . 114
quadiiiuaculatum,

Gyll 114

quadripustula turn, Dej. 114
1-i- striatum, Thorns. . 109
quinquestriatum, Gyll. 103
riparium, Ol. . . , 105
rufescens, Guer. . . 103
riipestre, Datos. . .120
saxatile, Gyll. . . .116

Scbuppeli,"Dej. , . 108
Spencei, Steph. . . 106
Slcpheusi, Crotcdi . . 112
stomoides, Dej. . . 112
Sturm i, Pauz. . . . 107

tern pest ivus, Steph. . 103
testaceum, Duft. . . 115
tibinle, Duft. . . .110

ustulatum, L. . . . 117

ustulatum, Sturm . 120
varium, 01. . ... . 120

V. vectensis. Fowler . 116
V. velox, Er. . . . 109

velox, Daivs. . . .118

Berosus, Leach . . . 229

affinis, Brulle .
CBriceps, Cart. .
luridus, L. . ,
siguaticollis, Chir
spinosus, Stev. .
Bidessus, Sharp .
bisulcatus, Steph.
geminus, F.
minntissimus, Ger
parvulus, Panz.
trifasciatiis, Woll
uuistriatus, Schr.
Bipalmati . .
Blechrus, Mots. .
glahratus, Woll.
niaurus, Sturm
Blemus, Daws. .
Blethisa, Bon.

multipuuctata, L.
Brachiniua
Braehiuus, Weber
crepitans, L. .
explodeus, Duft.
glabraftis, Dej.
sclii[)eta, F. .
Bracteon, Bedel .
Bradycellus, Er. ,
cognatus, Gyll.
coUaris, Payk. .
cordicollis, Wesm
Deutschi, Sahib.
distiuctus, Dej.
fulvus, Fairm. .
harpalinus, Dej.
placidiis, Gyll. .
rufulus, Dej. .
similis, Dtj.
verbasci, Duft.
Bradytus, Steph.
Broscina
Broscus, Panz.

cephalotes, L. .
Brychius, Thorns,
elevatus, Pauz.

Calathus, Bon.
alpinus, Dej. .
ambiguus, Payk.
cisteloides, Panz.
crocopus, S/eph.
err at us. Sahib.
ilavipes, Fourc.
-'lavipes, Payk.
fulvipes, Gyll.
fuscipes, Goeze .
fuscus, F. . .

PAGE

. 230
. 230
. 230
. 230
. 229
. 164
. 165
. 165
. 165
. 165
. 165
. 165
. 95
. 144
. 144
. 144
. 123
. 16
. 16
. 148
. 148
. 149
. 149
. 149
. 149
. 121
. 40
. 41
. 42
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 41
. 42
. 41
. 69
. 25
. 26
. 27
. 150
. 150

80
82
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81

iNiii:x.

265

melanoceplialns, L

raioropteruf!, Duft.

mollis, Miirsli .

V. iiubi^ena, Hal. .

ochropterus, Sturm

pifi'us, IMai>li .

rotundicolli.s, Dej.
Callistus, Bon. . .

luiialus, F. . . .
Calosoma, Weber .

iuqiiisitor, L. .

s^cojjlianta, L. , .
Cdmpa, Muta. . .
CaraUiilse ....
Carabina) ....
Carabiua . . • .
Carabiis, L. . . .

arvelisis, F. . . .

auratus, L. . . .

cancellatus, III. .

cateiiulatus, Scop

clalliratus, L. . .

convexus, F. . .

V. I'.xaspeiatns, Duft

glabratus, Payk. .

}:i-anulatus, L. .

hortensis, Panz.

intricatu>. L. .

iTionilis, F. .

neniorali:=, Miill.

iiitens, L. . .

violaceiiSj L.
Cclia, Zimm. .
Cercyon, Leach .

aiialis, Pa^k.

aquaticus, Muls.

cenfromaculaius
Sturm . . .

depressus, Stej)!

rAGE

82

S3

82

82

82

83

83

32

32

9

10

10

105

4

5

5

6

9

8

y

dorso-striatum,Thoms.'2hb

flavipcg, F 257

granai'ius, Tlionis. • 259
hamorrhoUlalis, F. . 256
lia'iiiorihoidalis,

Herbst 256

hajniorrbous, Gyll. . 256
impressus, Sturm . . 256
lateralis, Marsh . . 257
lu<;ubris, Pajk. . . 259
lugnbri.i, 01. . . . 256
melauocciiliahis, 01. . 257
niiiiutus, Muls. . . 260
nigriceps, Marsh . . 258
obsoletus, (Jyll. . . 256
2)l(igiaivs, l£r. . . . 258
pygnia-ns, 111. . . . 258
quisquilius, L. . . . 257

253
259
256

258
255

PAGE

■tcutellaris, Sleph. . 258
termiuatus. Marsh . 258

tris/is; J 11 260

unipunctatus, L. . . 257
vslulafu-s, Preys. . . 256

Cbajtarthria, Stepb. . 232
seminuluui, Herbst. . 232

Chlffiuiiiia 31

Cblwnius, 15on. ... 32
lioloseiiceus, F. . . 34
V. nielanocoriiis, Dej. 33
nigricoriiis, F. ... 33
viiidulux, Schr. . . 33
Scbrankii, Duft. . . 33
tristis, Schall. ... 34
vestitus, Payk. . . 33
viridipunctatus, GoRze 33

CicindcliJffi .... 2

Cicindela, L 2

cainpestris, L. . . . 3
gerinaiiica, L. . . . 4

bvbrida, L 4

V. inaritiin •, Dej. . . 4
sylvatica, L. . . . 3

Cilleuus, Sam. ... 09
lateralis, Sain. . . . 100
Leachii, Dej. . . . 100

Clavicornia .... 217

Clihanariv.s, Gozis . . 88

Clivina, Latr 19

collaris, Herbst. . . 20
fossor, L 20

Cneniidotus, 111. . . .156
ccEsus, Duft. . . .156
impressus, F. . . . 156

Ccclambus, Tboms. . . 166
confluens, F. ... 168
decoratus, Gyll. . . 108
impressopunctatus,

Sehall 169

ina,'qualis, F. . . . 168
liiieellus, Gyll. . . 170
nigroUneatus, Zett. . 1(59
noveinliueatus, Stepb. 1()9
parallelograuimus,Ahr.l69
paralltlus, Atibe . .169
picipes, F. . . . . 169
quinquelineatus, Zett. 168
retJcidaliis, F. . . . 167
versicolor, Sehall. . . 167

Col.vmbetes, Clairv. . . 203
fusctis, L 203

Copelatus, Ei-. . . . 200

a>:ilis, F 200

ohlonyus, III. . . . 200
rujicollis, Schfill. . . 200

Cryptopleurum, Muls. . 261

atomarium, Muls. .

mlnttium, F.
Curtonotu.1, Stepk. .
Cijbister, Cart. . .
Cycbrus, F. . . .

rostratus, L.
Cyclonotum, Kr. .

orbiculare, F. .
Cylindrodera, Westw.
Cymbiodyta, Bedel .

marginelln.^, F.

ovalis. Thorns. .
Cyraindiua ....
Cymindis, Latr. .

angularis. Staph. .

axillaris, F. . . .

basalts, Gyll. ■ . .

homagriva, Duft. .

vaporariorum, L. .

PAGi:
. 261
. 261
. 70
. 206

5
252
252

4
225
225
225
134
134
134
134
135
134
135

Demetrias, Hon. . . . 139
atriea])illus, L. . . 139
monostigma, Sam. . 139
unipunctatus, Germ. . 139
Deroneetes, Sharp . . 170
assimilis, Payk. . . 171
depressus, F. . . . 171
duodecini-pustulatus,

F 171

griseo-striatus, De G. . 172

latus, Steph. . . . 170

Diaehromus, Er. ... 57

germauus, Er. ... 57

Dichirus, Mannli. . . 57

Dichirotrichus, Duv. . 55

obsoletus, Dej. ... 55

pubescens, Payk. . . 55

Diversimaui .... 25

Dromius, Bon. . . . 140

agilis, F 142

fasciatu-1, Dej. . . 14.S

linearis, 01 141

longiceps, Dej. . . . 141
nielanoeephalus, Dej. . 143
meridionnlis, Dej. . , 1J2
nigriventris, Thorns. . 143
obi it us, Boield. . . 143
quadriniaeulatus, L. . 112
quadrinotatus, Panz. 142
quadrisiL'natus, Dej. . 143
sigma, Kossi . . . 143
vectcnsis, Kye. . . 114

Dryplina 1 17

Drypta, F 1 |7

den lata, Kossi . . . 1 17
emarginata, F. . . 1 17

266

PAGE

Dyscliirius, Bou. ... 20

a3neus, Doj 23

angustatus, Putz. . 23
elongatulus, Daivs. . 23
extcusus, Putz. . . 23
globosus, Herbst. . . 24
impuuctipennis. Daws. 22
inermis, Curt. ... 22
jejunus, Daws. ... 23
nitidus, Uej. . . . 22
obscurusi, Gyll. ... 21
politus, Dej. ... 22
saliuus, Scbaum . . 23
tboracicus, Rossi . . 21

Dytiscidae 159

Dytiscimi 203

Dytiscus, L 204

circumcinctus, Ahr. . 205
circumflexus, F. . . 205
cotiformis, Kttnze . 205
dhindiatus, Bercr. . . 206
dulius, Gyll. ." . . 205
lappouieus, Gyll. . . 205
niarginalis, L. . . . 205
perplexus, Lac. . . 205
puuctulatus, F. . . 204
septenirionaUs, G-yll. 205

KLipbriua 16

Elapbrus, F 17

cupreus, Duf't. ... 17
lappouieus, Gyll. . . 18

riparius, L 17

uligiuosus, F. . . . 18

Emplettrus, Mope . . 235

Euochrus, Tboms. . . 225

atricapiUus, Steph. .225

bicolov, Gyll. . . .225

melanocephaliis, 01.. 225

JEnoplurus, Hope . , 229

JSpaphius, Leach . . 128

Mriglenus, Thorns. . . 192

Murophilus, Chaud. . 92

Feronia, Latr.

Gaurodytes, Thorns.
Grapboderes, Escb.

ciuereus, L.
Gyrinida) . .
Gyi'inus, Geoft".

bicolor, Payk. .

caspius, 3Ic)i. .

colymbus, PJr. .

distinctus. Sharp

60

192
209
209
209
211
214
214
214
213

INDEX.

PAGE

elongatus, Aube

. 213

libanus, Auhe .

. 214

Uneafun, Bfeph.

. 213

mariuus, Gyll. .

. 216

mergus, Ahr. .

. 215

minutus, F. . .

. 213

natator, Soop. .

. . 215

V. opacus, Sablb.

. . 216

striolatus, Fowler

. 215

Suflriani, Scriba

. 216

V. substriatus, Stepb. 215

uriuator. 111.

. 213

Ilaliplida; ....
Haliplus, Latr.

affinis, W. C. . .
amcenits, 01.
badius, Anhe .
cinereus, Aubo .
continis, Stepb.
ferrugineus, Gyll.
Havicollis, Sturui. .
Huviatilis, Aube .
fulvus, F. ...
' impressus, F. .
liueatocoUis, Marsli
lineatus, Auhe . .
muci'ouatus, Stepb.
obliquus, Er. .
V. pallens, Fowler .
parallelus, Bab. .
ruticollis, ])e G.
striatus, Sbarp
variegatus, Sturm
varius, Nic.
Harpaliua ....
Harpalinaj ....
Harpalus, Latr. . ,
a;neus, F. . . .
auxius, Dnft. , .
airicornis, Daws. .
attenuatus, Steph.
azureus, F'. . . .
hrevicollis, Serv. .
calceatus, Sturm .
caspius, Stev. . .
consentaneus, Dej.
couve.riis, Fairm.
cordatus, Duft.
cribelluin, Stejjh. .
cupreus, Dej. . .
depressus, Duft. ,
diffinis, Dej.
dimid/atns, Rossi
discoideus, F. . .
Frohlichi, Hturm .

149

151

154

152

153

154

152

154

153

155

154

153

156

152

153

152

153

153

155

155

154

153

42

24

42

49

53

56

49

45

47

49

, 51

, 49

53

, 45

. 46

. 51

. 51

. 44

. 51

. 50

. 52

PAGE

griseus, Pauz. ... 47
honestus, Duft. . . 53
ignavus, Duft. ... 63

latus, L 51

luteicornis, Duft. . 54
uielaueliolicus, Dej. . 52
neglectus, Dej. ... 53
obscurus, Daios. . . 44
obseurus, F. ... 44
parallelus, Dej. . . 46
picipennis, Duft. . . 54
Proteus, Payk. . . 49
puuctatulus, Duft. . 45
puncticollis, Fairm. . 46
quadripuuetatus, Dej. 52
rotuiidicollis, Fairm. . 44
rubripes, Duft. . . 50
rutibarbis, F. ... 46
ruficornis, F. ... 47
riijitarsis, Duft . . 53
rupicola, Sturui . . 45
sabulicola, Paiiz. . . 44
serripes, Sebon. . . 53
servus, Duft. ... 52
V. similis, Dej. ... 45
smaragdinus, Duft. . 50
stictus, Steph. . . . 44
stygius, Steph, . . 53
gidphuripes. Germ. . 54
tardus, Panz. ... 52
tenebrosus, Dej. . . 50
vernalis, F. ... 54
JVoUastoni, Daws. . 50
Helocbares, Muls. . . 227
lividus, Forst . . . 227
punctatus, Sbarp . . 227
Helophorina .... 233
Helopborus, F. . . . 233
ajDeipenuis, Tliom.s. . 237
V. ffiqualis, Tboms. . 237
affiuis, Marsb . . .239
aquaticus, L. . . . 236
arveruicus, Muls. . . 240
brevieollis, Tbouis. . 239
brevipalpis, Bedel . 239
costatus. Gaze . . 236
V. crenatus, Bey. . . 238
dorsalis, Marsb . . 237
Frichsoni, Bach. . . 239
frigidus, Graells . . 237
grandis, III. . . . 236
gramdarls, L., cj!c. . 239
griseus, Herbst., Sfc 239
Ida, Power. . . . 238
intermedius, Muls. . 236
laticollis, Tbouis. . . 238
Mulsanti, Bye. . . 239

267

PAGE

nanus, Sturm . . . 240

nuhilus, F 236

V. plauicollis, Thoins. 238

quadrish/natus. Bach. 237

■rufipes, Bosc. . . . 230

rugosus, 01. . . . 236

V. strigifrons, Thorns. 238

tubcrculatus, Gyll. . 235

llenicocei'us, Stepli. . . 242

oxsoulpUii^, Germ. . 243

llydaticina .... 206

llydatieus, Leach . 207

elnereus, L. . . . 209

Hylneri, F. ... 207 :

seminigor, Ue G. . . 207 I

triinsversalis, I5erg. . 207

Jli/dracktm, F. . . .158

liydrtuna, Kug. . . . 247

angu.stata, Sturm . . 2i9

iitrieapilla, Wat. . . 249

Jlavipes, Siurm . . 249

gracilis, Germ. . . 249

nigrita, Germ. . . . 248

palustris, Er. . . .248

pulchella, Germ. . . 250

pusilla, Seer. . . . 249

ptisiUa, Stepk. . . 248

pygmaa, Wat. . . 250

riparia, Kug. . . . 248

iSieboldi, Eos/i. . . 250

testaeea, Curt. . . . 248

Hydrobiina .... 221

Hydrobius, Leach . . 222

fuscipes, L 222

oblongus, IIerl>st. . . 222

picicrus. Sharp . . 222

picipes, F. . . . .222

Hydrocharis, Latr. . .220

caraboides, L. . . . 220

Hydrochiua .... 240

Hydrochus, Liacli . . 241

angustatus, Germ. . 242

brevis, Herbst. . . 241

cariuatus, Germ. . . 242

elongatus, Schall. . . 242

Hydroi)hilidtu .... 217

Hydrophilina . . . .219

Hydrophilin-.e .... 218

Hydropbihis, (J,cu[X. . . 219

piccus, L 219

Hydroporina .... 163
Hydroporus, Clairv. . . 172
ambiguus, Aub>' . . 181
angustatus, Sturui . 180
Ashworfhii, Tuuer . 187
tissimili.9, I'ayk. . .171
africeps, Crotch . .181

castaneu^, Auhe .
celatus, Clark . .
fonllueus, F. .
Davisii, Curt. . .
decorafus, Oi/U. .
deplanatus, Auhe.
depressus, P. . .
derelictus, Clark .
discrctus, Fairm. .
dorsalis, F. . . .
duodecim-pustidatus

F

elunf/ali'.lus, Bold
erythrocephalus, L.
ferrugiueus, Steph.
flavijx's, 01. .
jhtvkdiUs, Steph. .
ijeminus, F.
glabeUus, Thorns. .
granularis, L. .
griseo-striatus, De G
Gyllenhalii, Schiiidte
haleusis, F. . .
incequalis, F. .
incognitus, Sharp .
impressopunctatiis,

Schall. . . .
latus, Steph. . .
Icpidus, 01. . . .
liiieatus, F.
lituratus, F. . .
longicornis, Sharp
longulus, Muls.
marginatus, Duft.
melanarius, Sturm
melanocephalus ,

Marsh . . .
memnouius, Nic. .
minutissimus, Germ.
V. monticola. Sharp
morio, Dej. .
ncglcctus, Schauui
nigrita, F. . . .
nltidus, Sturm
novemliueatus, Steph
oblongus, Steph. .
obscurus, Sturm .
obsoletus, Auhe- .
palustris, L. . .
paratlelogrammtis,

Ahr

parallelus. Sharp
piceus, Steph. .
pictus, F. . . .
planus, F. .
pubescens, Gyll. .
quinquelineatus, Zett

AGE
184
183
168
178
168
182
171
182
185
178

171
181
182
186
176
177
165
185
176
172
180
178
168
182

169
170
177
178
186
183
183
186
184

185
184
165
184
181
179
185
187
169
187
184
187
182

169
183
180
176

186
185
168

X'AGK

rivalis, Gyll. . . . 177

rutifrons, Duft. . . 183

V. Sauuiarkii, Sahib. 177

Scalesianus, Steph. . 179

septentrionalis, Gyll. 177
tinctus, Clark . . .182

tristis, Payk. . . . 179

mnbrosus, Gyll. . . ISO

unistriatus, Schr. . . 165

versicolor, Schall. . 167

victor, Aubr . . . 186

vittula, Fr 181

xanthopus, Steph. . 186

Hydrous, Leach . . . 219

Hi/drov.s, Bridle . . 220

Hydrovatns, Mots. . . 164

clypealis, Sharp , .161

cuspidatus, Kunze , 164

Jlfigrobia, Latr. . . . 158

Jlygrotus, Steph. . . 16G

Hyphydrus, 111. . . . 165

ferrugineus, L. . . 166

ovatus, L 166

variegatiis, Auhe . . 166

Ilybius, Er 197

aenescens, Thorns. . . 200

angustior, Gyll. . . 200

ater, De G 199

feuestratus, F. . . . 198

fuligiuosus, F. . . . 198
guttiger, Gyll. . . .199

obscurus, JIarsh . . 199

sexdentatus, Schiodte 199

subscucus, Er. . . . 198

tdiginosus, L. . . . 198

Intruncatipennes . . 25

Laccobius, Er. ... 228

alutaceus, Tlioms. . 228

bipuuctatus, F. . . 229

minutus, L. ... 228

nigriceps, Thorns. . 228

sinuatus. Mots. • . 22S

Laccophilina .... 160

Laccophilus, Leach . . 161

hyalinus, De G., J^t. 161

interrupt us. Fan/.. . 161

miiiutus, Er. . . . 161

obscurus, Panz. . . 161

variegatus, Germ. . 162

Lcemostenus, Bon. . . 8-1

Lagarus, Chaud. . . . 67

Lampriiix, Bon. . . . 136

Lebiina 136

Lebia, Latr 136

chlorocephala, lloll'. . Ui7

268

INDEX.

PAGE
cvux-minor, L. . . 137
cyanocephala, L. . . 137
hajmorrlioidalis, P. . 138
marginata, Fourc. . 138
scapularis, Fourc. . 138

turcica, ¥ 138

Leiochiton, Curt. . . 26
Leistus, Frob. ... 13
ferriigiueus, L. . . 14
fulvibarbis, Dej. . . 14
montanug, Steph. . . 13
rufeseens, F. . . . 14
spinibarbis, F. . . . 13
spinilabris, Panz. . 14
terminatus, Panz. . 14

Leja 108

Liciuina 29

Licinus, Latr. ... 30
brevicollis, Dej. ■ . 31
depressus, Pavk. . . 31
granidatus, Dej. . . 31
sili)hoides, F. . . . 31
LiinuL'bius, Leach . . 280
atomus, Duft. . . . -231
marginalis, Steph. . 231
minvtissimus, Germ. . 231
nitidus. Marsh . . .231
papposus, Mills. . . 231
picliius. Marsh . . . 231
truiicatellus, Thorns. . 231
LioiiYcbus, Wiss. . . 14fi
qnadrilhim, Duft. . 146
Liopteru.i, M.C.. . . 200

Lopha. Meg 113

Loriceriua IS

Lorieera, Latr. ... 18

pilicoruis, F. . . .19

Lyiuiiajum, Steph. . . 99

nigropiceum, Marsh . 99

sulcatulum, Chaud. . 99

Lyperosomits, Mots. . 6\

Lyperus, Chaud. . . 64

Masoreina 133

Masoreus, Dej. . . . 133
luxatus, Dej. . . . 134
VVetterhalii, Gyll. . 134

Megasteniuiii, Muls. . 260
boletophagum, Marsh 260

Met:ibletus,Schm.-Goeb. 145
fov. ola, Gylh .... 145
obscuro-guttatus, Duft. 145
truncatellus, L. . . 145

Miscode ra, Esch. ... 26
arctica, Payk. ... 26
Peadii, Curt. ... 26

PAGE

Nebriina 10

Nebria, Latr 14

brevicollis, F. ... 15
comphmata, L. . . 15
cursor. Mull. ... 15
Gyllenhalii, Sch. . . 15
hyperhorea, Gyll. . 15

hvida, F 15

Notaphus, Steph. . . 117

Noterina 159

Noterus, Clairv. . . . 160
capricornis, Serbst. ,

cj-c 160

clavicornis, De G. . 160
crassicornis, Sturm . 160
sparsus, Marsh . . 160
Noliopliihis, Duiu. . . 11
aquiiticus, L. ... 12
biguttatus, F. . . . 11
paUistris, Duft. . . 12
quadriguttatus, Dej. 12
rufipes, Curt. ... 12
substriatus, Wat. . . 12

Octhebius, Leach . . 243

a3neus, Stoph. . . . 245

mrafus, Steph. . . 246

bicolou. Germ. . . 246

exaratus, IMuls. . . 244

hibernicus, Curt. . . 247

impressicolUs, Cast. . 246

itnpressus, Marsh . 245

margipallcns, Latr. . 245

uiariuus, Payk. . . 245

nanus, Steph. . . . 246

pallidus, Dej. . . . 245
Poweri, Eye. . . .246

punctatus, Steph. ' . 247

pusillus, Steph. . ■ 245

pygmseus, F. . . . 245

rufimarginatus,Steph. 246

Ocys, Steph. . , . . 103

Odacanthina .... 135

Odacautha 135

nielanura, Payk.
Olisthopus, Dej. .

rotundatus, Payk.
Omop>hron, Latr.
Oodina ....
Oodes, Bnn . .

helopioidcs, F. .
Ophonus, Steph. .
Orectochilus, Lac.

villosus. Mull. .
Oxynoptilus, Kies.

Palpicornia .

136

95

95

18

34

34

34

43

216

217

164

218

Panagajiua .
Panagajus, Latr. .

crux-major, L. .

quadripustulatus,
Sturm .
Patellimaiii . .
Patrobus, Dej.

iissimilis, Chauil.

claviiyes, Thorns.

excavatus, Payk.

septentrionis, Dej
Pedius, Mots.
Pelobiidse .
Pelobius, Schon. .

Sermanni, F. .

tardus, Herbst.
Pelopliila, Dej.

borealis, Payk.
Peltodytes, Reg. .
Percosia, Zimm.
Perileptus, Scbaum

areolatus, Creutz.
Peryphus, Meq. .
Phiihydrus, Sol. .

bicolor, F. .

coarctatus, Gredl.
frontalis, Er. .

grisescens, Gyll.

marginellus, Thon

uielanocephalus, 01

minutus, F. .

nigricans, Zett.

quadripunctatus,
Serbst. . .

testaceus, F.

suturalis, Sharp
Philocihus, Steph.
Platambus, Thorns.
Platyderus, Steph.

ruficollis, Marsh
Platynus, Brulle
Plntysma, Bon. .
Poecilus, Bon.
Pogonus, Dej. .

Burrellii, Curt.

chalceus, Marsh

littoralis, Duft.

luridipennis, Germ
Polystichina . .
Polystichus, Bon.

connexus, Fourc
fasciolatus, Daws

vittatus, Brulle
Pristonychus, Dej.

inaqualis, Panz.

terricola, Herbst

subcyaneus. III.

PAGE

27
28
28

INDEX.

269

PAGE

Pseudophomis, Mots. . 47

Ptcrosticliina .... 58

Pteiostichus, Er. ... 60

a'tliiops, Panz. . . . 63

V. affiiiis, Stui'in . . fi2

autliraciiius, 111. . . 65

aterrimus, Payk. . . 61

coBrulexcen-'i, L. . . Q'2

cristatus, Duf't. . . 63

cuprous, L 61

(iiligens, Sturm . . 66

dimidiatus, 01. ' . . 62

erythrojnis, Marsh . 66

gracilis, Dcj. ... 66

ina?qualis, Marsh . . 67

lepidus, F 62

macra. Marsh ... 67

inadidus, F 62

maurus, F. . . . . 65

melanarius, III. . . 65

minor, Gyll. ... 66

niger, Scliall. ... 65

iiigrita, F 65

oblongo-punctatus, F. 63

orlnomus, Sfeph. . . 63

parumpunclalus, Gerrn. 63

pauciseta, Thorns. . 62

picimanus, Duf't. . . 67

strcnuus, Panz. . . 66

strenmts. Daws. . . 66

striola, F 68

verualis, Gyll. ... 67

versicolor, Sturm . . 62

vitrcus, I)cj. . . . 63

vulgaris, L 65

Qiiadripalmati
Itliantus, Lac.

85

201

adspcrsus, F. .
bistriatus, Berg,
e.xoletus, Forst.
Grapii, Gyll.
notatus. Berg. .
pulverosus, Stepli

PAGE

. 203
. 202
. 201
. 201
. 202
. 202

Scaritiiia ....
Scybalicus, Schaura .

oblougiusculus, Dcj
Spercheina .
Si)crcheus, Kug.

emargiuatus, Schall
Spliffiridiina; .
Spl.ajridium, F. .

bipustulatum, F.

V. marginatum, F

scaraba'oides, F.

V. semistriatum, Cast.
Spbodrus, Clairv.

leucopthalnnis, L
Steuolophina .
Stenolojjlius, Di-j.

V. abdominali.-i, Gen

elegans, Dij. ,

melanocephalus, Heer

mixtus, llerhst

Skrimsbininus, Stepb.

Teutonus, Scbr.

vapor ariorum, F.

vesportiiiu.'f, Panz
Stero])us, Meg.
Stomis, Clairv.

pumicatus, Panz.
Sifnuchus, Gyll. .

19

55

55

232

232

233

251

252

253

253

253

253

85

85

35

35

36

36

36

37

36 I

36

36

37

62

5'J

5;i

83

pallipcs, Duft. .
Tacliys, Scbauin .

bistriatus, Duft.

bisulcalus, Nic.

Focki, Hum.

lafipennis, Sturm

pars'ulus, Dcj. .

quadrisignatus, Duft

sexstriatus, Duft

scutellaris, Germ.
Tachyta, Kirby .
Taphria, Bon.

nivalis, P;iiiz. .

vhalis. III. .
Tarus, Clairv.
Thalassophilus , Well
Tbermouectina
Trecbina . . .
Trechus, Clairv. .

discus, F.
fulvus, Dej.

incilis. Daws. .

lapidosus. Daws,

longicornis, Slurm

micros, Herbst.

minutus, F. .

V. obtusus, Er. .

paludosus, Dej.

quadrisiriatus, S'

rivularis, Gyll. .

rubeus, F. .

secalis, Payk. .
Tricena, Lee. .
Tripalmati ...
Truncatipenues

Taehycellus, Mor. . . 42

Tacbypus, Lac. . . .121

Havipcs, L 122

Zabrina ....
Zabrus, Clairv.

gibbus, F. .

piger, Fourc. .

tenebrioides, Gieze

hr

PAGE
122

96

99

97

97

97

98

98

98

98

97

83

83

83

134.

126

207

122

125

126

127

128

l:i7

126

126

127

128

]27

127

128

127

128

79

57

131

58
58
58
58
58

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V 1 The Coheoptera of the British is