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RECORDS
of the
INDIAN MUSEUM
(A JOURNAL OF INDIAN ZOOLOGY)
Vol. XI, 1915.
EDITED BY
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
INDIAN MUSEUM.
Calcutta:
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
IQI5.
E EE. TE.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
CONTENTS.
PART IV. Issued 27th AuGusST, IQI5.
A further report on Mollusca from ee Chilka on the east coast of India rr
——— Part I. Issued 24th FEBRUARY, IQI5. Page Indian Boring Sponges of the Family Clionidae I Hermit-Crabs from the Chilka Lake 25 Notes on some South Indian Batrachia 31 ERRATA. Page 567, line 5. For “‘ ployps”’ read “‘ polyps.” os te. Hor gemmatta read > gemmata.” 4 908, 5, i. Por “Hillard” read ‘* Billard.” LVULES ULL PIeSuWwadlel OpoMges, INO. AVI Wy/at Lagriidae und Aleculidae des ‘‘ Indian Museum ” 179 Notes on some Indian Chelonia. . . 189 Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, Wot 2. as oa ee Oy, Part III. Issued 24th JUNE, IQI5. Notes on Oriental Syrphidae with cc ia of new spectess- Pt. 11 = ; a6 201 Notes on Indian Mygalomorph Spiders 257
289
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
CONTENTS. —_$— Part J. Issued 24th FEBRUARY, IQI5.
Indian Boring Sponges of the Family Clionidae Hermit-Crabs from the Chilka Lake
Notes on some South Indian Batrachia
Some Oriental SawHlies in the Indian Museum
Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae) ..
Miscellanea (pp. 139-142) :— Additional Mallophaga from the Indian Museum An abnormal specimen of Nata bungarus A South Indian Flying oes Epes mala- baricus (Jerdon)
Part II. Issued 23rd APRIL, IQT5.
Contributions to a knowledge of the Terrestrial Isopoda of India, Pt. I : ~
On the Anatomy of a Burmese Slug of the Genus Atopos :
The Genus Australella and some allied species of Phy- Jactolaematous Polyzoa
Notes on Freshwater Sponges, No. XVI Lagriidae und Aleculidae des ‘“‘ Indian Museum ”’ Notes on some Indian Chelonia. .
Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, Norsk: Part III. Issued 24th JUNE, 1915.
Notes on Oriental poces, § with ea of new species, Pt. II : .-
Notes on Indian Mygalomorph Spiders
Part IV. Issued 27th AuGusST, IQI5.
A further report on Mollusca from sa Chilka on the east coast of India :
289
il Contents.
Page
XVI. Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, Indian Museum, No. 2 .. a By 3° {Se
XVII. Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, Indian Museum, No. 3 .. a oe 2. ae
XVIII. Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, No. 2 ae ae ae 3 ar XIX. Herpetological Notes and Descriptions... sgt fla
Miscellanea (pp. 349-351) :— A short note on Hydra oligactis, Pallas .. --- 349 The larvae of Rhacophorus pleurostictus, Boul. 2 349 An Albino Bulbul se = rac (= Part V. Issued 27th SEPTEMBER, IQI5.
XX. The Larvae and Pupae of some Beetles from Cochin.. 353 XXI. Cryptostomes of the Indian Museum, Pt. II 2807,
XXIJ. Notes on Pedipalpi in the collection of the Indian Museum, V He = de eee
XXIII. Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, No. 3 oe 22 os. Pee che)
XXIV. Notes on Ant-like spiders of the Family Attidae in the collection of the Indian Museum on i) 358
Part VI. Issued 30th DECEMBER, IQI5.
XXV. A Catalogue of the Lucanidae in the collection of the Indian Museum .. oe a Le. FOR
XXVI. A Revision of the Oriental Subfamilies of Tarantuli- dae (Order Pedipalpi) ce. “ae jo A383
XXVII. Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family .. Ry. af nik shgaliaer
XXVIII. Report on a collection of Mollusca from the outskirts of Caleutta nu io ry gery."
XXIX. Notes on the Habits of Indian Insects, hie ss and Arachnids ee ee ew AGB
XXX. ‘The Hydroids of the Indian Museum, II .. ae Saal
ish OF PLATES:
a Follow page
Plate I (Sponges) es we i eee Plates II—III (Polyzoa) = ee Pema 670 Plates IV—NXII (Isopoda) ae “8 Sony E52 Plate XIII (Syrphidae) a ee 20) Plate XIV (Tetriginae) es a Gf eS Plate XV (Mygalomorph Spiders) Se ie 288 Plates XVI—XIX.-(Mollusca) .. 52 hog Plates XX—XXI (Beetles) a * )2 83360 Plates XXII—XXV (Insects, Mvriapods and;Arachnids) 540 Plates XXVI—XXVIII (Parasites of Fish) .. ie Ba30 Plate XXIX (Lucanidae) Be =) Ee AQ Plates XXX, XX Xa (Hydroids). - a aoe 4508 Plate XXXI (Tarantulidae) = ms ee 50 Plate XXXII (Ant-like Spiders). . es ef OG Plate XXXIII (Trionyx and Gonatodes) .. SmI AG
Plate XXXIV (Sponges) en i Ag
LIST OF AUTHORS.
ANNANDALE, N., D.Sc.
Indian Boring Sponges of the Family Clionidae oe
The Genus Australella and some allied species of Phylac- tolaematous Polyzoa = ;
Notes on Freshwater Sponges, No. XVI
Notes on some Indian Chelonia ..
Herpetological Notes and Descriptions = e
Some Sponges parasitic on Clionidae with further notes on that family
AYYANGAR, M. O. Parthasarathy A South Indian Flying Frog: Rhacophorus malabaricus (Jerdon) a re
BArrm, . Cy Stuart, E:Z.0: An Albino Bulbul
BORCHMANN, F. Lagriidae und Aleculidae des “ Indian Museum.”
BRUNETTI, E. | Notes on Oriental Syrphidae with descriptions of new species, et. ET Fg
CoLLINGE, Walter E., M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S.
Contributions to a knowledge of the Terrestrial Isopoda ofuindia, Pt. I
GHOSH, EKENDRANATH, M.Sc.
On the Anatomy of a Burmese Slug of the Genus Atopos .. 43
GRAVELY, F. H., M.Sc.
Notes on Indian Mygalomorph Spiders :
The Larvae and Pupae of some Beetles from Cochin
Notes on Pedipalpi in the collection of the Indian Museum, V es Be See os
A Catalogue of the Lucanidae in the collection of the Indian Museum tr re a
A Revision of the Oriental Subfamilies of Tarantulidae (Order Pedipalpi) .. vs ee Pi
Notes on the Habits of Indian Insects, Myriapods and Arachnids ae ee
FAWCOCK, J.) Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae)
201
143
vi List of Authors.
Page HENDERSON, J. R., M.B., C.M., F.L.S. Hermit-Crabs from the Chilka Lake 25 KELLOGG, V. L. Additional Mallophaga from the Indian Museum (in colla- boration with Mr. S. Nakayama) aa +) SQ LAIDLAW, F. F. Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, Nos SF “ ra i zo SESE Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, NG. o5. #. ie - te Boe Notes on Oriental Dragonflies in the Indian Museum, Now 20 rs ae ms es REAUETE =. 9.5. shu. bobs. Cryptostomes of the Indian Museum, Pt. II. oe Sez NAKAYAMA, §S. Additional Mallophaga from the Indian Museum (7m colla- boration with Prof. V. L. Kellogg) a = shag NARAYAN, K., M.Sc. Notes on Ant-like Spiders of the Family Attidae in the collection of the Indian Museum a es ios: PARSHAD, BAINI, B.Sc. An abnormal specimen of Naia bungarus .. nee es) A short note on Hydra oligactis, Pallas ae <i ERAO PRESTON, H: B:, E:Z.5; A further report on Mollusca from Lake Chilka on the east coast of India oe ¢ ey 2)8) Report on a collection of Mollusca from the outskirts of Calcutta ae ie eS 7 BA7O Rao, C. R. NARAYAN Notes on some South Indian Batrachia ‘ Te RoE The larvae of Rhacophorus pleurostictus, Boul. Sgr) BAD Ritchie, J:; M-A:, Disc: The Hydroids of the Indian Museum, II... eee |
ROHWER, S. A. Some Oriental Sawflies in the Indian Museum ne
SOUTHWELL, Ti, AVRIGSe., Figs. eae.
Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, Indian Museum, No. 2 3 = as Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory, Indian Museum, No. 3 ie a iva Speake
311
INDEX.
—<
N.B.—An asterisk (*) preceding a line denotes a new variety or subspecies; a dagger (7) indicates a new species ;
genus:
A
Abia melanoceros Acacia arabica Acanthalobus bispinosus cuneatus +curticornis miliarius saginatus Acanthaspisrama .. Acanthobothrium eschrichtiit Acanthodis ululina Acanthodon Acanthus ilicifolius Acari Acaulis Acinetaria Acipenser .. Aclees birmanus Acridiidae. . af Acridium violascens .. Acridium (Tetrix) dilatatum hexodon a Acridium (Tettix) gracile Acridotheres tristis Acrotelsa collaris Acrydiinae Acrydium. . bipunctatum bispinosum ceylonicum depressum hancocki indicum mundum polypictum subulatum ttectitergum variegatum Aculeata Adelonychia nigrostriata Adesmacea Adoretus duvauceli lasiopygus versutus Aediomyia gees Aega ; : Aegidae Aegle marmelos Aegus
II4,
498, 409.
115,
500
58, OI,
94
2, 93
60,
Se 116 115,
= ED
263, 5
» SOLS
| {
a double dagger ({), synonyms are primted in italics.
Aegus adelphus capitatus chelifer
impressicollis ..
kandiensis labilis parallelus roepstorffi sinister
| Aeschnidae
Agonia saundersi Alcides collaris Alectona Aleurodidae Allantini .. Allecula arthritica yfemorata geniculata indica tsobrina ysukliensis Allec ulidae Alloniscoidea Ambassis .. Amblyocareneae Ambounia Amorphinopsis excavans
*excavans digitifera
Amphibotettix longipes ytrosaceus
Amphilina
foliacea liguloidea ymagna . neritina Amphilinidae t{Amphinotus
tpygmaeus Amphiptyches
_ Amphithemis
curvistyla +mariae vacillans Aiyciaea . . Anapeptamena viridipes
Anaporrhutum largum
ate sane Isha
a new genus or sub-
Page 426 426 427 427 427 426 410 427 410 197 372 » 373 as 504 1, 2,355 517 42 183 186 186 183 186 185 183 148
410,
367
183, 184,
263
148
‘466, 407
“A57> 466, 467, 468, 469, 474 457. 467, 469
Vill
Page
Anasida orientalis 510 yAnatina barkudaensis 309 tbarkulensis 309 tinduta my | ie Anatinacea 308. 482 Anatinidae 309, 482 yAneugmenus annandalei : 48 morio : 48 Anisodera excavata 367, 371 ferruginea : 370 guerini 307, 370 Anisoderini 370 Anisoptera ae > 197 Annandaliella 266, 269, 270, 271 travancorica 269, 271, 276, 277
tAnnulella 554, 557, 558, 559,
563, 564, 565, 566, 567
fgemmata 541, 544. 556, 558, 505, 567
Anomura .. ye a 2 Anoplotermes 511 Antestia anchorago Ue 510 Anthicidae 503, 536 Anthomyia peshawarensis ya) Res) Anthophora pulcherrima 494 Antilochus nigripes 510 Apanteles.. ee: 492 Aphnaeus hypargyrus i e505 Apidae 494 Apis SAO’ dorsata Se 493. 494 Apiochaeta ferruginea si SOG) Apoderus .. é 504 Apterotettix 58,95 obtusus : 96, 132 Arachnechthra minima - 486 Arachnida 7 257, 287, 518 Arachnoidea ae S5 | Sy Araneae 258, 532 Arbaniteae at 263 Arca (Fossularca) lactea J 208 Arcacea .. Be ae 298 Archiopsocus 513 Archisometrus mucronatus tye SIG Arcidae .. ae 298 Arcte caerulea 507 Arctophila mussitans -. 248 fsimplicipes = ey Arge albocincta 41 fumipennis 41 luteiventris 41 xanthogastra .. 4I Argidae ne a 40 Argiope aetherea Bc Fis,» SRS catenulata 537) 538 pulchella 537 Argiopidae 512, 536 Argulidae .. 325 Argulus 324, 325
foliaceus B16, 323) 32, Arhina 143, 148 tbarkulensis 143, 147 porcellioides 2 in Armachanus monoceros mw 538 Artema atlanta 536 Arthrosphaera aurocincta 518 tAsamangulia He evi tcuspidata 367, 378
Page
Asarcina 209, 210, 211 biroi 210 morokaensis 210 Ascalus laetus 398 manducator 403
Ascia 224, 226 Asilidae 509 Aspongopus janus 510 singhalanus , 509 Assiminea francesiae 480 Assimineidae 480 Asteromeyenia 173 Asyncoryne 558 ryniensis 557 Athalia 46 infumata 46 proxima 40 Athermantus 40 imperialis 40, 41 Atmetochilus fossor ; 262 Atomiosoma sts me 326 Atopos 33 153 tAtopos (Parapodangia) gravelyi 153 Atopos (Podangia) kempii 155, 161 sanguinolenta . . 355, 159 Attidae 393, 405, 539 Aularches miliaris 486, 487 Auriculidae ae aA7S Australella fey} ‘164, 167 yindica 164, 165 166, 167, 169 jheringi : 164, 168 lendenfeldi 164. 166, 167 Avicula.. Bs 8
Aviculariidae ‘260, 532
Aviculariinae 259, 265, 267, "268, 270, 271, 280, 282, 287
Axinellidae Sz 457, 466, 467 Axona 4é ats Se 231 chaleopygus ot Si cyanea bs een
B
Baccha J; Serene tapicenotata 221, 222 austeni 218 bicineta 219 chalybea 219 circumcincta 218
dispar 13 216 telegans ce 219, 220, 222 flavopunctata .. 219, 221
loriae ms 218 mundula 218 nubilipennis .. pe Seales pallida ae, oe) eae pedicellata a 218, 219 tplumbicincta .. 222 pulchrifrons 218 purpuricola.. 218 robusta ak eee Ae) rubella “r 218 vespaeformis .. tee TS Baeus apterus 538 Balanidae 469 Balearica pavonica 139 Barbus 315 Barycheleae 263
Barychelinae Batocera rubus Batrachia Batrachidinae Bauhinia .. Baza jerdoni }Beleses nigriceps Bellia crassicollis Birmana gracilis Blastothela Blattidae. . Bolax Bolotettix anomalus tarmatus exsertus tinermis lobatus oculatus tpictipes fquadratus {triangularis Bombus haemorrhoidalis trifasciatus Borboresthes fuliginosus tsuturalis Botryonopa sheppardi Botryonopini c Branchiocerianthus Brachispa : Brachinia xerophaga | Brachydontes emarginata Brachytrypes achatinus portentosus Braconidae Branchiura Brontes Bufo fergusoni : melanostictus .. stomaticus Bulla (Haminea) crocata Bullia vittata Bullidae tBusarbidea oh *himalaiensis ..
C
Cacopus systoma Caenocoris marginatus Caenoptychus pulchellus Calcabrina plicata Calliobothriinae Calliobothrium eschrichtii Calochromus melanurus Calosoma orientale Calotes Canna as {Canonias assamensis inopinus Cantharis rouxi sae Canthecona furcellata Capionema pallasi Capnoptera Capritermes
Page 263, 503 140 131 499 140 51 194 SO MOL 61
556
485
: 501 57, 75> 88
31 O*3 60,
ele 76, 77, 78,
75> 76 risa dt | 76, 19 76, 80 218
237.
186
186
367, 368 > 5 -HGts) 556
378
506
481
488
37
510
539
458
333
aeeis)
333, 334 362
502
38
499
51
51 503 510 568 488 499
270 |
Page
Carabidae 56 ee esO2 Carcinoma 30 ahaa 320 Cardanus sulcatus eA 31 Cardiacea 299 Cardiidae 299 Cardium (Fulvia) rugatum 299 Casnonidea brevicollis 183 | Caspionema 550 pallasi 559 Cassia ven 409 Catageus 430, 437 pusillus 437, 520 rimosus ae 137, Catapiestus mee 3305 indicus 363, 364, 366
Catla buchanani Bit slOs 325 Catogenus rufus as 355 Catopsilia crocale 495 Cecidomyidae 507 Cephonodes hylas 506 Cerambicidae enc OF Cercaria 314, 316, 330 Cercopidae 515, 516 Ceria 3 DAO, Was OLA compacta ac 250
ferux 253 eumenoides 253 flavipennis 250 fruhstorferi 250 }fulvescens 251 himalayensis 250 javana 251 obscura 250 yornatifrons 252 triangulifera 251 trinotata 251 Cerinae 250 Cérioides .. 250 Cerithiidae 290 Cerogria basalis 181 flavicornis 181 nepalensis 181 quadrimaculata 181 Cestoda 335 Cestodaria 326, 328 Cestodes monogeneses 326 Cestoidea monozoa 326 Chalcidae 492 Chalininae 173 Chama 9 Chamaesyrphus nigripes j5 - 26) Charinides 437, 442, 522, 5260, 529, 530, 531
bengalensis 442, 451, 526, Fees
528, 531
Charinus 437, 442, 446 australianus ¥- 42 insularis 442 neocaledonicus 2 seychellarum SE Ae Charon 435, 430, 437, 446 annulipes sa AAG australianus 446 cavernicola 444
grayi 440 savawakensis A441 Charontinae 484 435, 436, 526 Chelonia 189, 347
tChilkaia fimitatrix ..
Chilobrachys 266, 267, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 533 assamensis 284, 285 fimbriatus oe wey 260 fumosus 284, 285, 532 hardwickii 285, 286 nitellinus : afl 250 stridulans F Ae 286 Chilobrachys (‘‘ My gale ’) stridu- lans ; 532 Chilosia 204, 234 apicalis . 204 grossa Xe 206, 207 thirticincta Ae sig tout javanensis = xa A ZES) nigroaenea te sis 204 tplumbiventris sae 205 Chirixalus doriae eS) - fsimus 345, 340 Chironomidae ie 507 Chironomus 507, 508 ceylanicus as 507 fasciatipennis .. 507 Chitra indica 347 Chlorogomphinae 197 Chlorogomphus 197 Choeridionini 371 Chondrilla sey "469, 470, 471, 472 oe 474, 477 distincta 457, 470, 471 mixta 457, 479, 471 nucula 457, 470, 471 Chondrillae 471, 474 Chondrosiidae 457, 470 Chonopeltis $7 325 Chorinemus lysan : 7329 *Chrysallida (Mormula) ecclesia 295 humilis 294, 295 *humilis chilkaensis ot) 205 }nadiensis a 295, 296 Chrysidae 493 Chrysis fuscipennis 493 Chrysochlamys : ne 234 +Chrysogaster (Orthoneura) in- dica A 203 Chrysomelidae Aen 308 Chrysotoxinae - 249, 254 +Chrysotoxum convexuin . 249 intermedium 250 sexfasciatum 254 Cibdela janthina 40 Cicadidae .. 514 Ciciudela biramosa ie 502 Cicindelidae §O1. 502 Cimbicidae 39 Cimex 514 rotundatus 513 _Cimicidae ate, 513 Cirrhina latia Oly Bish aT5y Glo mirgala oa SH Gs Cirrochroa bajadeta em UbOS Cissites debeyi 503 testaceus 503 Cistelomorpha alternans 188 andrewesi 187 trabeata 188
tCistelopsis aborensis rt: 7
Page
+Cistelopsis rufa 187 validicornis 187 Cladius orientalis 53 Cladognathinae eet Or, Cladognathus 407, 416 arrowi on ee confucius 416 giraffa 416 Cladonotinae 36, 61, 96 Cladonotus a: 56, 61 humbertianus .. 61, 62 latiramus 62 pelops 62 turrifer 62 Clavicornia a> BO Clementia annandalei— 301 Cleridae: 577 503 Clerodendron phlomidis 510 Clibanarius 28 longitarsis 25 26, 27, 28 tolivaceus ae 26, 28 padavensis te aA Cliona L253 525s Os ao onl bk Ones
459, 464, 466, 469, 470,
471, 472, 473, 475 abyssorum oe 5 fFacustella 4, 6, 14, 473 bacilliferva : ue 8 tannulifera Ay 55.0%, Os LOnmuen 18, 477, 478 carpenteri Aeris =D 9, 457, 462 celata Al, 1513 O58 7 OeeLO. ee ensifera AGS ols 13, 460, 471, 477 gracilis — = ie 4 indica 45.5380 }kempi 457, 462, 463 lobata 460, 462, 463 margaritifera 4505 michelini 4, 5, 6, 462 millepunctata 45 a7 mucronata 4. Oy 125 as ewes 62, 463, 477, 478 mussae 4, 5,57 orientalis A, O30 35 vn patera Ay 7k Selo purpurea wat eee quadrata 5. 457, 462 sceptrellifera Ss a71 stellifera 13, 470, 471 vastifica ASUS ONO Meee. 462, 473; 477
velans viridis 4, 6, ‘Ta, £3); 14, 16, re 465, 479, 471, 477 warvent AbiSina7 3 4oe Clionidae alle “457, 462, 467, 473, ; 474, 475, 476, 477, 478 Clionopsis. . oe Te Cliothosa .. 2,3, 10,i2 pues seurati 21 Clubionidae 538 Coccidae 517 Coelaenomenoderini 372 Coenobita 204 cavipes 29 compressus 29 rugosus See ota 29
Page Criotettix obscurus 85, 132 oculatus ae 70 orientalis 83, 85 tpallidus 83, 85 rugosus ae 84, 132 saginatus 93 spinilobus 83, ; 8 yee subulatus es 90 tricarinatus 82, 85 vidali 84, 89 Croce 3 et AG?2 filipennis 484, 492 Crossobothrium : 3823333 Crossotarsus bonvouloiri 2 504 Cryptostomata ar My 368 Crytauchenieae 262 Ctenizinae ae ty 200: Cubaris ag 143 fgranulatus 143, 151 ynacrum 143, 150 ysolidulus 143, 149 Cucujidae 353, 498 Cucujus clavipes 355 coccinatus a 355 haematodes .. fer s65 spartit 356 _ Culex vishnui 508 Culicidae .. 5) Gols: 7Cumingia hinduorum 307, 308 Curculionidae Fam 504. | {Cuspidaria annandalei 307, 308, 482 Cuspidariidae se 308, 482 Cybium guttatum 329 regale : 326 Cyclommatus tarandus 421 {Cyclostrema (Tubiola) innocens 296, 299 Cyclostrematidae 296 Cyprinodon variegatus SO) le one Cypriuus carpio Bi 32 danicontus ay 3s Cypselus affinis 140 Cyrena bengalensis 481 Cyrenidae 481 Cyriopagus minax 281 epaganus io. aptonl Cyriopagus (‘‘ Melopoeus “)minax 533 Cyrtophora rs 535 537 ciccatrosa Gia, Gli. 534: 538 citricola F 537 feae 538 Cyrtotrachelus longipes 504 Cytherea mactroides 300
Page | Coenobita violascens 29 Coleoptera 495 Collyris emarginata 502 Colpocephalum flavescens 139 miandrium 139 subpachygaster 39 Comiboena biplagiata $e 500"! Conchacea 300, 481 Conorhinus rubrofasiatus Beers Sikik | Conosia irrorata : 508 | Conothele birmanica .. ; 260 Copepoda .. : : 324, 325 | Coppatias 20, 461, 475, 476 yinvestigatrix 457, 460, 4061, 474, 476, 478 penetrans 457, 459, 460, 474 Coppatias ees) penetrans 459 Coprinae : ESOL Coptosoma cribraria PESTO Coptotettix 60, 90, 104, 116, 118, 120 acuteterminatus IOI, 106, 132 tannandalei 117, 119 yartolobus 118, 121, 132 asperatus Sige di tite’ capitatus 116, 118 | +conspersus wi, LR air curtipennis Soe Ghage nie} fossulatus 116, 118 | indicus 720% | interruptus Hi Vi7iey Aes | alle) 9] latifrons 106, 132 nullipennis Se LOOR,| parvulus 116, 118 | problematica OS) yretractus 117, 120 testaceus SS, AMT tumidus be 106 Corbicula (Velorita) satparaensis. 300 | Cordylophora lacustris R51 whiteleggi 168 Coreidae 510 Coremiocnemis 283 cunicularius 533 Corethrella inepta 508 Corticium plicatum 458 Corvultur albicollis 139 Corvus corax 139 splendens ie 139 Corymorpha 554) 556, 562, 564, 568 nutans 557 palma ESOS Corynidae _ x 558, 506 *Criorhina imitator .. 236, 237 Criotettix .. 58, 75, 82, 90 aequalis 83, 87 yannandalei 84, 87, 88, 132 jdohertyi 83, 86 exsertus Es 88, 132 extremus 89 flavopictus See 88 grandis 84, 89 fgravelyi 84, 387, 88 indicus 83, 85 | maximus : 84, 89 maximus extremus 84 miliarius 92 montanus " 83, ay nodulosus f
D Dactyella a ie AZO
Dactylispa spinosa 367, 379 Dactylopius citri AA) G7 Dacus 509 Dalader acuticosta 510 Damarchus assamensis 263
oatesii Se hile 2603
Damon 435, 447, 448, 455 variegatus : ae a5 5 Dasyleurotettix curriei 133 Deltonotus 56, 61 gibbiceps 61
Deltonotus subcullatus tectiformis Dendrophagus Dercitus plicata plicatus simplea Dermaptera Desmaciodonidae Diacamma
Diagramma crassispin um
Diapus furtivus : quinquespinatus Dibranchia de Dicladispa Dicoryne conybearei Dictynidae Dideoides ovata Dilophotes F Dindymus sanguineus Diogenes ‘ avarus miles
Xii
Page OI Drosera 5 61 Dundubia interme rata
350 Dynastinae 458 | Dyscliona ..
458 458 : 485 E 457, 4604 | Echinomyia ‘ 495 | Ectomocoris cordiger Bit ate Ectyoninae 326, 328 | Embia major
504 | Embioptera : 504 | Emesinae 306, 482 | Emyda granosa 379 | Engystomatidae
, 565, 567 | tEnnurensis thi-pidus 55 Entomostethus assamensis 536 | hirticornis 210 | laticarinatus
362 | Entozoa
510 | Ephydatia
294 | Epilampra 28 | Epipolasidae 28 | Episphenus
Dioptoma adamsi 502 indicus 5c Diplatys gladiator 485 neelgherriensis longisetosa 485 | +Epitonium hamatulae nigriceps ; 485 | Eresidae & +Diplodonta barhampurensis “301, 302 | Ergatettix tarsalis tsatparaensis 301, 302 | }+Eriozona himalayensis Diplodonta (Felania) annandalei 303 | Eristalinae 8 chilkaensis 303 | Eristalis ovalis 303 aeneus Diploposthe laevis xe 3G arvorum Diplotheie walshi 263, 533 collaris Diplotheleae 263 cupreus Diplurinae 286 externus Diptera .. 507 fenestratus Discotettix belzebuth 133 ferrugineus Disparoneura atkinsoni 388 heterothrix caesia 388 inscriptus centralis 388 kobusi gomphoides 388 kochi interrupta 388 lucilia oculata oa 388 lunatus quadrimac ulata. 387, a 391 maculipennis sita 388 muscoides tenax 388 nebulipennis verticalis 388 neptunus westermanni 388 niger ne Distolaca . 372 nigroscutatus .. Docophorus gonorhynchus 139 nitidulus rostratus 139 obliquus Dolops 325 | obscuritarsis Donacidae 303 | orientalis Donax pulchella 303 | posteriptus Dorcus 407; pe 409, ‘422, 425 quadrilineatus antaeus 422, 423 quinquestriatus brachycerus Bila resolutus hopei 423 | saphirina laevidorsis : 423 | sepulchralis ratiocinativus .. 422 | simpliciceps rugosus 425 sinensis suturalis 407 solitus vicinus 422 splendens tyaksha Eu 422 | suavissimus Dorylaea rhombifolia 528 | taphicus
Dotona
2,15 tenax
457;
Sd ho lee
229,
230 230 256 231 229 231 230 228 230 22
22
228 228 229 230 228 256 229 230 229 229 229 228
Page Kristalis tenax campestris 228 tortuosa 229 tristriatus 231 Eristalomyia 230 | Erthesina fullo 510 | Erycinacea 298 Erycinidae 2S Esox lucius 313, 324 Ethmostigmus pygomegas B17 Eublenmma 506 Eudendrium ramosum eS OD Eugavialidium 57, 65, 67, 87, 133, 134 yangulatum ahs 69, 13, 74 birmanicum 605 70s flv 720073 biymant : é 73 }discalis 66, 68, 71 {chinensis 68, 134 feae 69, 73 flavopictus 69, 73 hastatum Sl 32 hastulatum 132 india £6 67 indicum OS 725078 tkempi : 69, 72 +multidentatum 68, 70, 132 }saussurei 70, 14 Eugubinus 512, 513 araneus 512 intrudans 512 reticolus 512 EHumastax 487 Eumegalodon blanchardi 488 Tumenes conica 493 dimidiatipennis | 493 Eumenidae 493 Eumerus 201, 239 yaeneithorax 244° albifrons 244 aurifrons 239, 240 flavicinctus 239 }flavipes ae 24 thalictiformis 241, 242 thalictoides 242 macrocerus 239 nepalensis 239, 240 nicobarensis 239 niveipes 239 parallelus 239 peitatus Pee 230) tpulcherrima 243, 244 rufoscutellatus e230 tsexvittatus Si ais splendens 239, 240, 244 Ruparatettix 50, 24, 12 corpulentus 125,120, 132 crasstpes 130 interruptus Fee OS 2 nodulosus we 12 parvus : 129 oe 124, Wee 132, 136 *personatus birmanicus 124, 125, 132 personatus longicornis 132 pilosus See PIS a tenuis in GRACE sie variabilis TOR eeR20y) TaD Eupatorus hardwickei 498 Huryenema herculanea 486
Xiil
Page
Rurymorphopus 58 latilobus 95 Eurypon Mer Ay3 Hurytracheius 407, 408, 409, 424, 425 fulvonotatus .. Se el parcellens 424 reichei 424, 426 rugosus soo alee submolaris 424, 425 tityus 424, 425, 426 }travancorica Henn A25 FHuscorpius carpathicus 518 Euspongilla 173 Eutermes lacustris 491 monoceros 490
F Fethalia ; 46 Ficus elastica 503, 504 roxburghii LAO? Figulus interruptus 430 scaritiformis 431 Flabellifera 322 Formicidae 495 Formicomus 503 Fossaridae 291 Fredericella sultana indica 168 Fulgoridae 514 G
Galeodes indicus 532
Galeommidae 299 Gasteracantha brevispina 534 yasterodiscus hominis 316 Gasterosteus 324 Gastropoda 289, 479 Gavialidium Rie Gi alligator 74 biymanicum We crocodilus 74 philippinum 73, 74 Gehydrophila 479 Geisha distinctissima 514 Geniates 500, 501 impressicollis 501 Geoemyda indopeninsularis 347 silvatica | 194 tricarinata 194, 347 trijuga IQI, I92 trijuga coronata 192, 193 trijuga edeniana 192, 347 *trijuga plumbea 192 trijuga madraspatana 192, 193 trijuga thermalis 192, 194 Geophilidae 530 Gignotettix 56, 62 burri 62 Glugea bombycis 312 Gnapholoryx velutinus 420 Gonatodes gracilis 345 wynadensis 345 tbireticulatus 344 Gongylus gongylodes 486 Goniodes bicuspidatus ay 139 Gonionemus 557, 500, 561, 562, 563 murbachii 552, 560, 568
Xiv
Page Gonophora Bae bengalensis 367, 373 haemorrhoidalis 367, 373 haemorrhoidalis niasensis 373 haemorrhoidalis undulata 373 Gonophorini 372 Gorgyrella ae 260 Graptomyza atripes .. 226 brevirostris 226 cornuta 250 flavipes 227 jacobsoni 227 longicornis 227 longirostris 226 punctata 226 +tinctovittata 227 trilineata 227 Graptomyza ventralis” 226 ventralis nigripes 226 Gryllacris aequalis 487 Gryllidae .. 488 Gymnogonos 550 yyrocotyle 328 H Haleremita 549, 557, 500, 561, 563 cumulans 560, 501, 568 Haliaster indicus ee 39 Haploclastus 2G cervinus 270. }kayi 278, 279 nilgirinus Sey) Harmatelia bilinea eb OZ Harmochirus 394, 395 albi-barbis 394, 395 brachiatus 394, 395 tlloydii 394, 395 malaccensis 3904, 395 Harpactoy charsonesus See 5 flavus vs a 511 Harpodon nehereus .. 311, 329 Hectarthrum a 498 Hedotettix 60, 121 abortus : 123 attenuatus [221230032 costatus 120, 023,032 }cristitergus 127, dee diminutus ; 123 festwus 5 SC 123 gracilis 120, 12s os abet eree }grossus 122, 124 punctatus 122 Helicomitus dicax ee 492 Heligmomerus 260, 261, 262 Heliocopris bucephalus 501 monhotus 501 Helophilus curvigaster 231 fulvus Me 233 niveiceps any 231 quadrivittatus 231 scutatus 231 vestitus 231 +Hemichroa major 53 {Hemiporcellio 143, 146 }carinatus 143, 145 thispidus 143, 146 Hemiptera SERS
pee
Hemisodorcus 407, 408, 409, 421, 424 fulvonotatus ea Or nepalensis 407, 421 suturalis } 22 Henicocephalidae 510 Henicocephalus 511 basalis 510 telescopicus 510 Herennia ornatissima 537 Heterocera 506 Heterochthes andamanensis 416 Heterocordyle 567 Heterometrus phipsoni 1 . J 50S Heterophrictus 266, 269, 273 Heteropoda thoracica i, / Sao venatoria 539 Heterostephanus 556 annulicornis ot 557 Hexarthrius 409, 414 davisoni fee ton forsteri 409, 414 mniszechi see eee parryi sa 414 tHexocera 93, 133 dentifer en 134 hexodon 133, 134 Tsexspicata oo RBS Hibiscus 499 Hierodula bipapilla 486 Hindoloides os 2 5TO indicans [tins Aids) Hispa 374, 379, 381 aenescens 379, 380 armigera 367, 379, 380
atya 3745 375 cyantpennis 379, 380 evinecea ye 381 saltatrix 379 Hispella oe 374 andrewesi 367, 375, 376
atra Saesfento yds brachycera 375 ceylonica ee 375 ramosa 307, 375, 376 stygia 367, 375 Hispellinus ar ete esi) Hispinae 367, 368, 378, 379 Hispini s See thadeic dc) Hispopria : = 308 Holocentrum rubrum 311, 330 Holostomun cuticula Bree esis Homalattus 394, 405 Homodes fulva SR Specie) Homoptera 516 Houbara (Otis) ) macqueeni 139 Huechys anguinea 514 Huphina rembra a 505 tHyboella : 59, 104, 118 acuteterminata _ 105, 106 tangulifrons 105, 108 tconioptica 106, 109 dilatata 105, 109 latifrons 104, 107 nullipennis ; 105, 106 tobesa 105, 107, 109, 136 problematica 106, 102 ttentata 104, 105, 106 tumida 105, 106
XV
Page Hybotettix CLG 2a Hydra 349, $08, 553, 557, 558, 559, 563, 565, 566 fusca 547, 558, 568 oligactis 167, 349 orientalis aS OF vulgaris orientalis 349 Hydractinia Sc eee G62 Hydridae 557, 558, 501, 565, 566 Hydrobiidae 5 ee 202 Hydroidae sa HSS Hydrozoa 167, 547, 562 Hyliota SEA ESS) Hylotoma albocincta 41 tmperialis 40 microcephala 4l simensts AI Hymenolepididae 334 Hymenolepis breviannulata Ba 334 Hymenoptera hs Se (492 Hymenopus bicornis i) aA 86 Hypoctonus oatesi 523 Hypolophus at 32 sephen 331, 333, 335 Hypolytus 5575 565 murbachii es 565 peregrinus 542, 557 | Ichneumonidae “ = 492 Ichthyophis glutinosus ELIcolotern a 34015) monochrous 347 | Idiocerus . 516 Idiopeae eee ny ZOO) Idiops 260, 26% ‘| }biharicus 261 | constructor ; 262 tIndatettix 60, 127 teallosus 128, 130 crassipes 12959130, 032 *crassipes var. A. aff 129, 131 *crassipes var. B. hybridus 129, 31, 132 crassipes var. C. bengalen- sis ass 129, 131 interruptus D201 3ONeESe interruptus var. A. aff. 128, 130 *interruptus var. B. lobulo- sus 128, 130 interruptus var. C, 128, 130 nodulosus LD ppe2O nets 2 parvus ae 127~ 1295132 Inopeplus praeustus .. Pe Ss hO Insecta : 484 Iphthimus italicus 306 Ipomoea 510 jIravadia princeps .. Jon 480 Ischnoccleae 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.2 Ischnocolus : ¥ sae 333 brevipes 267, 268, 282 ornatus 267, 268 subarmatus 282 Isis 12, 13 Isopoda 143 Isoptera 490
Page Isyudus pilosipes iat Ixalus travancoricus 37
J | Janides bochus Se A SOS Jassidae .. Sriee 5 LO Javeta pallida 307, 372 Jermakia .. os: 46
K Kallima inachus - SOS {Kellya chilkaensis 298, 299 +mahosaensis 298, 299
fe Labeo rohita Shiii, BS, GOS. Day), Sols Labidura bengalensis -2 | 485 | lividipes EA SS riparia a ASS Labochirus 5 520, 521 | proboscideus RIG, S20M 52m Roe Laemobothrium titan 140 Laemophloeus ater 356 bimaculatus 356 clematidis 356 denticulatus 357 dufouri : 2 Ash ferugineus oY Sone S57 hypobori o Sa e357 juniperi oe Re aay monilis SEY, testaceus 5. AS. Pets 7 Lagerstroemia po 460 Lagria concolor 179, 180, I81 tfoveifrons eo BIL 7O *foveifrons sumatrana Su Keto) hirticollis SIG fnigrita si 32 £80 ruficollis 179 ventralis 179 Lagriidae .. : 179 Lagriocera cavicornis 182 Lamellibranchiata eee 200 Lamellicornia 495, 498, 518 Lamellitettix 59, 103 acutus Be 103 }fletcheri ; we LOS pluricarinatus ae 103 Lampra .. SO Lamprophorus tenebrosus 502 Lampyridae : 360 Lapindus emarginatus . 494 Lates calcarifer ; ells Lathropus sepicola .. meh (isa 7 Laxosuberites aquaedulcioris 473 Locustidae oh 487 Leumuriana apicalis oe Sal Lepidoptera 505, 500 Leptaulax bicolor 496 Leucophaea surinamensis 485 Leucothyreus trochantericus 501 Libellulinae 337 Limosina equitans 509
XVI
Page Limulus moluccanus 518 rotundicauda 518 Liogryllus bimaculatus 488 Lipeurus antilogus 139 longus 139 Liphistiidae 260 Liphistius 260 Liriope A 3< SY 557 tLitiopa (Alaba) copiosa 291, 292 kempi Be) toy Litiopidae 292 Logaeus subopacus 503 Lohita grandis 510 Lonchodinae 486 Lophopinae eos Lophopus jheringt 163, 168 lendenfeldi 163, 167 Loxilobus 58, 90 acutus 90, QI assamus go hancocki 90 +parvispinus 90, gl VUZOSUS gO tstriatus gI subulatus 90 Lubomirskia ite} -| Lucanidae 407 , 408, 409, 497 Lucanus 4II cantori 408, ‘410, 4Il laminifer AI lunifer AT. ‘412, 413 mearsi 411, 412, 413 smithi AU; AL ATs villosus 412, 413 westermanni All, 413 Lycastris cornutus 237, Lycidae. . 358, 361, 362 Lycosidae 539 Lycus "360, 361 Lycus (Iyycostomus) melanurus . 361 Lygaeidae 510 Lygaeus equestris 510 Lygistopterus ‘ 362 Lyonsia samalinsulae 379 Lyonsiidae sich. 9300 Lyrognathus 283, 284 crotalis eam C2 Oe pugnax reo: Lyropaeus 300, 361, 362 aurantiacus : ft ose biguttatus 358, 361, 362, 363 M Macaranga pustulata dnt RAOT Machaerota 515, 516 guttigera 515 planitiae =v 515, 516 - Macoma gubernaculum Ses tet Macrispa 308, 369 tkrishnalohita 367, 369 saundersi 368, 369, 370 Macrolinus rotundifrons Se ee Toy. Macrothele vidua 286 Macrotheleae 286 Mactridae . . 305 Malacodermidae 502 Malleus Ss 9,,2 \ 22, 473
Page
Mallophaga 139 Mallota rufipes 232 Mantidae .. 486 Margaritifera 5,8 vulgaris 9 Margelopsis 557 gibbesi 563 haeckelii ii 8503 stylostoma 558, 563 Mastax ME pe fe Mazarredia 59, 96, 97, 104 convergens 98, 101 cristulata 99, 102
dubia g8, 101 tghumtiana 98, 100, 132 inequalis 97, 99 insularis 99, 102 laticeps 98, 102 latifrons 99, 102 lativertex 98, 100 lugubris 79, 132 ophthalnica 99, 102 tperplexa 98, 101 seulpta 98, 100 sikkimensis 98, 100 tsinglaensis 97, 99 Mecopoda elongata 487 Megachile disjuncta 494 Megaspis - 231 argy rocephalus 231 chrysopygus 231 crassus 231 errans 231 sculptatus 231 tyvansvervsus 231 zonalis 231 Melanitis ismene 505 Melanostoma 207, 209 ambiguum 207 cingulatum 209 dubium 207 hemiptera 209, 210 mellinum 207, 208 4-notatum 250 4-notatum gedehensis 256 orientale 207, 208 scalare ; 207 univittatum 208, 209 Melasina energa s 506 Melithreptus distinctus 212 novaeguinea 212 Mellipona iridipennis 494 vidua 511 Meloidae 503 Melopoeus 281 minax 280, 281 Membracidae 514, 515 Menephilus curvipus .. Ae eS.” cylindricus 306 Menopon gonophaeum 139 nigrum . 139 Meretrix casta 300 morphina 300
ovum 300 +Merodon ornatus He 232 Meroe scripta : “300 Metopodontus 417 asteriscus 410
XVil
Page Metopodontus biplagiatus 419, ee 421 | Mygalomorphae Se 257, 266 *biplagiatus indicus 420 | Myiolepta .. ae ~ biplagiatus nigripes aon 420 thimalayana calcaratus re .. 419 | Myriapoda.. or cinnamomeus .. .. 47 | Myriothela 556, 564, 566, foveatus ae 417, 418 cocksii 554, 560, 563, *foveatus birmanicus 411, 418 phrygia 560, 563, 564, foveatus poultoni 417, 418 | Myriothelinae . sae impressus af .. 419 | tMyrmarachne incertus 396, jenkinsi ais en ALO thimalayensis .. 399, maclellandi Efe 410, 419 laetus 398, 399, 401, « occipitalis acs 410, 420 *laetus flavus .. nA poultont ae ce OAEz manducator .. 401, 402, suturalis * oe NATO {paivae as ES wentzel-heckmannae x 410 plataleoides .. 306 Metrodorinae x2 58, 95 praelonga Microciona pusilla .. a 466 providens ; we Microdon annandalei 266 frammunni fe 400, 402, fulvipes 255 tsatarensis : me fuscus 256 tristis a 307.5, grageti 256 yuniseriatus : = cA indicus 2s | Mytilacea .. si 200 limbinervis 2sc | Mytilidae .. ot 207, novae-guineae .. 255 | Mytilus smaragdinus .. : odyneroides 25s | Myxobolidae : oe simplicicornis .. 2cc | Myxobolus a Cie stilboides 255 cyprini sumatranus 256 pteifferi E ae yunicolor 255 | Myxosporidia an eTon tricinctus 256 vespiformis act Mee todcitinac oe : _ Microhydra 357 | Nabis capsiformis Microhyla .. 33 | Naia bungarus ornata ane 330-34 Nala lividipes ee ie + rubra en 31, 32, 33, 34 | Nassa denegabilis 2! 290, Milesia balteata AP ce 248 tfossae . doriae He ae 248 orissaensis ‘ ~ 290, ferruginosa mee 247, 248 orissaensis ennurensis gigas ae ee dey: marratti himalayensis .. ; re As sistroidea ae macularis ce ay 248 Nassidae .. os 200, jfsexmaculata .. Fy 248 Natica maculosa simulans a Zz 256 marochiensis variegata a He. “o48 Naticidae . Milesinae .. oi 233, 234 Nausibius dentatus Milvus melanotis Hi .. 139 | Naxa textilis hugeli Mixogaster vespiformis Sea AS Neaera Modiola undulata a .. 298 | Nematura. undulata crassicostata .. 2098 Nemesiellus Moerisia_ .. 556, 559, 560, 565, 566 Nemopsis . ‘ lyonsi a 559, 568 y;Nemostira cey lanica Molpastes burmanicus ent ai thirta Monaxonellida me 457, 459 terminata Se Monocaulus Sf .. 56 | Neochilobrachys fe 282 Monochirus xi is iGera78 brevipes ; Bh fsthulacundus .. 367, 373 subarmatus.. 282, Monohispa e P 379 Neolucanus castanopterus Be Monosoma ie ie 42 lama ; Monostegia = es 42 marginatus tMonostegidea ae ate Z parryi tleucomelaena *) 23 43 Neomelicharia furtiva a nigriceps ee iy: 43 | Neostromboceros coeruleiceps Monostomum foliaceum i 328 tsimilaris Muscidae .. i f" £00 trifoveatus Mutillidae .. A .. 493 | Nepenthes eA Lr Myacea... e .. 305 | Nephila maculata re 536, 5:
Mygale fasciata a rib Meetaee Nephotettix apicalis ..
Q ANNW FN
OOO RW WW \ OO
XVill
Page Nephotettix bipunctatus Praenrs tO Nepita conferta S18 ar 500 Neptius he Ae ais 372 Neritidae ee 296, 480 Neritina souverbiana .. 296 +Nesoselandria rufiventris a 48 Neuroptera ve s. | 401 Nezara viridula 510 Nigidius 427 birmanicus Ha, %43O +dawnae 427, 430, 497 distinctus 430, 497 elongatus 410 t+himalayae 5) SALONS impressicollis 430, 497 obesus 428, 429 oxyotus 430 vagatus 410 Nilus : ye 534 Nirmus rufus A 3 139 Nitzschia minor ae aie 140 Nomotettix compressus ee S65 tartarus ne ays 135 Notanatolica vivipara 492 Nuria danrica fe Zio BiG danrica grahami Sheil Shits Nyroca ferina Bishi suet O Ochromyia jejuna.. iy SOO Odonata .. si AG 4QI Odontolabinae Mt 407 Odontolabis 3 Be ui aeratus 416 burmeisteri 410, 415 carinatus 416 cuvera 415 delesserti 415 latipennis 416 siva oe vo) abuls Odontotermes 7 -- 491 Odostomia chilkaensis 296 Odynerus punctum ae 493 Oecophylla smaragdinea 396, 397, 495, 538 Olea fragrans ie A 506 Oligotoma michaeli 489 saundersi 490 Oliva ry as ia 8 Omothymus schioedtei de ests Oncocephala quadrilobata 367, 372 Oncocephalini a Ae ore Ophideres fullonica .. rele MSO Ophiocephalus gachua 330 marulius 330 striatus 330
Opisthobranchia
297 Ornithoctoneae
267, 268, 280
Ornithoctonus 5 cet Orogomphus 5 5 197 atkinsoni 197, 198, 199 dyak 197, 198 speciosus 197, 198, 199 splendidus ~ 7, Orphnoecus m: odie 285 Orisnome marmorea ,. ef 537 Orthoptera 55, 485, 488
Page Orthoptera saltatoria 489 Oryctes rhinoceros 498 Ostrea “sh 5585 475 cuculata Ee 23 IS imbricata ae PE 15 viriginiana - ~462 Oxyphyllum of 56, OL pennatum oe a 61 | Oxyrhachys tarandus deete Sion Pp Pachastrellidae 457, 458 Pachyidiops : <=) 260 _ Pachylomereae ae 260 Pachylophus adjacens 0 91486 Pachyprotasis versicolor Bs 46 Paguridae te a 25 Pampsilota ye 41, 42 tnigriceps ‘ve Ss 42 sinensis a 41, 42 Papilio polytes oe esol Papilioninae Ae se eon Parabuthus capensis .. Bd} Gils liosoma ote “ooo STB Paracopium cingalense Se LO Paragus .. we a eon atratus : ae 202 indica ae |S 2OD politus Oe “oon rufiventris ae a6 PeZOL serratus 30 rile 201 Parallelodontes ait 87 Paramelania - Sr = eeeQe {Parapodangia a ae 153 Parastatis indica es: Ss 45 Parata alexis on ae. S505 Parataenia elongatus <5 —=aee medusia < 333 Paratettix 60, 87, 103, 1a yalatus 112, 113 curtipennis Li2, 00s, Tia hirsutus Lily Loe os indicum ci 3 115 intervuptus oh <i) SO jlatipennis te 111, 113 meridionalis .. <a} PEDSE personatus ne 125 trotundatus rr2, A12 semihirsutus Til, 1035 114 similis ie eee 2215) singulatris Se s. ares texanus ys As 136 toltecus See 136 variabilis 86, 87, 126 variegatus : Sgt Paravaspis abdominalis << peel Pardosa : 534, 539 Passalidae ae 259, 495 Passalus cornutus 35 «ete nO. Paussidae 7 sot OZ Pectinatella as ee 164 Pectinibranchiata a 479 Pectispongilla F plenty Act ai aurea T7715 U7A lsh 177, aurea subspinosa ees bt 07 tstellifera 174,°000; 177 178
subspinosa 171, 175, 176, 177,178
xix
Page |
Pediacus dermestoides 357
Pedipalpi : AB35 5105) 527, Pelagohydra mirabilis a 508 Pelecypoda 56 297 Pennaridae re 566 | Pentalobus barbatus .. 490, 497 Pentatomidae 509 Perca fluviatilis 313, 324 Periplaneta americana ‘ 485 | australasiae 485 Periscy phis ie 143 tgigas ; 143, 148 +Petricola esculpturata at 301 Petricolidae sir 301 Petrosia testudinaria : 16 Péus . yah 46 ptivus : 3 45 | Phalangium veniforme 447 | Phalocrocorax javanicus ; 334 Phasmidae 48 5, 486 Phidodonta S. B75 Philoscia ees a *tenuissima 143, 145 Phlebotomus minutus ae 1507 Phlogiellus She eee Phlogiodes 266, 260 270, DM Dylile, hs) vobustus a 1209 validus 269 | Pholcidae .. 530 Pholcus 530 Phoridae ct 509 Phromnia marginella 514 Phrynichinae 434, 4355 447 | Phrynichosarax 436, 437, 441, 442 +buxtoni 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442 +cochinensis 435, 436, 437, 438, | : 4395 440 }javensis 437, 439 ramosus 437, 440, 441 singapurae 435, 437, 440 | Phrynichus 447, 455. 521, 522, 526, 528, 529, 530, 531 bacillifer 448, 455 | ceylonicus 447, 448, 449, 450, | 451, 452, 453, 454, 526, |
527, 528, 530, 531
ceylonicus gracilibrachiatus 450, 451, 452, 527, 531
ceylonicus pusillus 449, 450, 451,
452, 526, 527, 528, 530, ; 531, 532 deflersi 447, 448, 455 granulosus 449, 454 jayakari 448, 455 lunatus 447, 449 nigrimanus 447, 448, 453, 454, . ; 526, 527, 531 phipsoni 448, 449, 454 pusillus : 448, 451 reniformis 447; 449, 455, 526 scaber is 447, 454 seullyi 3 448, 454 | Phrynus australianus . . yd PrAn2 Phylactolaemata 163 Phyllium scythe hase Phyllobothrium ma B3739332, 333 blakei i $57) 332
449, |
Page
Phyllobothrium lactuca 332 minutum : 332 pamimicrum 331, 332 thridax a Seea32 thysanocephalum 332 Physorhynchus 517, 518 linnaet Soe wea Phytomyia se Sf tee SIT Pierinae 484 Pinus longifolia 507 Pipizella indica 201 yrufiventris 202 Pirates affinis 511 arcuatus ee 511 Piaeuiiawe. a a 8 Platisus integricollis .. 356 Platychirus albimanus wee S207 manicatus a a 260 *manicatus himalayensis .. 209 Platyvpria digitata a 381 echidna 367, 380 erinaceus 307, 381 hystrix 367, 381 Platyprosopus 408, 409, 426 titanus ats 426 titanus westermanni 426 Platypus biformis SOF! Platysticta iv son apicalis 387
digna 387 greent Sig, | a SYK) hilaris ae 387, 389 maculata ne 387, 388 *maculata deccanensis 388 montana 387 quadrata 388 tropica 387 Plautia fimbriata 510 Plesiophrictus 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279
+bhori soe e277 collinus 3 28 $260
fabrei 269 millardi 275 milleti eat) 278
yraja 276, 277 ysatarensis ere 272, 273, 274 sericeus =" 260 tenuipes 274, 276 Pleurarius brachyphyllus 490, 497 Ploiariola polita ele So Sens: Plumatella +. 164, 165, 168 emarginata Bh alo, punctata Sc 168 *punctata longigemmis 166, 168 tanganyikae bombayensis.. 168 Plumatellinae 163, 165 Podalirius pulcherrima. stn toy Podispa .. 3 tes 7O Poectlosoma nigriceps .. 43 Poecilotettix gibbiceps .. ie 61 Poecilotheria : 266, 280, 533 miranda 280 regalis ee (280
| striata 280, 533 | Poecilotherieae 266, 268, 280 | Polistes hebraeus 493, 494. Polypodium 557
xX
Page Polyzoa_. : 163, 167 Pomatomus saltatrix . ae = ©6329) Pompiliidae 493 Pompilius cornutus ae 4906 Porcellio 143, 144 immsi -» 146 Porcellionides 143 Porifera 9 Pornothemis 337 Potamides (‘Telescopium) fuscum 291 Potamides (Tympanotonos) fluvia- tilis im 290 Potamogeton 1607 pectinatus 349 Poter.cn neptuni 15 patera 15 Potua 56, 62 tsabulosa : Svs 62 +Prionispa himalayensis 307, 371 Prismognathus subnitens a8 abe Proculus goryi 496, 497 Prosobranchia ae 289 Prosobranchiata 479 Prosopocoelus : 420 approximatus .. ae 1420 buddha 410, 420 bulbosus ATO oweni 420 parryi 421 wimberleyi 421 Prostominia convexiuscula 357 Prostomis mandibularis oe ass Protohydra 557, 563, 565 Protoneura ice SiSieh4 Protosticta digues asfoyis +carmichaeli 387, 388, 390 Tgravelyi 388, 389, 391 Protozoa mG Ue 7Psammobia mahosaensis 303, 304 Psammobiidae eos Psechridae 534 | Psechrus alticeps 534 singaporensis 534 Pseudoglomeris flavicornis 485 Pseudolucanus atratus 4II Pseudophiloscia 148 +Psilota cyanea 202 Psocoptera 491 Psychodidae SOY, Pulchriphyllium crurifolium 485 Pulmonata 479 Purpura .. Bye Pyramidella (Mormula) 294 Pyramidellidae 294 Pyrrhocoridae 510 Pyrula rappa . V. R Ramcia inepta 508 Rana 349 aurantiaca 37 breviceps ee , 34, 36 cyanophlyctis .. 37 trigrina ea : 36 Rasbora daniconius EVO Ee opie) Reduviidae 511 Reptilia 140
Page Rhabderemia 4600, 474, 475 indica re AOD tprolifera 457, 464, 474, 475, 477 pusilla 466, 474 Rhacophorus maculatus 31 malabaricus bs 140 pleurostictus 349, 350 Rhadinosa aon aya 7e tgirija a 367, 317 tlaghu ss 367, 376 _ Rhingia binotata or "228 sexmaculata 226 Rhinobaccha gracilis 225 Rhopalocera 505 Rhyssa 492 Rissoidae 480 Rocinella 322 tlatis Pee eb Rutelinae .. 498, 499, 500 S Saccobranchus fossilus Sh SEO Saidjahus. . 148 Salius sycophanta 493 Salmo frontinalis ute irideus se EHInigee i ivin ai! salar Me af 318 trutta ; : 32 Salmonidae oe Ey) Salticidae .. 304 Salticus imbellis 404 luvidus 403 manducatoy ey tole? plataleoides ae a4 Ses Salurnis marginellus .. 514 Salvelinus frontinalis 318 Samus simplex 458 Sarax ; 435, ‘436, 440, ‘44, 442 brachydacty lus 44 javensis : Pee sarawakensis 440, 441 savawakensis singaporae 440 singapurae 526 }willeyi oy ant Sason cinctipes 265, 533 Sasoneae . 265 Sasonichus ; 263 ¢arthrapophysis. 204. sulivani 3¢ 265 Sathrophyllia rugosa .,. <3 AOy Saturniidae 5 Me = 500, Saussurella 60, 131 brunneri = a 131 cornuta 131 curticornu 131 decurva 131 indica 131 Scalariidae ve e2OG Scalidognathus radialis 4188-268 Scarabus plicata ; mee lye) Scelimena it 57 O45 07, 71 gavialis 64, 66, 132 harpago 64, 65, 66, 132 hexodon 134 idia 72 logani ca 65 producta OMY Tyree
Page Scelimena sanguinulenta 64 Tspinata 6s, 66, 132 uncinata 65, 67 Scelimeninae 56, 63 Sceliphron coromandelicum 493 intrudens 493 violaceum 493 Scelymena alligator 74 gavialis 66 nodosa 66 Schizomidae (T artarides) 523 Schizomus 383, 524 crassicaudatus , 384, 385, . 3, 524, 525 greeni 386 modestus 383 peradeniyensis 524 suboculatus 385 vittatus 386, 524 tSchizomus (Trithy reus) buxtoni 384, See 386 greeni 386 lunatus 523 modestus 386 peradeniyensis ee 5 23 *perplexus 383, 384 vittatus ; 386, 523 tScintilla chilkaensis .. tie 290) Scleropactes 148 Scolopendridae Sgr ety Scolytidae 503, 504 Scops Boe. LEIS. Scorpionidea 518 Scotophilus kuhli 513 Scrobiculariidae 308 Scutigera decipiens 517 Scutigerella 524, ne - Selandriinae Selenocosmia 282, 283, 284, Be. 286, 287 albostriata ja esr himalayana 284, 285 javanus be co) ey Selenocosmieae 266, 267, 268, 282, 283 Selenostholus sie eos Selenotypus 208 Senogaster lutescens 238, 239 Septaria crepidularia .. a 480 depressa 480 Sericomyia eristaloides 246 Serinetha abdominalis - 510 augur 510 Silvanus advena 357 sexdentatus 358 surinamensis 357 unidentatus 358 7Sinodia jukes-browniana 481 Siphocoryne nymphae 349 Sirex imperialis 32, Siricoidea .. 39 Sisyra 491 Solariella satparaensis _ ao, 2a +Solen annandalei 304, 205 tkempi “<= B05 truncatus 304 Solenidae . 304 . Solifugae 532 Spodotettix 58,95
Spodotettix flethcheri provertex Spariolenus tigris Spathidicerus thomsoni Sphaerophoria aegyptius bengalensis flavoabdominalis indianus indiana Sc javana 212 javana medanensis longi ornis menthrastri nigritarsis obscuricornis scriptus
scutellaris Bie
splendens taeniata viridaenea Sphegidae . Sphegina fasciiformis Tbispinosa clunipes macropoda tenuis +tricoloripes tristriata
Spheginobaccha macropoda
Spherillioninae Spherillo Sphex lobatus umbrosus Spongia patera Spongilla alba biseriata botryoides carteri crateriformis hemephydatia .. © locustris reticulata sansibarica Spongillidae Spongillinae Spongiobothrium Spongosorites Sporoza *Standella annandalei Stauridium Stegodyphus sarasinorum Stelletta vestigium Stellettidae Stenopelmatinae Stenothyra chilkaensis minima : tobesula orissaensis }trigona Er Stilbum splendidum .. Stoeba : plicata plicata simplex simplex Stolella himalayana
BU, Bis, iy
"506, 506, 533, 534, 536
201, 212, 214
NO wN HN ND NNN YN DN OVn Go Go OVC
466, 467,
534, 535, 536
457, 459, 473
459, 475 458, 459, 472 4571 459) 474
458 » 471 169
Stolella indica Stratiomyidae Strepsiptera Stromatium barbatum | Strombidae Stromboceros phaleratus yruficornis tarsalis Strombus isabella Stygophrynus +berkeleyi cavernicola
cerberus tlongispina tmoultoni Suarezia Suastus gremius Suberites covonarius Sunniva : Sunoxa purpureifrons Symplocas Syncoryne eximia
Syndesmobothrium filicolle
Synemosyna laet t praclonga
Syntomosphyrum indicum
Syritta amboinensis tllucida indica laticincta luteinervis orientalis pipiens rufifacies Syrphidae 201, Syrphinae .. : Syrphus aeneifrons balteatus
cinctellus strigifrons
circumdatus consequens depressus tdistinctus elongatus fulvifacies gedehanus ichthops konigsbergeri latistrigatus .. longirostris 5 luteifrons maculipleura monticola morokaensis planifacies galviae serarius striatus torvoides transversus triangulifrons
Syrphus (Asarcina) aegrotus
consequens ericetorum Systolederus
4355 437,
XXil
Page
443, 440,
449,
433, 436,
311,
237, oe 207, 220,
237 201 201,
208,
209,
169 254 504 593 290 50 50 50
290 |
520
446
443, 444, 445, 446,
526
526 | 45, 446 443 —
148 505
13 148
SI 4I2 557 329 398
405
492 237,
239 |
239
239 |
239 239 239 » 239 239 254
» 234
210
210 21TO 210
58,75, 77, 80, 95
Page Systolederus angusticeps so anomalus Z 76 cinereus 79, 95, 132 greeni : 95 lobatus 78 ridleyi 1TO dE
Tabanidae “08 Taeniidae .. 334 Tanypus 507 Tapes ceylonensis 301 pinguis a 300 Tarantulidae 383, 433, 434, 526 Tarantulinae 434 Tantogolabrus adspersus 314 Taxonus fulvipes 43 *Tellina barhampurensis 307 jchilkaensis 306 Tellinacea . 306, 482 Tellinidae. . 306, 482
Telmatettix aztecus 13 +Temnostoma nigrimana 246 Tenebrionidae 363, 305 Tenebrioninae 305 +Tenthredella annandalei 44 assamensis 44 carinifrons 44 segrega 44 turneri 44 xanthoptera 44 Tenthredinidae 42 Tenthredinini 46 Tenthredinoidea 39 Tenthred».. He! 45 Tenthredo (Allantus) 46 Terebra rambhaensis 289 Terebridae 289 Terederus .. 59 Teredinidae 306 Teredorus .. 109 fFcarmichaeli 110 +frontalis 110 ridleyi Ae 110 stenofrons 109, I1O Termes horni 491 Testudinidae 1gI Testudo elegans IgI elongata 347 travancorica IQI Tetrabothridae 331 Tetrabothriinae : 331 Tetrabranchia 297, 481 Tetragnatha eet) ISR Tetraxonellida 457, 458 Tetraxonida 7,8,9 Tetriginae.. : 55 Tetrix 114 harpago 65 uncinata 67 Tettigidea lateralis Nae AUS medialis se 136 yimexicana 136 nigra 136 parvipennis pennata 136 polymorpha 137 prorsa 136
Page Tettiginae = 59, 109 Tettigoniella spectra .. 516 Tettilobus .. 2 56, 62 pelops es ze 62 spinifrons a3 oe 62 tTettitelum 58, 94 yhastatum 94, 132 Tettix se : II4 armiger 38 se 93 atypicalis Ss 8 114 balteatum a a: 115 dilatatus a at 107 dorsiferum - Ne 115 tnornata bis a 93 latispinus a ar 93 | lineiferum sch oc itis lineosum Be Si IT5 mundum ae jiauis nigvicelle Sc so) Tee nodulosa ae ae 82 oliquiferum bes ne 115 pallitarsus ee ss 93 subcullatus 2 or 61 tavtavus 56 36 135 umbriferum Ae = 115 vittiferum see ac IIS Thamnostylus dinema ae 557 Thanasimus himalayensis eesOR nigricollis : 503 Thelyphonidae 383; 519, ‘521, 530 Thelyphonus PBS BAS linganus at : 523 schimkewitschi 519, 523 sepiaris LO 5225 523 Theora opalina Se 3OS Theraphosidae 532 Theridiidae 512 Theridium 512 Thomisidae : 538 Thomsoniella arcuata’ 504 HOGS 42),.35 5°16, 175,21, 22, 461, 475 armata On Z2Ow2 22,24. fischeri is 18 hancocci 18, 21, 22, 457, 463 finvestigatoris 17, 18, 205, 22, 24) ; 461, 476, 477, 478 jlaeviaster DUT Ops eee 2 ye radiata 510 18, socialis we 18, 2 20 Thoradonta 57, 80 fapiculata 81, 82 nodulosa ste aie 82 fsinuata ae 81 spiculoba 80, 81, "82, 132 Thrigmopoeeae 266, 267, 269, 270, : 271, 273, 274, 278 Thrigmopoeus : 266, 279 Thysanura pane AaG4 Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata 480
Tiara (Tarebia) lineata 480
Tiarella 5575 559, 563; 504, 566
singularis Ky 558, 593, 568 Tiatidae 480 Tinca vulgaris 324 Tipulidae .. : 508 Tisiphonia penetrans . 459 Titanidiops 260
Tivela dillwyni 300
Pag €
Tornatina estriata oe sti 297 soror 5¢ 289, 297 Tornatinidae z ae 207 Toxorhynchites immisericors e5 508 Tragopan satyra as ae 139 Trichogaster fasciatus ei oC Trichoptera sc an 492 Trichorhiza om 557, 508 brunnei a eh 557 Trictenotomidae Se See OS Tridacna hE 22, 473 Trionychidae = is 189 Trionyx formosus se te 189 gangeticus 189, I9I, 342,
343
gangeticus mahanaddicus 342, 343
hurum se 189, I91, 342 leithii 189, 190, 342, 343 nigricans : ae 189 phayrei 189 ysulcifrons 341, 342 Tripetalocera ferruginea a 133 Tripetalocerinae EO) OF Triplispa - - Trithyreus : 383, 3 modestus Ss Sete Trochidae .. 4 a Trombidium grandissimum 539 Tropidia 234 Tropidonotus sancti- johannis 345 Trutta lacustris He ae 318 Trygon centrura 329 imbricata 331 Tubitelariae 287 Tubularia .. 558, 359, 562 betheris 559 Tubulariidae 566 U Uleiota 354, 350 crenatus A 354 indica Bi 353, 354 planatus 40 353, 350 serricollis 353, 350 Uliocnemis cassidara .. 500 Uloboridae : ae 533 Umbonium vestiarum eee O7 Ungulinidae 0 OZ Upis ox < 5G. 8S) Uroproctus assamensis 519, 523 V Velorita satparaensis .. 289 Veneridae .. 300, 481 Vespa ee 494 cincta 493, 494 magnifica - 493 | Vespidae .. 493 Volucella basalis 226 discolor cE =. 226 pellucens v3 -« | 226 trifasciata a ie. ee 2O: Volucellinae ov oe 226 Voluta 8,9, 28
XXiv
Ww
Page Xistra tricristata Wageneria aculeata .. .. 328 | Xistrella ; impudens an ais 328 | dromadaria porrecta a va 328 | Xylocopa tenuiscapa .. proglottis a ee 328 Xylota aeneimaculata 3 annulata tbistriata x decora | strigata Xenapetes incerta .. es 42 Xylotrupes gideon Xenophora pallidula .. ane 9 Xylotrya strutchburyi Xiphosura.. ate ste 518 | Xystocera globosa Xiphydria orientalis .. oy 39 | Kistral«.. oe 59, 102, 103 | 7 dubia a7 Se TO2 | sagittata ie 102, 103 | Zicrona coerulea tsikkimensis .. .. 102 | Zizyphus stylata As ce ey Toon jujuba
ae LO 514, 516 486, 515, 516
Pel eon. wORTNCG SPONGES OF TELE BAMILY-CYIONIDAE.
By N. ANNANDALE, D.Sc., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Indian Museum.
(Plate i.)
Among the sponges found in excavations in shells and corals by far the best known are those of the family Clionidae. Having recently had occasion to inquire, in connection with other work, into the species that occur in Indian seas (that is to say, the Bay of Bengal with its subordinate gulfs and straits and the Arabian Sea, with which it is convenient to include the Persian Gulf and those parts of the Indian Ocean that lie immediately south and south-west of the Indian Peninsula), I found in our collection so large a proportion of the species known from Oriental waters—as well as several hitherto undescribed—that it seems worth while to bring together in a single paper references to all the former, with such notes as my material suggests, with keys to species and genera and descriptions of new forms.
The specimens examined have included a large part of the collection made by the late Dr. John Anderson in the Mergui Archipelago off the coast of Tenasserim, and described by the late Dr. H. J. Carter in Vol. XXI of the Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool). in 1887'; as well as examples of sponges extricated from shells and corals from various sources in the general collection of the Indian Museum and specimens specially collected in the Gulf of Manaar and Palk Straits and in lagoons on the east coast of India by Mr. S. W. Kemp, Mr. J. Hornell and myself. I have to thank Messrs. Kemp and Hornell for valuable assistance in this direction.
Fam. CLIONIDAE.
The taxonomy and systematic position of the Clionidae have been considered most fully by Topsent in his papers on the family in vols. V* and IX of the Archives de Zoologie expérimental et général (1887 and 1891) and I have little to add to the general conclusions there set forth. References to more recent literature are given below in connection with the different species discussed.
Six genera are now recognized by Topsent as constituting the family, namely Cliona, Grant, Clionopsis, Thiele, Alectona,
! This paper, with many others originally published in the same Journal, was re-issued by Anderson in 1889 in vol. i of his Fauna of the Mergui Archipelago.
2 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XT,
Carter, Thoosa, Hancock, Dotona, Carter and Cliothosa, Topsent ; but the last seems to me of doubtful validity.
Of these six genera all but Clionopsis are known to occur in Oriental waters. Clionopsis! is at present recorded only from the Pacific Coast of S. America and from an unknown locality prob- ably in the Tropics. Alectona*® and Dotona® both occur in the Gulf of Manaar, although I have not been so fortunate as to find examples of either. Cliona and Thoosa are well represented in the Indian marine fauna, while a specimen that would be assigned by Topsent to his genus Cliothosa has been found in a shell from the Andamans. I am not satisfied that this last ‘“‘ genus” represents more than a phase of certain species of Thoosa (see p. 22, postea).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CLIONIDAE.
1. Microscleres essentially spirasters.
A. Macroscleres both amphioxi and styli (usu- ally tylostyli), or either alone; if both present the amphioxi never the larger. Microscleres often variable and sometimes divisible into two groups but never of two quite distinct kinds is :
B. Macroscleres amphioxi and tylostyli, of which the former are the larget. Micros- cleres slender, elongate, zig-zag spirasters and short, stout, irregularly contorted oiesy .:: a oe .. Clionopsis.
C. Macroscleres reduced to minute simple styli or amphioxi and confined to the external papillae. Microscleres relatively large spiral spirasters and minute straight ones of amphiaster-like form = .. Dotona.
11. Microscleres essentially amphiasters.
A. Macroscleres, if present straight or regu- larly curved amphioxi or tylostyli, occurring in the internal galleries. Typi- cal amphiasters consisting of a cylindri- cal stem bearing at or near both ends a ring of relatively large bosses and termi- nating in similar bosses.* Other forms
Cliona.
1 Thiele, Zool. Fahrh., suppl. VI, Vol. III, p. 412 (1905): Topsent, Bull, Mus. Oc€anog. Monaco, No. 120 (1908). :
2 The fullest description, illustrated by numerous figures, is that given by Topsent in his ‘‘ Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France '’ (Arch. Zool. expérim. VIII, p. 24: 1900). The original description, by Carter, is in Fowrn. Roy, Micro. Soc. II, p. 493 (1879). Pi
8 Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V1, p. 57 (1880): Topsent, ‘‘ Spongiaires des Agores,’’ Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, XXV, p. 108 (1904). ;
4 In Thoosa laeviaster, described on p. 22, both lateral and terminal bosses are reduced to smooth conical projections.
195. | N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 3
of microscleres present also, but never
spiny diactinial spicules of relatively
large size and of polyactinial origin .. Thoosa. B. [Macroscleres normal tylostyli, occurring as
in Thoosa. The only microscleres am-
phiasters consisting of a cylindrical stem
bearing at the ends a circle of relatively
long horizontal branches which are in-
flated at the tip or terminate in several
minute hooks; the whole spicule smooth
and slender ‘ a .. Clhothosa. | C. Macroscleres entirely absent; their place
taken in the external papillae, but not in
the galleries, by relatively large spiny or
nodular diactinial spicules some of which
reveal their polyactinial origin by being
definitely bent or geniculate in the mid-
dle, or even by bearing extra rays, com-
plete or rudimentary, in this position.
Amphiasters like the typical ones of
Thoosa but with the lateral bosses far
removed from the extremities, which are
not always capitate aa .. Alectona.
Genus Cliona, Grant.
1826. Cliona, Grant, Edinb. Phil. Journ. I, p. 78. 1849. - Hancock, Ann. Mag. Sct. Nat. (2) III, p. 305. 1888- = Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (2) V®, p. 76. 1891. sé Id., tbid,, IX, p. 556.
1900. a T¢.5, totd (3) VIL, py 32.
1900. Dyscliona, Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) VI,
- 353: - 1907. Cliona, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (4) VU, p. xvii.
Further references will be found in Topsent’s papers, which are essential for a study of the Clionid genera and particularly for that of Cliona. In 1891 he arranged the species in six groups as follows :-—~
Group I. Spicules including tylostyles, diactinial macroscle-
res and spirasters (microscleres).
Group II. Spicules consisting of tylostyles and diactinial
macroscleres only.
Group III. Spicules consisting of tylostyles and microscleres
only.
Group IV. Spicules consisting of amphioxi and microscleres
only.
Group V. Spicules consisting of tylostyles only.
Group VI. Spicules consisting of amphioxi only.
4 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XI,
This grouping is convenient for the purposes of a provisional classification, which is all that is possible until the life-histories of the species are known; but it must be remembered that in at least one species (Cliona celata, Grant) phases occur in the life of an individual sponge that would fall respectively into groups I, II and V. The sponge in its younger stage possesses tylostyles, diactinial spicules and microscleres, but as it grows it loses first the diactinial spicules and then, sometimes, the microscleres, so that in its mature form it has only tylostyles. It is possible, and indeed probable, that other species resemble it in this respect, so that groups V and VI may actually consist of species whose earlier stages are unknown and if known would fall into other groups, or even in some cases of species known by other names and assigned to other groups at different phases of development.
Taking the groups as they stand, we find that among the species known from Indian seas all but group VI are represented. Group V, so far as hitherto described species are concerned, has not withstood recent criticism and research', but a new species belonging to it is described here on p. 14. In the following key to the species found in the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea, the Bay of Bengal with its appurtenances and the western part of the Malay Archipelago) I have found it more convenient to make the primary division between species that possess and those that do not possess microscleres. Even so, it is necessary to include C. celata under three separate headings in accordance ~ with its three phases of development.
Of the sixteen species now known from the Indian Ocean at least twelve have been found in the Bay of Bengal or the Gulf of Manaar. Of these, four are of very wide distribution (C. celata, C. vastifica, C. carpentert, C. viridis): C. carpenter is essentially a circumtropical sponge, but the other three are cosmopolitan. Three species have a wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific Region, namely C. margaritiferae, C. mucronata and C. orientalis; while five (C. annulifera, C. indica, C. enstfera, C. acustella and C. warrent) have been definitely recorded only from the Bay of Bengal and Ceylon. Of the four species not known from these seas, two were originally described, or are only known definitely, from the “‘Indian Ocean,” namely C. michelini and C. mille- punctata, but the original specimen of the latter was doubtfully ascribed to the N. Atlantic. One species (C. mussae) has been found only in the Red Sea, and one (C. patera) in the western part of the Malay Archipelago.
I have not included C. gracilis, Hancock, among the species known from the Indian Ocean, although Topsent (1887, p. 77) has done so; because the latter author’s brief description of his speci- men from that area (‘‘Spicules en épingle—=150» de long, spic. en zigzag—I5-20u”’) is totally at variance with Hancock’s original diagnosis, which is supported by good figures, and some mistake
1 See Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, p. 78 (1900).
I9I5.] N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 5
in the identification must have occurred. The Cliona ? sceptrellifera, of Carter!, if he rightly associated the isolated spicules on which it was based, is probably a Thoosa or an Alectona, but I have been unable to find these spicules in that part of his original material at my disposal.
The names of species on which notes are given are distin- guished by an asterisk in the key. I have not seen the following forms :—
C. sndica, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (2) IX, p. 574 (1891).
C. michelini, 1d, tbid., vol. V?, p. 79 (1887).
C. mussae (Keller), Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. III, p. 321 (1891).
C. warrent® Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VII, p. 370 (1881).
C. millepunctata Hancock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) III, p. 341 (1849) ; Topsent, op. czt., 1887, p. 78.
Cliona has a wide bathymetric range. In the Bay of Bengal one species has been found at a depth of over 700 fathoms? (C. annuiifera, p. 9) and another (C. vastifica, p. 8) in lagoons of brackish water actually above sea-level. The genus is, however, best represented in comparatively shallow water below low tide. On beds of gregarious sedentary molluscs such as Ostrea or Marga- vitifera a single species usually predominates and becomes very abundant, but in the less vigorous parts of coral-reefs several are sometimes found together in a flourishing condition. More than one may also occur in a single shell, either Gastropod or Lamelli- branch, that is of suitable size, thickness, etc., but does not belong to a markedly gregarious species.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Cliona KNOWN FROM THE INDIAN OCEAN.
I. Species with microscleres.
A. Macroscleres both diactinial and tylostyle. 1. Diactinial spicules smooth, hair- like, fasciculated .. C. celata (A).* 2. Diactinial spicules granular, spin- dle-shaped, moderately stout, not fasciculated. a. Microscleres sinuate, truncate. C. vasttfica.* b. Microscleres straight, spindle-
shaped ate .. C. carpentert.* 3. Diactinial spicules cylindrical, i irregularly spiny .. C. margaritiferae.*
1 Fauna of Mergui I (Fourn. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) XXI1: 1887), p. 70. ‘‘ Spongiaires des Acores,’’ Rés. Camp. Sci. Monaco, XXV, p. 108 (1904). | 2 Topsent (Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, p. 54) regards this species as identical with C. guadvata, Hancock. ' , ’ C. abyssorum, Carter was taken at the mouth of the English Channel in 500 fathoms (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) X1V, p. 249, 1874). ‘This is apparently the only other species as yet recorded from depths of like magnitude.
6 Records of the Indian Museum.
B. All the macroscleres tylostyles.
1. Shaft of macroscleres bearing a single convex ring a short dis- tance below the head :
2. Shaft of tylostyles normally smooth.
a. Tylostyles definitely of two sorts; one sort normal, the
other very short and bearing a |
sharp subsidiary spine at its point .. ‘e ;
b. No‘‘ mucronate” spicules of this type.
i. Spines on all the microscle- res very small and set close together; two groups of zigzag microscleres, one very slender
ii. Spines on microscleres stout, very irregular, often blunt but never widely separated ; microscleres not divisible into two groups
iii. Spines of microscleres rela- tively long, sharply pointed, normally arranged in a spi- ral band winding round the spicule.
a, Some of the macroscleres conspicuously but gradu- ally expanded before nar- rowing to the point; hair- like tylostyles not present.
B. None of the macroscleres of expanded form ; hair-like tylostyles, sometimes with
. spiny heads, often present.
iv. Spines of microscleres as in ili, but arranged in asinuous band outlining one side of the spicule
C. All the macroscleres amphioxt. (Microscleres short, straight, ap- peoaching the amphiaster type in different degrees) ibs
II. Species without microscleres.
Macroscleres both diactinial and tylostyle. 1. Diactinial spicules hair-like, fasci-
C.
C.
[ Von. Soe;
. C. annulifera.*
. C. mucronata.*
. C. indica.
. C. michelin.
enstfera.*
viridis. *
*, ortentalis.*
C. acustella.*
culated .. ns > G, Colaba. AB).™
I9I5.| N. ANNANDALE: Indtan Boring Sponges. 7
2. Diactinial spicules moderately stout, (smooth), spindle-shaped. C. mussae.
B. All the spicules tylostyles. I. Sponge forming a gigantic free cup; spicules relatively stout .. C. patera.* 2. Sponge confined to its excava- tions or forming a small rounded mass; spicules relatively slender. a. Head of spicules spherical .. C. warrent. b. Head of spicule elliptical .. C. millepunctata. c. Headof spicule usually trilobed. C. celata (C).*
Cliona celata, Grant.
TQ00. Topsent) Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, p. 32, pl. 1; figse 5s 0-0. ph il one sk.
1909. Hentschel, ‘‘ Tetraxonida’’ in Michaelsen and Hart- meyer’s Faun. Siidwest. Australiens, p. 386.
I9gIt. Row, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) XXXI, p. 305.
Topsent, in the paper cited after his name (1900), has discussed the structure and synonomy of this species in detail. As he had shown in previous papers, the spiculation undergoes. great changes in the lite of the individual sponge. At first three kinds of spicules are present—tylostyles, diactinial macroscleres and microscleres of the zigzag spiraster type. The last disappear first, and then, in some cases, the diactinial microscleres, which, even in the young sponge, are much reduced and have the form of hair-like bodies adhering in bundles. There are three specimens from the Bay of Bengal in the collection of the Indian Museum which illustrate three different phases of growth in an interesting manner. One of them is clearly young and retains the full spicu- lation. It consists of a few galleries, with about half a dozen apertures, in a nodule of calcareous alga dredged by the ‘‘ Investi- gator’ in 28 fathoms off the coast of Burma.
The other two specimens are both in chank-shells (Pyrula vappa, l,.) from the east coast of India. One was taken at the town of Madras in shallow water by Prof. K. Rammuni Menon, who has kindly given it to me. ‘The shell was apparently vacant when collected but still retained its horny epidermis. The whole of its subtance is permeated by the sponge, in which only tylostyle spicules remain. The external apertures are, however, small (about I mm. in diameter) and the sponge is wholly confined in the thickness of the shell.
The third specimen was dredged by Mr. J. Hornell of the Madras Fisheries, whom I have to thank for it, in the Gulf of Manaar near Tuticorin in 6} fathoms. ‘The shell in this case had evidently been ‘‘ dead”’ for some time and its epidermis had wholly disappeared. ‘The apertures made by the sponge are much larger (2 to 3'25 mm. in diameter) and it has begun to grow out over the
8 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XI,
inner surface of the shell in the form of a uniform crust, much as in a specimen figured by Topsent (1887, pl. i, fig. 3).
Cliona celata probably occursin allseas. It was originally des- cribed from the British coasts and has since been found at several places on the Atlantic side of North America, in the Red Sea and the adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean, off the south and south- west coasts of Australia, off New Guinea, Ceylon, Singapore, etc. I have examined specimens from several of these localities.
Cliona vastifica, Hancock.
1900. ‘Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, p. 56, pl. ii, figs. 3-9.
1909. Hentschel, “‘ Tetraxonida’’ in Michaelsen and Hart- meyer’s Faun. Stidwest Australiens, p. 387.
This is another cosmopolitan species described at length by Topsent in his ‘‘ Etude Monographique des Spongiaires de France” (op. cit. supra) as well as in his previous papers on the family (1887 and 1891) in the same journal. Cliona velans, Hentschel (of. cit., p. 388, fig. 19) from S. W. Australia is evidently very closely related to C. vastifica, but is apparently distinguished by its method of growth and by having the heads of the tylostyles imper- fectly differentiated.
In the littoral zone of Indian seas C. vastifica appears to be by far the commonest species and, as already stated, makes its way well into brackish water. I have found it in that medium in the Chilka Lake in Orissa and the Ganjam district of the Madras Presi- dency (in shells of Ostvea and Purpura), in the Adyar River at Madras and in the Ennur Backwater in the same district, in both places in shells of Ostvea. In the Persian Gulf it is common in, and apparently destructive to, pearl-shells (Avicula and Margani- tifera); I have seen it in a Placuna-shell from Palk Straits (54 fathoms), in shells of Oliva and Malleus from the Andamans, of Voluta and Ostrea from New South Wales. In Indian seas it occurs most frequently in the shells of gregarious sedentary bi- valves, to which it probably causes great damage, but only in very shallow water. In European seas it is common; it has been recorded by Topsent and others from many widely separated regions.
Cliona carpenteri, Hancock.
1887. Chona carpenteri, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. V? (suppl.), p. 77, pl. vii, fig. 4.
1887 (1889). Cliona bacillifera, Carter, Faun. Mergui Arch. 1: Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) XXI, p. 76.
This species, as Topsent has pointed out, is easily distin- guished from its allies, and in particular from C. vastifica, by its straight, spindle-shaped microscleres. Carter’s Cliona bacillifera from Mergui, of which the type (or a schizotype) is in the Indian
IgI5.] N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 9
Museum, falls well within the limits of the species as defined by the former author.
C. carpentert is a tropical sponge distributed all round the globe. Topsent found it more frequently than any other in shells he examined from the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific coast of Central America, the Gaboon, the Indian Ocean, etc. It does not appear, however, to be common in the Bay of Bengal. In addition to the type-specimen of Carter’s species, which is in a dead oyster-shell, I have examined specimens in a shell of Malleus from Singapore and in one of Voluta from New South Wales.
Cliona margaritiferae, Dendy.
1905. Dendy, ‘‘ Porifera’’ in Herdman’s Rep. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fish. V, p. 128, pl. v, fig. 9.
1909. Hentschel, ‘‘ Tetraxonida’’ in Faun, Siidwest Austra- liens, p. 386.
I have included this species (p.5) among those that possess macroscleres of two kinds, but Dendy evidently regards the larger amphioxi as modified spirasters and points out that there are transitionary forms of spicules between them and the small microscleres. This is true; but there seems to me to be a slight but definite break in the series and it is at any rate more convenient to regard the large spiny amphioxi for the present as the equiva- lents of the granular amphioxi of such species as C. vastifica.
C. margaritiferae was originally described from the shell of the pearl-oyster of the Ceylon banks (Margaritifera vulgaris). I have found it in the same shell from the type-locality (T. South- well) and also in a piece of Madreporarian coral from the Palk Straits (off Tondi, 54 fathom: J. Hornell). Hentschel examined specimens in a shell of Chama, sp., from Michaelsen and Hart- meyer’s Australian collection.
Cliona annulifera, sp. nov. (Plate 1, figs. 1-4.)
A Chona with tylostyle macroscleres and spirasters of the ‘normal type, the former bearing a single convex ring round the shaft; some of the latter unusually large. The gemmules are provided with spirasters of a specialized form.
The only known specimen is in a dead Gastropod shell (Xenophora pallidula, Rve.).
General structure. ‘The sponge consists of a series of sub- spherical or ovoid chambers connected by short horizontal tubules and bearing the papillae on short vertical ones. The chambers form a single horizontal layer. The greatest longitudinal diameter of the larger chambers is about I°3 mm. and their greatest depth about o‘g mm. ‘The average length of the connecting tubules (which, of course, represent the thickness of the wall of shell
10 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vo.L. XI,
left between the chambers) is about 0°425 mm. and the diameter o‘'r19gmm. ‘The papillae as a rule are borne only on the surface nearest the outer surface of the shell. The tubules connecting them with the chambers are longer than the horizontal tubules, but always much shorter than any diameter of the chambers. The chambers are by no means solid, their internal structure being coarsely reticulate. Delicate cellular diaphragms can sometimes be detected at or near one extremity of the connecting tubules. Papillae. I have been able to find only two kinds of papillae, corresponding to those styled ‘‘ poriferous’’ and ‘‘ mixed’’ by Topsent (1887). The largest poriferous papillae have a diameter of about 0225 mm. They are readily distinguished by the
KG. 1.—Spicules of cliona annulifera. a. Gemmule-spicule.
absence of a central orifice and by the absence or paucity (at any rate when they are contracted) of projecting spicules upon their surface, which is flat and horizontal. It is closed by a minutely perforate membrane on and in which the calcareous particles derived from the shell and carried out through the oscula lie in considerable numbers, being too large to enter the pores. In profile these papillae are flat and table-like, extending beyond their supporting tubules, which are cylindrical, for a considerable distance on either side; the free surface forms an acute angle with the projecting lateral margin. The mixed papillae are about the same size but have a central star-shaped or oval orifice of rela- tively large diameter. This is surrounded by a number of pori-
1915.| N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. KE
ferous lobes through which tylostyle spicules project upwards and outwards (pl. i, figs. 2, 3, 4). In profile these papillae, with their supporting tubule, are trumpet-shaped. Their outer walls (pl. i, fig. 4) are coated with minute calcareous particles con- siderably smaller than those which lie scattered in the interior of the sponge and on the poriferous papillae. They are covered by a delicate cortex, which protects the calcareous particles against strong acid unless the surface is subjected to its action for a con- siderable period. The mixed and the poriferous tubules are about equally abundant.
Skeleton.—In the chambers the macroscleres lie scattered, irregularly and somewhat sparsely, parallel to the outer walls. As a tule they are more abundant in the upper than in the lower parts. Occasionally they seem to radiate from the chambers into the con- necting tubules, but this arrangement is never of a very regular nature and no trace of it can often be detected. In the vertical tubules the macroscleres form supporting columns, their heads rest- ing in a more or less complete, and more or less regular, ring at the base of the tubule and their points directed upwards. In the case of the mixed papillae the heads are rarely on anything like a uniform level and the points project outwards as well as upwards. The ordinary (%.e. the smaller) microscleres lie scattered, somewhat sparsely and almost uniformly, throughout the sponge, but their main axis is always approximately parallel to the outer surface. The gemmules have a special skeleton, which is described below.
Spicules.— The macroscleres are small, slender tylostyles, as a
tule quite straight, sharply and gradually pointed at one extremity and bearing a well-differentiated head at the other. The head is most frequently somewhat heart-shaped, but in many cases almost spherical and occasionally with a tendency to be trilobed. It con- tains as a rule a single minute expansion of the axial tubule of the spicule. There is no distinct contraction of the shaft below the head but, at about 1/10 the distance between it and the point, the shaft is surrounded by a single convex ring. The extent to which this ring is developed varies somewhat, but its presence and posi- tion seem to be practically constant features of the species. The average length of the macroscleres is 0°2 mm., the extremes being o°148 and 0°234 mm. . The microscleres are all slender spirasters of the normal zig- zag type, but they differ greatly in size and two groups may be distinguished amongst them in accordance with this character. Those of the small type are, when well developed, from o0°008 mm. to 0°042 mm. in length and have as a rule from 4 to 8 bends, but are sometimes irregularly sinuous. Their spines are arranged in a regular spiral. These spicules lie scattered throughout the sponge.
The larger microscleres (fig. IA). are as much as 0°126 mm. long, or even longer, They have more numerous and as a rule less well-defined whorls. The spicules of this type are found only on the gemmules.
12 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vor: 3a,
Gemmules.—Gemmules are abundant in the only specimen ex- amined, most of the chambers containing from one to three (pl. i, fig. 1). They lie at the periphery of the lower part of the chamber and are as a rule somewhat lenticular in shape. The external sur- face is frequently flattened by pressure against the wall of the exca- vation. The greatest diameter rarely exceeds 0°56 mm. ‘The inter- nal structure is that of a typical sponge-gemmule, that is to say, each gemmule consists of a mass of cells closely packed together and filled with granules of food-substance. There is a thin horny external coat. The most remarkable feature, however, lies in the spicular coat that occurs on the surface of the gemmule in contact with the sponge, for the spicules of which it consists differ Considerable from those of the general choanesome. ‘The spicules have already been described. They lie embedded horizontally in the horny coat on one side of the gemmule only, being com- pletely absent on the side that is in contact with the wall of the excavation.
Locality.—Off the coast of Ceylon: 703 fathoms (R.IJ.M.S. ** Investigator’’).
Type. No. Z.E.V. 6424/7, Ind. Mus.: in spirit.
C. annulifera. is related to C. viridis (Schmidt), from which it differs in the form of its megascleres. It is remarkable for the regularity and distinctness of its chambers and especially for the peculiar spiculation of its gemmules, a feature in which it apparen- tly differs from all other known marine spongess That a deep-sea sponge should possess gemmules at all is a remarkable fact, and one to the signification of which I hope to devote attention in a later paper.
Cliona mucronata, Sollas. 1878. Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1, p. 54, pl. i, figs. 1, Z~7,.0, 10, 153.57, pl. ii, figs. 1=0- 1887. Topsent, Arch. Zool, expérim. (2) V, p. 37. 1897. Id., Rév. Suisse Zool. IV, p. 440.
The peculiar short, stout, mucronate tylostyles that form a considerable element in the spiculation of this species are quite characteristic. In the only specimen I have examined, they seem to be grouped together at certain points in the interior of the sponge, but this specimen is very imperfect, having been over- whelmed in its excavations by other sponges. Many of the tylostyles are of the normal type, but very slender.
C. mucronata was originally described from a coral (Iss, sp.) of unknown provénance. ‘Topsent found it common in corals from the Bay of Amboina, and the only specimen in our collection is in a fragment of dead Madreporarian from the Indian shore of the Gulf of Manaar (Kilakarai: S. W. Kemp).
Cliona ensifera, Sollas.
1878. Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)1, 61, pl. i, figs. 1, 18; pl. ii, figs. ro-5.
1915. | N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 13
1887 (1889). Carter, Faun. Mergui, I, p. 75. 1891. Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (2) IX, p. 570.
This species is closely allied to C. mucronata, with which it has been found on more than one occasion, including that on which the type-specimens of both species were discovered. Its tylostyles are, like those of C. mucronata, of two types, one of which is remarkable for the great expansion of the lower part of the shaft. The tapering of the point is, however, regular and the spicules is never mucronate. The other type of tylostyles is slen- der and in no way remarkable. The species is apparently more robust in its growth than C. mucronata.
C. ensifera, which was originally described as occurring in the coral Is¢ts from an unknown locality, is abundant in dead reef- corals from the Mergui and Andaman archipelagoes.
Cliona viridis (Schmidt).
1887 (1889). Clona ? stellifera (in part), Carter, Faun. Mer- eur 1, p. 75.
1900. Chona viridis, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, Peon a Pei ese kor ple ti. fies: > 03 pliive fia.
Topsent has discussed this species and its synonomy in great detail and further references are unnecessary. It may be noted, however, that Carter’s provisional species Cliona stellifera was founded on the macroscleres of this Cliona and the microscleres of a parasitic Chondrilla. I have found the two sponges in close association in his original specimen of dead coral from Mergui.
C. viridis is a cosmopolitan species evidently common in dead coral in the Mergui Archipelago and off the coast of the mainland of Burma. It was originally described from the Mediterranean and is known from the Gulf of Mexico, the Red Sea and many other widely separated localities.
Cliona orientalis, Thiele.
1887 (1889). Suberites coronarius, Carter (nec. id., 1882 )Faun. Mergut I, p. 74, pl. vii, figs. 4, 5.
1900. Cliona ornentalis, Theile, Abh. senckhenb. Natur. Gesel- isch. XXV, p. 71, pl. iii, fig. 24.
Thiele pointed out in 1900 (op. cit.) that the sponge described by Carter from Mergui under the name of Suberites coronarvius was not identical with the species the latter had previously described under the same name from the West Indies, but actually aspecies of Cliona. He redescribed it with fresh figures of the spicules and named it Cliona orientalis. A re-examination of a part of Carter’s Burmese material shows that Thiele was right in both conten- tions.
14 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. XI,
C. orientalis is closely allied to C. viridis, from which it may be distinguished by the arrangement of the spines on the micros- cleres. These, instead of running in a spiral round the spicule, are confined to its outline on one side. Carter’s figures, although they illustrate this point clearly, are poor and misleading in other respects. ‘The free form of the sponge closely resembles that of C. viridis.
C. orientalis has been found only in the Mergui Archipelago (in dead coral) and off Ternate in the Malay Archipelago.
Cliona acustella, sp. nov.
This is a species belonging to Topsent’s fourth group, having microscleres and amphioxous macroscleres only. The latter, al-
En
Et ty
ee 4 Ly ey
“~ ee Sed et nat P Fic. 2.—Spicules of cliona acustella.
though many of them can be referred to the spiraster type, exhibit a marked tendency to assume a simple amphiaster-like form.
General structure.—Only dried specimens are available for examination, and of these I have been able to extract only minute fragments lacking the external papillae. Chambers excavated apparently by this sponge are, however, abundant in oyster-shells from several adjacent localities. ‘The apertures on the surface of the shell are small and sparsely scattered; their diameter does not exceed 0'4 m. ‘These apertures are connected with the chambers by very short vertical tubules. The chambers are subcircular or polygonal, not more than 3 mm. in diameter and separated only by very narrow partitions of shell. They are arranged in several horizontal layers. The tubules connecting them horizontally and vertically are very slender as well as short.
Spicules.—The macroscletes are smooth, slender, sharply- pointed, somewhat spindle-shaped amphioxi on an average 0°1447
1915. | N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. E
Ci
mm. long by 0°008 mm. broad. They are never strongly arched or geniculate. Spicules of this type are fairly abundant.
The microscleres are minute, straight, truncate, cylindrical bodies bearing relatively large spines which often show a tendency to group themselves in three rings (two terminal and one median), but sometimes cover the spicule quite irregularly. Their average length is 0’012 mm. and breadth, with the spines, 0°008 mm.
Distribution.—Apparently common in shells of Ostrea imbn- cata and O. cuculata in from 15 to 30 fathoms of water off the coast of Orissa and the Ganjam district of Madras in the Bay of Bengal (S.S. ‘ Golden Crown’).
Type .—No. Z.E.V. 6415/17, Ind. Mus.
The microscleres of this species appear at first sight to be in many cases amphiasters rather than spirasters, but actually exhibit (fig. 2) a fairly regular transition between the two types. Some of them are not unlike the small spicules of Dotona. The species at present stands alone in the genus so far as its spiculation is concern- ed, but I have little doubt as to its validity, although the circum- stances in which it was found seem at first sight a little suspicious. Large numbers of oyster-shells, all of which were unfortunately cleaned and dried before being examined, were obtained by the trawler ‘ Golden Crown’ off the east coast of India in 1909. ‘The majority of them were found, on recent examination, to be per- forated and in many cases partially disintegrated by the burrows of a Chona, of which minute fragments were extracted from broken shells. Spicule-preparations made from other pieces of the same shells contained in some cases only spicules identical with those which occurred in the fragments of sponge extracted, vzz. smooth amphioxi and microscleres of the type described and figured above. No tylostyles could be found either in the spi- cule-preparation or in the fragments of sponge. Other fragments of sponge extracted from shells were clearly no part of a Clionid but represented two species of Eurypon. Many spicule-prepara- tions contained a mixture of the spicules of the Clrona with those of one or other representative of the latter genus. No actual con- fusion is possible, however, between the two very different genera thus associated.
Cliona patera (Hardwicke).
1822. Spongia patera, Hardwicke, Aszat. Researches XIV,
D., FOO pla:
1858. Poterion neptuni, Schlegel, Handled. Dierkunde II, p- 542.
1880. Poterion patera, Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VI, p- 441.
1908. Poterion patera, Vosmaer, Versi Gew. Verg. Wos-en- Naturk. Afd. XVII (1), p. 16.
1909. Cliona patera, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (4) IX Dobie:
)
16 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XI,
Although this large and conspicuous sponge has been known, so far as its external form is concerned, for nearly a century, its true systematic position has only been discovered, by Vosmaer and Topsent, in the last few years. There is a fine series of dried specimens from Singapore, the original locality, in the Indian Museum; but they do not include the type. The species seems to me to be very closely related to Cliona celata, from which it differs in its stouter spicules but which it resembles in its general struc- ture and in particular in that of the papillae. So far as these are concerned it agrees more closely with C. celata than with C. vim- dis, of which Vosmaer was apparently prepared to regard it as a variety.
Some of our specimens contain at the base both Jamelli- branch and Gastropod shells, as well as many small pebbles. The latter, being of hard stone, are intact, as are also some of the shells. Others, however, both of bivalves and of Gastropods, have had ramifying grooves excavated on their surface by the sponge. In one Lamellibranch shell that was partially embedded in it the grooves are entirely confined to the embedded position. At least one Gastropod shell, which was extracted from the centre of the basal portion of a large specimen, is wholly permeated and nearly destroyed by excavations filled with sponge substance. I am convinced by these facts that the excavations in shells found in large specimens of C. fatera are of a secondary nature, and it seems improbable, in any case, that so large a sponge, if it com- menced life in the thickness of any Molluscan shell, should not have completely destroyed that shell before reaching its full size.
So far as I am aware, C. pfatera has as yet been found only in the neighbourhood of Singapore and Java, where it is abundant. If it occurred in the Gulf of Manaar, where several large collec- tions of sponges have been made, so conspicuous an object could hardly have escaped notice. Indeed, its place seems to be taken in the seas round Ceylon and India by the Halichondrine sponge Petrosia testudinaria (amarck), which bears a considerable super- ficial resemblance to it, although the ‘‘ cup’’ and the “‘stalk”’ are not so clearly differentiated.
Genus Thoosa, Hancock.
1849. Thoosa, Hancock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) Il,
Pp. 345- 1887. ms Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (2) V’, p. 88. 1891. ad., ibid., (2) IX, p. 577.
1905. ? Cliothosa, ie, Bul. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XI, p. 95.
This genus is much less well known than Cliona. Most of the species, being of tropical origin and having a very inconspicuous appearance externally, have been described from dried specimens extracted from shells or corals, and many of these have been im- perfect. Possibly it will ultimately be proved that several quite
I9I5.] N. ANNANDALE: IJndtan Boring Sponges. 17
distinct genera are included under the name. The genus as at present constituted is remarkable for the great diversity of its microscleres, which always include some form of amphiaster, as well as, in many cases, degenerate forms of euasters. True spiras- ters seem to be invariably absent.
The typical spicule is characteristic. It consists of a relative- ly stout cylindrical stem, as a rule quite straight, and of two cir- cles of horizontal branches, which surround the stem at or near its extremities. The stem is quite smooth. In most cases the lateral branches are very short and greatly inflated at their tips, so that they have actually the form of subspherical bosses or prominences. They are never numerous, four to six being the normal number in each ring. In the more highly developed forms the prominences are covered with short spines, and the extremities of the stem are inflated and spiny also. Both the terminal and the lateral promi- nences may, however, be greatly reduced and take the form of smooth rounded or conical projections.
Another form of amphiaster that is often, though not invari- ably, present also consists of a smooth cylindrical stem surrounded at the ends by a ring of horizontal branches. Both the stem (as a rule) and the branches (always) are, however, more slender and the latter are much produced. The extremities of neither are regularly spiny, but each branch terminates either in a minute inflation or in several small hook-like spines.
A third form of microscleres that often occurs has been shown to be a degenerate oxyaster, although in its common form it has little resemblance to that type of spicule. As a rule it consists merely of two slender, more or less strongly curved spines attached to a minute centrum and having the appearance of the horns ot some Kuminant attached to a fragment of the skull, or that of a sea-gull in flight as seen from a distance, or rather as convention- ally represented in pictures. Occasionally more than two spines are present, and the spicule may assume a star-like form. Other microscleres, which resembles toxa but probably have the same origin, also occur in some species.
Yet another type of aster is often found. It has the form of a flat, spiny plate or a spiny cylinder and is referred to by Top- sent as a pseudosteraster. I have not come across this form of spicule myself in the specimens I have examined.
The macroscleres, if present, are either amphioxi or tylo- styles, but they are often absent.
The distribution of Thoosa is essentially tropical, but several of the species are as yet recorded only from specimens of unknown history. They appear to occur mainly in shells of solid structure or teef-corals from shallow water, but one species described here (LT. tnvestigatoris, p. 18), was found in a thin Gastropod shell from a depth of over 700 fathoms.
The following species have been recorded, or are here recorded for the first time, from the seas of British India and Ceylon :—
18 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOl.eet:
Thoosa radiata, Topsent. Thoosa, investigatorts, nov. T. socialts, Carter. T. fischeri, Topsent. T. armata, ‘Topsent. T. laeviaster, nov.
T. hancocci, Topsent.
Of these I have not seen 7. socialis ! and T. fischeri,’ both of which are only known from Ceylon.
It does not seem advisable at present to attempt to draw up a key tothe Indian species. One to all those known in I89gI is given by Topsent on pp. 585-586 of his paper cited after that date on p. 16, and no new species have been published since. Two are described in this paper.
Thoosa investigatoris, sp. nov. (Plate i, figs. 5, 6).
This is a species with megascleres in the form of pin-like tylo- styles and with three types of amphiasters as microscleres, vzz. (I)
F1G. 3.—Spicules of Thoosa investigatoris.
nodular amphiasters typical of the genus, (2) smooth amphiasters with horizontal branches ending in a circle of hooklets, and (3) much stouter smooth amphiasters without hooks or spines of any kind.
General structure. —The sponge consists of a number of tubules which anastomose in one plane and swell out at intervals into not very clearly differentiated chambers of a flattened form and of irregullar outline. The whole structure is fragile and delicate, offering in this respect a strong contrast to Cliona annulifera,
1 Carter, 1880, p. 56 (v. p. 2, footnote 3). 2 Topsent, 1891, p. 582 (v- p- 10).
IQI5.] N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 19
which was taken at the same station. The papillae are borne on very short pedicels, as a rule only on what may be called the upper surface of the sponge; occasionally they are also found on the lower surface. I have not been able to detect cellular diaphragms.
Papillae.—Two kinds of papillae have been observed, one of which is apparently inhalent, while the other is probably of a mixed nature. The latter is considerably larger than the former ; its diameter is on an average, in normal circumstances, about I mm., whereas that of the smaller papillae is only about 0°4 mm. In both cases the vertical walls are straight and the actual papilla does not expand much beyond them. The exhalent apertures are circular and are protected, as is explained below under the heading ‘‘Skeleton’”’, by a peculiar arrangement of spicules.
Spicules.-—The macroscleres are tylostyles with well differenti- ated heads usually spherical in form and frequently containing a singlelarge vacuole. The stem is usually curved and spindle-shaped, tapering considerably towards both extremities aud consider- ably swollen in the middle. More slender tylostyles occur in which the stem is much less swollen, but there are also intermedi- ate forms. The shape of the head is not constant, for, especially in the more slender macroscleres, it is sometimes trilobed and sometimes flattened above; occasionally it is even acorn-shaped or quite asymmetrical. In the stouter tylostyles the total length is on an average about 0°34 mm., the greatest thickness of the shaft about 0°02 mm. and that of the head slightly less.
The nodular amphiasters have both the lateral and the ter- minal nodules or bosses relatively large, nearly spherical and covered densely with minute straight spines. They are joined to the stem, which they often conceal almost completely, by very short smooth pedicels. The average length of the spicule of this type is about 0°0369 mm. and the greatest breadth across the lateral nodules 0:0164 mm.
The smooth amphiasters with terminal hooks on the lateral branches are of the habitual form. ‘heir stem is rather stout and the lateral branches taper straightly towards the tip, which usually beats about six hooklets. The greatest length of the spicule is on an average about o'0164 mm. and the greatest breadth from tip to tip of the branches 0°0246 mm.
The third type of amphiaster, which is very scarce, is about the same size as the second, which it resembles considerably, but the branches are stouter and bear no terminal hooklets, nor are they inflated at the tips.
Skeleton.—The spicules are arranged to form a skeletal struc- ture in a somewhat more regular manner than is the case in most species of Clionidae.
In the horizontal tubules the macroscleres lie parallel to the surface and in a large proportion of cases point in the same direc- tion. They exhibit, in quite a definite manner, evidence of fasci- culation, although in this part of the sponge they do not appear to
20 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOy, (ay
be bound together by any horny substance. At certain points, probably where the aperture fora new papilla is about to be excavated, a stout chitinoid covering is secreted over the sponge and the macroscleres adopt a convergent arrangement and are densely massed together. At such places the nodular microscleres are sometimes present in large numbers and form a layer several spicules thick over the protecting mass. The papillae are protect- ed by a dense ring of vertical macroscleres fortified with chitinoid substance and arranged concentrically in several or many circles with the heads resting at the base of the very short vertical tubule. Within this ring, in the case of exhalent orifices, there is an arrangement of convergent macroscleres with their tips meeting almost horizontally and their heads set in a broad spiral of about I} turns. Presumably the tips can be separated in the living sponge by rotation of the heads. The whole arrangement is strikingly reminiscent of the diaphragm in the stage of a compound micro- scope. The smooth amphiasters are scattered in the flesh of the tubules and chambers. Neither they nor the nodular amphiasters _play any part in the protection of the external papillae.
Gemmules.—I have found several gemmules in the specimen examined. They are spherical masses of cells of the usual type, but have no horny protective membrane. Each is about 0°374 mm. in diameter. Each gemmule occupies a separate chamber which it fills completely. There is a slender strand of cells con- necting it with the active part of the sponge.
Type.—No. Z.E.V. 6430/7, Ind. Mus, in spirit: in a dead Gas-
tropod shell. Locality.—Off Ceylon: 703 fathoms (R.I.M.S. ‘ Investigator’).
The form of the nodular microscleres is characteristic, in particular in the large size of the lateral and terminal bosses; other- wise they resemble those of T. socialis, Carter. The species is evi- dently related to T. aymata, which, however, has the spicules of this type with the bosses perfectly smooth as well as relatively smaller.
A noteworthy feature of T. investigatoris is its power of secret- ing a horny covering for its growing-points when they come in con- tact with foreign bodies. I hope to show in a subsequent paper that it protects itself in this manner against aggression on the part of a sponge of the genus Coppatias that is parasitic in its burrows. At most of the points at which new galleries are being formed in the shell no such covering can be detected, but at some, probably where the sponge is in contact with the outer layers of the shell, and is about to form a new exhalent or inhalent papilla, there is a thick one. It is only where such a covering occurs that the nodu- lar amphioxi are found, and if the covering is very thick, a num- ber of these spicules can usually be discovered in which the spines on the nodules seem to be completely worn away and the nodules themselves even to some extent destroyed. Such spicules lie in or on the outer or distal part of the covering. ‘These facts would
IQI5.] N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 2%
suggest that spicules of this peculiar type play an important part in the perforation of the compact outer layers of the shells in which the sponge constructs its burrows.
Thoosa armata, Topsent.
1887. Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (2) V®, p. 81, pl. vii, fig.
Q. 1801. lide 0th OD: 570; 1904. Id., ‘‘Spongiaires des Acores’’ Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, fasc. XXI, p. 106, pl. xi, fig. 5.
In preparations of Cliona vastifica from a shell of Malleus from the Andaman Is., I find, mingled with the spicules of that species, others of three types that agree well with those of Thoosa armata as described and figured by Topsent. They are nodular amphiasters, reduced oxyasters consisting of a pair of long horn- like spines arising from a minute centrum, and smooth, sharply pointed amphioxi. The spicules of other types figured by Topsent I have not found in this very imperfect specimen.
As to the smooth amphioxi, they certainly do not belong to the Cliona and no trace of any other sponge but the Cliona and the Thoosa is present in some of my preparations. Topsent in his original description of T. avmata described amphioxi of the kind as an essential element in the spiculation of the species, but did not find them in the specimen from the Azores he described in Ig04. In my specimen, in parts of which they seem to be definitely as- sociated to form a skeletal structure, they are on an average 0°09 mm. long and 0002 mm. broad at the thickest part. They are thus rather larger than in Topsent’s original example.
Thoosa armata was described from a dried sponge in an oyster- shell from the Gaboon (West Africa), and has also been found in a dead coral in the Azores. It has not hitherto been known from the Indian Ocean. The extraordinary larva was described and figured by Topsent (op. cit.) in 1904.
Thoosa hancocci, Topsent. 1887. Topsent, Arch. Zool. expévim. (2) V’, p. 80, pl. vil, fig.
12 189I. hd.) tua. VX, pp: 577,.580- 1898. Lindgren, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst. Abth.) XI, p. 320. 1905. Topsent, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XI, p. 94.
Topsent and Lindgren have described this species as having spicules of three types, (a) tylostyles, (b) nodular amphiasters, and (c) slender amphiasters—Tindgren calls them spirasters—with lateral branches terminating in minute hooks. Topsent (of. cvt., 1905) has also described a closely similar species without spicules of the last type (c), and founded for its reception the new genus Cliothosa. The only known species of this supposed genus (C. seuvati, Topsent) only differs from T. hancocct, apart from the
22 Kecords of the Indian Museum. [Vor Xals
supposed generic character, in having the head of the tylostyle oval (instead of usually spherical) and with a group of minute vacuoles in its centre.
In the collection of the Indian Museum there are two shells from the Andamans, one of a Tvidacna and one of a Maileus,! that contain the burrows of a Clionid which agrees well with Topsent’s description of 7. hancocct so far as the general structure and the colour are concerned. In the Tvidacna-shell the papillae of the sponge have been destroyed, but they are well preserved in that of the Malleus. In neither specimen have I been able to find a single nodular amphiaster, although there has been no difficulty in re- moving the papillae for microscopic examination from one of them. The slender amphiasters are abundant in both specimens, scattered in the galleries of the sponge, and the majority of the tylostyles in the galleries have spherical heads, but those in the papillae are variable in shape. In no single spicule can I detect a group of vacuoles in this part.
The question naturally arises, Is Cliothosa a distinct genus or merely a phase of Thoosa? In considering this question the facts known in reference to other species of the family must be noted. In the first place, it is known that Cliona celata* may lose two -ypes of spicules in the course of its latter development and that Thoosa armata*® does the same at an earlier stage. Secondly, we know that the nodular amphiasters are sometimes scarce in T. hancocet itself and, apparently, may be either confined to the papillae* or scattered throughout the sponge.’ Thirdly, in the type-specimens of T. investigatoris (antea, p.18) and T. laeviaster (p. 23, postea) these spicules were not found in the fully formed papillae but in what were apparently papillae in the process of formation. Furthermore, in the case of the former species, they sometimes exhibited distinct traces of wear in that position. All these facts seem to me to point to the possibility of there being a stage, perhaps but seldom attained, in the life-cycle of Thoosa at which the characteristic spicules of the genus disappear and the sponge gains nominal generic distinction undex the title Cliothosa. If Iam right, there can, I think, be no doubt that at least one of my specimens from the Andamans has reached this stage.
Thoosa hancocci was originally described from a Tridacna-shell from the Indian Ocean. It is apparently common in coral from shallow water in the neighbourhood of Java and was taken by Prof. Stanley Gardiner, also in coral, in the Maldives (fide Topsent, 1905, Pp. 94).
Thoosa laeviaster, sp. nov.
Spicules and fragments of the sponge of this species were
found in the piece of dead coral referred to by Carter, whose
1 One valve of the individual in the other valve of which Thoosa armata was found intermingled with Cliona vastifica.
2 Topsent, 1900, p. 42, etc.
8 Topsent, 1904, p. 111: see synonomy of 7. armata, p. 21.
4 Topsent, 1905, p. 94. 5 Lindgren, 1898, p. 321.
1915.] N. ANNANDALE: Indian Boring Sponges. 2S
notice they apparently escaped, in his account of the sponges of the Mergui Archipelago: Fauna of the Mergui ArchipelagolI, p. 75. It is remarkable in the form of its nodular amphiasters, the “‘ no- dules’’ of which are reduced to short, slender, blunt or pointed branches totally devoid of spines. Reduced spirasters of the type common in the genus are also present, while the macroscleres are smooth amphioxi.
General structure.—Nothing is known of the general structure except that the sponge consists, in part at any rate, of slender apparently cylindrical branches ramifying in dead coral.
Papillae.—The papillae, of which several imperfect examples were extracted, are evidently very small, probably not more than 03 mm. in diameter. They are protected by dense masses of up- right macroscleres.
Spicules.—The macroscleres are small, slender, smooth, sharply pointed, spindle-shaped amphioxi; a large proportion of them are definitely geniculate in the middle. The average length is 0°08 mm. and the average breadth in the middle 0-003 mm.
ae eoeer eo at p A ——— \ fn Ae: Sree cae) 3 f ee, LA 4 —— i we iam e Daa! eee : Ss
Fic. 4.—Spicules of Thoosa laeviaster.
Only two types of microscleres can be distinguished; (a) smooth, rather slender amphiasters surrounded at some little dis- tance from each extremity by a circle of several (normally 4) horizontal branches, which are also smooth and relatively slender. These are usually blunt but sometimes pointed: they are always stouter at the base than at the tips. ‘The length of each branch is usually equal to the distance of its base from the nearest ex- tremity of the shaft, which terminates in the same manner as the branches, and the distance apart of the two circles is considerably greater. The average length of the spicule of this type is from about 07041 to 0:08 mm.; the average thickness of the shaft from about 0°0065 to o’0r3 mm. and the breadth from tip to tip across the branches from 0'0246 to 00328 mm., but all these measure- ments are variable. (b) The second type of microsclere is a re- duced oxyaster consisting of a pair of relatively long and slender curved horn-like spines attached close together to a minute centrum.
Skeleton.—From the fragment of sponge extracted from the coral it is evident that the macroscleres are arranged much as in
24 Records of the Indian Museum. |Vou. XI, 1915.]
T. investigatorts. The reduced oxyasters are scattered in the main body of the sponge, while the amphiasters are collected in small groups and associated with films of horny substance in the inte- rior. They also appear, therefore, to have been arranged in the same manner as their homologues in T. investigatoris.
Type.—A microscopic preparation mounted in Canada balsam. No. Z.E.V. 6639/7. Ind. Mus.
Locality.—King Id., Mergui Archipelago; in dead coral (J. Anderson).
The form of the amphiaster is unlike that of any other species in the genus, for the ‘‘ nodules” of these spicules, even when they are smooth as in Thoosa armata, are usually short, stout and rounded. It is clear, however, that their form in TJ. laeviaster does not depart very widely from the generic type and is really nearer that of the normal amphiaster of T. radiata (Topsent, 1887, pl. vii, fig. rz) than that of the homologous spicule of T. armata.
ll dl i
BXPLANATION OBS PLA LE i:
Fics. 1, 2, 3, 4. Cliona annultfera, sp. nov.
1.—Part of type-specimen extricated from the shell in which the sponge had burrowed, viewed from below
as an opaque object, X ca. 30. g. = gemmule: s. = space from which shell-substance has been re- moved.
2.—A single chamber mounted, without staining, in Canada balsam and viewed from one side by trans- mitted light, X ca.57- 1.p.=/inhalent papilla: m. p. = mixed papilla: G.—gemmule.
3.—Another chamber stained with borax carmine and similarly mounted, seen from above by transmitted light, X ca. 57. Lettering as in figs. r and 2.
4.—A mixed papilla, viewed obliquely from one side as.a solid object, more highly magnified. c.—=calcare- ous granules.
» 5,0. Thoosa investigatoris, sp. nov.
5.—Part of type-specimen extricated from the shell in which the sponge had burrowed, viewed from above by transmitted light, x ca. 35. e.p. = exhalent papilla: hv. = horny ring surrounding papilla: n.g.== commencement of a new gallery: s. = space from which shell-substance has been removed.
6.—Another part of the same sponge only partially extricated, viewed obliquely by transmitted light, and more highly magnified. 7..== inhalent papilla: S.= fragment of shell.
Plate I.
Rec. Ind. Mus., Vo!.XI, 1915.
Bemrose, Collo, Derby.
~
Figs. 5. 6. Thoosa investigatoris.
. ‘Figs. 1-4, Cliona annulifera.
LSyt . irs BA
bree SMC R ABS) FROM .THE.CHILKA LAKE.
By J. R. Henperson, M.B., C.M., F.L.S., Superintendent, Madras Governinent Museum.
The small collection of Paguride which forms the subject of this paper was obtained by Dr. N. Annandale and Mr. S. W. Kemp, during their survey of the Chilka Lake, on the Orissa Coast in the Bay of Bengal. Of the five species taken it has only been found necessary to describe one as new. In each of the previously known species reference is made to Col. A. Alcock’s ** Catalogue of the Indian Decapod Crustacea in the collection of the Indian Museum,’’ part II, Anomura, Fasc. I, Pagurides (1905), where a full bibliography will be found.
Clibanarius padavensis, de Man.
Alcock, p. 44, pl. iv, fig. 2.
Station 22!, 8698/10. Five specimens of moderate size, in- cluding a female with ova.
Station 75, 8700/10. A young specimen with the carapace measuring only 7 mm. in length, yet possessing all the charac- teristic colour markings.
Station 82, 8705/10 A male, and a female with ova, of moderate size, the carapace of the former measuring 16 mm. in length ; also a very young specimen.
“Station 83, 8696/10. Six individuals of moderate size, the carapace of the largest (a female) measuring 18 mm. in length.
This species, which shows a special predilection for brackish water, occurs in suitable localities round the Indian coast from Burma to Bombay. It has also been recorded from Singapore, Queensland, New Guinea and New Caledonia.
Clibanarius longitarsis, de Haan.”
Alcock, p. 158. Station 142, 8968/10. In Purpura shells. Two specimens, male and female, the latter which is slightly larger with the carapace II mm. long.
| An explanation of the station numbers will be given in a subsequent paper dealing in a general manner with the results of our survey of the Lake. (N. A.)
21 take this species as characterized by de Man in his account of the Crustacea collected by Dr. Brock in the Malay Archipelago (Archiv. f. Nat. LIII, p. 441, 1887).
26 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor XI,
This record is interesting as it tends to show that the species, which was previously known only from the southern part of the east coast so far as India is concerned, probably occurs in suitable localities all along this coast. It is the commonest brackish-water pagurid on the Coromandel coast.
C. longitarsis has been found in various localities from Fast
Africa to Japan. Clibanarius olivaceus, n. sp.
Station 22, 8698/10. Two males and two females. Also 8710/10,a male, and 8708/10 a very young specimen in a frag- mentary condition which probably belongs to the present species.
2 I 8
_ Clibanarius olivaceus, n. sp.: 1. anterior part of carapace, eyestalks, etc. on above ; 2. left cheliped from above; 3. last four segments of second leg from above.
Station 142, 8967/To. A female with the carapace 9 mm. long.
Some small individuals of this species were taken by Dr. Annandale near the mouth of the Adyar River, Madras, in October I9T3.
Carapace with the usual tufts of setae, which are most nu- merous towards the sides and immediately behind the cervical groove. Rostrum moderately prominent, reaching a little beyond the antennal angles of the carapace.
I9g15.| J. R. HENDERSON: Hermit-Crabs from Chilka Lake. 27
Eyestalks distinctly longer than the anterior border of the carapace and almost as long as the antennular peduncles; the eye occupies about one-tenth of the length of the stalk. Oph- thalmic scales with the outer edge setose and faintly spinose.
Antennal acicle setose and slightly spinose, the proximal spinule being most prominent, scarcely reaching the terminal joint of the peduncle; flagellum about one and a half times as - long as the carapace.
Chelipeds subequal and similar; merus with the upper margin obscurely serrulate and two spinules at the distal end of the outer lower margin; carpus with a distinct spinule at the distal end of the upper margin and two or three smaller spinules further back on the margin; hand only slightly roughened and compara- tively free of setae, with no spines anywhere on its palmar surface ; fingers rougher and more setose than the palm, the projec- tions almost becoming spinose towards the finger-tips, when closed exhibiting an intervening hiatus. The length of the hand, includ- ing the fingers, is about twice its breadth.
The second and third legs exceed the chelipeds on both sides by the length of the dactyli and nearly half the propodi; a spinule is present at the lower distal end of the merus and another at the upper distal end of the carpus in both pairs of legs. The dactylus of the third leg is about one-fourth longer than the corresponding propodus; the dactylus of the second leg while shorter is still distinctly longer than its propodus.
The colour of spirit specimens is yellowish, with the chelipeds and second and third pairs of legs olive green. The only distinct bands of colour are three pale red lines, on the inner upper and outer surfaces of the eyestalks, though in the specimen from sta- tion 142 the upper line is obsolescent. The meral and carpal joints of the second and third legs, particularly the former, show a faint bluish green colour near the upper posterior surface and a reddish brown tinge near the lower margin, but these colours are not sufficiently circumscribed to constitute bands. ‘The dactyli of the second and third legs are buff-coloured.
Length of carapace (in a male) 12 mm., breadth of anterior border of the carapace 4mm., length of eyestalk 5°5 mm.,length of dactylus of second left leg 9°5 mm., length of propodus of second left leg 75 mm. The left eyestalk of the type specimen is shorter than the right and is evidently in process of regeneration.
This species is closely related to C. padavensis, de Man, and C. longitarsis (de Haan), both of which commonly occur in brack- ish water inIndia. It agrees with them in the long dactyli of the second and third legs, and in the long eyestalks, which are longer than the anterior border of the carapace, but is readily distin- guished from both by its colouration.
In C. padavensis', there are very distinct deep red or
+ My remarks on C. padavensts, in the Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, LXV, pt. 1, p. 520, 1896, were made in error and really apply to C. longitarsts,
28 Records of the Indian Museum. [Von. XI,
crimson lines on the second and third legs, eyestalks and cheli- peds. In C. longitarsis, a pale blue band bordered above and below by red brown occurs on the joints of the second and third legs, being best marked on the propodi, and there are no colour lines on the eyestalks or chelipeds These distinctive marks are present at all stages of growth, and I am of opinion that colour is a fairly reliable character in separating the species of Clibana- viUs.
In addition to the colour differences, the hand of C. olivaceus is much smoother and less hirsute on the upper surface, while the inner margin is devoid of the spinules which occur in the two
other species. Clibanarius sp.
Station 82, 8709/10. Five very small individuals which are too young to identify satisfactorily. They perhaps belong to the last species.
Diogenes miles (Herbst).
Alcock, p. 67, pl. vi, fig. 5.
Ganjam Coast outside the southern part of the Chilka Lake, in a Voluta shell, 8706/10. A female with ova in which the carapace measures I5 mm. in length.
This species, which is common on the east coast of India, but so far as I know does not affect brackish water, has a charac- teristically flattened carapace, and the hand of the left or larger cheliped can be bent almost at right angles to the wrist, the result of living in shells with a long narrow aperture.
Diogenes avarus, Heller.
Alcock, p. 68, pl. vi, fig. 6.
Station 71, 8703/10. Three small specimens.
Station 91, 8764/10. Eleven small specimens, including several females with ova in which the carapace measures less than 5 mm. in length Also 8707/10; two small specimens.
Station 93, 8701/10. Seven small specimens, one of which, a female with ova, has the carapace 5 mm. long.
Station 94, 8702/10. ‘Two minute specimens.
This small species is common in the South Indian back- waters, but also occurs in the sea, both between tidemarks in places such as the shores of the Gulf of Manar where the surf is not excessive, and in shallow water. As was first pointed out by de Man the lengthening of the carpus and band of the larger cheliped, which is so characteristic a feature of adult males, is much less marked in females and young males. Some individuals appear to attain maturity while of small size; in the present collection there are several females with ova in which the cara- pace measures 5 mm. in length or even less, while individuals from other localities are found at least double this size.
I9g15.] J. R. HENDERSON: Hermit-Crabs from Chilka Lake. 29
Ceenobita rugosus, Milne-Edwards. Alcock, p. 143, pl. xiv, fig. 3.
Station 107, 8966/10. A small specimen in a Natica shell.
Station 123, 8965/10. A small specimen.
These specimens, which are evidently immature, as the carapace of the larger one measures only 10 mm. in length, appear to belong to this common Indo-Pacific species. They possess a stridulating organ composed of an oblique row of elon- gated parallel teeth, on the outer surface of the left palm, and the outer surface of the propodite of the third left leg is sepa- rated from the anterior surface by a distinct ridge.
Coenobita cavipes, Stimpson.
Alcock, p. 146, pl. xiv, fig. 1. = C. violascens, Heller, and C. compressus, Ortmann. Station 79, 8699/10. Three young specimens. Station 82, 8695/10. A number of young specimens, the largest of which is.a female with the carapace 14 mm. long. Station 95, 8697/10. A half-grown male.
The lower part of the outer surface of the left palm is smooth, and as pointed out by Stimpson is mahogany coloured.
This species is very common in the neighbourhood of the backwaters along the east coast of India, and is frequently found at some distance from the water. It is most active at night.
LOE Mer ks ON- some SOUTH INDIAN BATRA: CHE A, .
By C. R. NARAYAN RAO, Central College, Bangalore.
I. The Larvae of Microhyla rubra and Rana breviceps.
These tadpoles have been described by Mr. H. S. Ferguson, F.L,.S., late Director of the Trevandrum Museum, in his paper on ‘“A List of Travancore Batrachians,’’ published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (Vol. XV, p. 499). I am of opinion that Mr. Ferguson has mixed up the larvae of M. rubra with those of the allied species M. ornata, and there is considerable difference between his account of the tadpoles of R. breviceps and the specimens I have collected. These facts sufficiently justify the publication of the following notes, in which I purpose to des- cribe the specimens in full and at the end indicate the chief points wherein I differ. I might add here that examples of all these larvae have been sent to Dr. N. Annandale whom I have to thank for examining them.
Larva of M. rubra.
H. S. Ferguson, /.B.N.H.S.; Vol. XV, 1904, p.506; Boulen- ger, Fauna, p. 491.
Towards the middle of July,a few specimens of this tadpole were obtained at Bangalore from a pond in which rain water had collected. Other tadpoles found in their company were those of M. ornata, R. breviceps and Rhacophorus maculatus. ‘The tadpoles were allowed to complete their metamorphosis in the college aquarium. ‘They may be described as follows :—
The head and body.—Head depressed and almost flat, snout broadly rounded but not squarish. Both dorsal and ventral sur- faces of trunk flat. In horizontal section, the body is nearly elliptical. Skin smooth.
Eye and nostril.—Nostrils nearer to the snout than the eyes, and are dorsal. ‘The inter-orbital space nearly six times the inter- nasal. Eyes lateral, visible from below and by no means promi- nent. Pupil round. (It is vertical in the adult).
Mouth.—Very small, nearly terminal or dorsal: broadly triangular or nearly oval. Upper lip better developed, with a horny edge. Beaks, horny teeth and papillae absent.
Sensory glands and pits.—A conspicuous white glandular area, somewhat dome-shaped, just behind the mouth or between the nostrils. A number of sensory pits round the mouth, especially
32 Records of the Indian Museum. [VOL alg
about the corners. A fine white glandular streak from nostrils to the outer angle of the eyes, extending along the sides of the body. Ina few specimens a similar dorso-median streak is occa- sionally present.
Spiracle.—Situated in the midventral line, large and broadly ‘““A’’-shaped, opening directed backwards and is far from the snout. Behind, another pore involved in the lower caudal crest is present, marked abdominal pore in figure B. There is reason to suppose this to represent a secondary spiracle. Water comes out in two streams as may be experimented with carmine solution.
Vent.—Slightly sinistral, inconspicuous, covered over by the lower tail lobe.
Tail.—Muscular portion thick at the root and ends in a very
lic. 1—Tadpoles of Microhyla rubra. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view.
fine flagellum. At the greatest width, ie. between the thighs, the ventral crest is more than four times the upper membrane. ‘ The former begins behind the spiracle and surrounds the second pore. The lobes are delicate and transparent.
Colour.—live specimens are olive above, beautifully mar- bled. Spirit specimens do not, however, show this delicate scheme of colour. Following the glandular line of the head and body, is a dark band which throws it in relief. Limbs barred. A brown band across the thighs. Abdomen immaculate, occasionally the throat is bronzed.
Dimensions.—The following are the average measurements of four tadpoles with well-developed hind limbs :—
1915.| C. R. NARAYAN RAO: Some South Indian Batracha. 33
Total length of ah 40 mm. Length of head and body 23 ae Sy Raita: Maximum width of body hv: ici, Oy Mim Do. depth do. bys sae te ify WELIaL Do. do. tail a S455, Or 1liii:
Biological.—The period occupied by development in the aquarium is roughly twenty days, and it must also represent the time taken in nature. Mucrohyla like the other genera of the family Engystomatidae spawns in localities which dry up very soon, and the tadpoles are also otherwise exposed to attacks by ducks and geese. Rapid metamorphosis is apparently a provi- sion, in the case of these thoroughly terrestrial forms, for the preservation of the species.
The larvae float on the surface and the highly contractile mouth is a character which they share in common with the other species, M. ornata, noticed by Capt. S. S. Flower and Mr. Fer- guson. The food of the tadpoles consists of small micro-organisms such as water fleas, Infusoria and Rotifers. The fine flagellum at the end of the tail is kept lashing the water. Assoon as the fore- limbs develop, the larvae leave the water and squat on the stones in the aquarium, and if these are removed they easily perish. The metatarsal tubercles are well-developed and the baby frogs with short stumpy tails use them in burrowing. The web which completely invests the toes in the larval stage atrophies when the tadpoles leave the water.
Points of Difference.
I shall next proceed to enumerate briefly the points in which I differ from Mr. Ferguson. (1) He remarks that the nostrils are nearer the eye than the end of snout. I make out in my specimens that the converse is true; the distance between the eye and the nostril is at least I} mm. greater than that between the nostrils and snout.
(2) The spiraculum is described by him as being directed downwards and backwards.
I notice that the spiracle is directed downwards and back- wards in the larvae of M. ornata in which the abdomen is laterally compressed; while in M. rubra, the body being dorso-ventrally depressed, the spiraculum opens backwards as a rule.
(3) Again Mr. Ferguson observes that the spiraculum is close to the anus which also opens in middle line in the lower edge of the subcaudal crest.
It is obvious that he mistakes the abdominal pore for the anus which for anatomical reasons cannot occupy that position. The anus, however, is normal in position be- tween the hind legs and is slightly sinistral.
34 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoLo zal
(4) In describing the colour, Mr. Ferguson observes that in life the body is almost transparent. I am perfectly certain that the tadpoles of M. rubra are opaque while the transparent character of the larvae of M. ornata is noticed by Capt. S. S. Flower and Mr. A. L,. Butler.
(5) Further down Mr. Ferguson notices that the dark marks form a more or less diamond-shaped figure on the back.
This is again a feature characteristic of the tadpoles of M. ornata and not met with in the allied form, viz. M. rubra. In the former species, if we follow the progress of metamorphosis, we may notice the diamond-shaped figure developing in the adult into ‘‘a large dark marking on the back, beginning between the eyes and widening as it extends to the hind part of the body.” Boulenger (Fauna, p. 412).
Habits of the Adult.
This frog does not appear to extend into the Malay Peninsula as may be judged from Mr. A. L. Butler’s account of the batrachi- ans of that region (J.B.N.H.S., Vol. XV, p. 387), nor does it occur in such abundance as the other little frog M. ornata. It is a deep digger as is evidenced by the presence of two powerfully developed metatarsal tubercles, and I have myself obtained speci- mens nearly two feet from the surface. The frog does not come out of the burrow during the hot weather and only a very heavy shower of rain, an inch and a half or two, can induce it to leave its hiding place. During the breeding season which in Madras comes off between November and January, and in Bangalore be- tween June and September, the batrachian generally remains on the surface hiding by day under stones, flower pots or in hedges and coming out to feed or spawn by night. ‘The frogs are very good jumpers, but if kept long in water show signs of distress. They feed voraciously on young termites and can stand captivity well. The call notes resembie the shrill chirping of a tree cricket from which they however differ in being an interrupted cry. It is by no means difficult to distinguish the cry of this species in the general babel of amphibian voices that ensue a heavy shower of rain in the night.
Larva of R. breviceps.
HW. S. Ferguson, J.B.N.H.S., Vol. XV, 1904, p. 502; Boulen- ger, Fauna, p. 451.
These tadpoles were taken in conjunction with the larvae of M. rubya and were reared in the college aquarium. They differ from Mr. Ferguson’s account in so many particulars that I have no doubt that he is describing some other species. My specimens may be described thus :—
The head and body.—-Body short and oval. Dorsal and vent- ral surfaces moderately flat or slightly arched.’ Snout obtuse or
I9I5.] C. R. NARAYAN Rao: Some South Indian Batrachia. 35
rounded. length of body about one and a half times the breadth. Mouth ventral.
Nostril and eye.—Small, not prominent, nostrils dorsal, nearer to eyes than to mouth. The inter-orbital space is slightly more than twice the distance between the nostrils. yes dorso- lateral.
Mouth.—Ventral, small. Lower lip better developed and directed forwards. Both lips are bare of papillae, which, how- ever, are large and are aggregated in two or three rows in the corners of the mouth. Occasionally in a few cases a small ovoid gland may be present in the same region. Beaks horny and not powerful; both finely serrated ; lower jaw broadly V-shaped and the upper crescentic. Dental formula, 1: 1/3.
Sensory pits and glands.—Occur generally scattered on the head. A fine row of whitish glands from the eyes to the tympanum. A dorso-median streak sometimes found.
Spivacle.—Tubular, sinistral, pointing upwards and _ slightly backwards ; a fairly circular opening ; somewhat low on the side, nearer to eye than to root of tail.
-Vent.—Also sinistral, a fairly prominent tube.
Tail.—Tip not pointed ; dorsallobe beginning much behind the root of legs, is strongly arched. ‘The ventral poorly developed, the outer margin of which is almost parallel to the long axis of the muscular portion. The greatest depth of tail is > of the total length, and at this part the lower membrane is only 4 of the upper. Muscular portion strongly developed.
Skin and colouvation.—Skin either granular or warty with strongly developed tubercles. Dorsal surface deep grey with broadly V-shaped dark mark between the eyes, and M-shaped, sometimes broken, marks on the back. Ventral surface whitish and sides finely dotted in a few specimens. ‘The muscular portion and lobes and tail deeply blotched. Limbs barred.
Limbs.—Short, toes poorly webbed at the base. ~ The meta- tarsal tubercle well-developed, about the size of the first toe. Subarticular tubercles well formed.
Dimensions.—A fully grown tadpole measures as follows :—
Total length e: a L. .50°mm. Leneth-of body. .. oy + 2 Gag: i ,, tail Ry x Pom hes (oyeaetiae Maximum breadth of body .. a igheccboae 5 vo =) 3),81 ae ae 3¢: 14 SGstam:
ais a 4). tad : Se mae eb any
Biological.—The time occupied by the development of this frog is almost the same as that taken by the other burrowing types, viz. 18 to 20 days. I have noticed that these larvae remain at the bottom of the aquarium, occasionally coming to the surface to breathe air. When disturbed, they would move on their legs, rather than swim. ‘They were fed on weeds and also on dead tad- poles. Foul water is death to them. Like the larvae of other
36 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL: XI,
Engystomatidae, they leave the water as soon as the front limbs sprout. Points of Difference.
The particulars in which the above description differs from Mr. Ferguson’s may be briefly indicated below.
(1) He states at page 502 of the journal cited above, that the length of the body is one and three quarters its breadth
I have measured ten full-grown specimens and I find the average ratio of length to breadth is as 15 : 10 mm, in other words the length is one and a half times the breadth.
(2) Further he describes that the distance between the eyes is one and a quarter that between the nostrils and is equal to the width of the mouth.
In measuring the same ten specimens, I find that the inter- orbital space is more than twice the internasal, and is one and two-thirds of the width of the mouth.
Fic. 2..-Tadpoles of Rana breviceps. A. Lateral view. B. mouth.
(3) Mr. Ferguson states in regard to the spiraculum that it is visible above and below. In all my specimens the spiracle is so low on the side that it is visible from neither view. ‘
(4) He makes out that the anal opening is on the middle line. All the adult tadpoles in my collection possess a sinistral vent. (5) The tail is described in the Travancore specimens as being acutely pointed.
Almost all the specimens in my collection show a rounded tip.
(6) In the description of mouth parts, Mr. Ferguson states that the upper mandible has a blunt tooth-like prominence and that the outermost row of teeth on the lower lip is less than half the length of the middle row which again is shorter than the upper.
The prominence spoken of, perhaps such as is met with in the larva of R. tigrina, is not discoverable and as regards
1g15.] C. R. NARAYAN Rao: Some South Indian Batrachia. 37
the rows of horny teeth, the first two rows are nearly equal, while the third is only slightly shorter than either the first or the second.
(7) The total length of Mr. Ferguson’s specimens is 41 mm.
The maximum length of my specimens exceeds this by at least 9 mm.
Habits of the Adult.
The adult frog is thoroughly terrestrial and the burrowing habits have produced an external appearance not unlike that of Cacopus systoma: a rounded snout, small mouth, a stout body, short hind limbs, a powerful metatarsal tubercle and very slight web. It leads a solitary life and congregates only during the pairing season. A light vertebral line is present in most specimens and its occurrence is purely arbitrary. It is not one of the concert-giving frogs like R. cyanopilyctis and the call notes may be expressed by the short syllables ‘‘ Rut-Rut-Rut,” uttered in quick succession. The batrachian is entirely nocturnal in its habits and young frogs stand captivity much better than adult examples.
II. 't The Distribution and Habits of Bufo fergusoni.
This little toad has been described by Dr. G. A. Boulenger, CieEANcHS. Vol VEL; Dp. 317).
In the article quoted above (viz. ‘‘A list of Travancore Batrachians’’), Mr. Ferguson makes the following remark in the opening lines: ‘‘ There have been so far thirty-four species of Batrachians described as occurring in Travancore, three of which have not been found elsewhere as yet They are Rana aurantiaca, Ixalus travancoricus and Bufo ferguson:”’ (J.B N.H.S., Vol. XV, - 1904, Pp. 499).
I have no doubt that this species of Bufo enjoys a much wider distribution. In 1903, two specimens were taken in the compound of the then residence of Dr. William Miller in Nungam- bakam, Madras; one of which was sent to Dr. G. A. Boulenger, who in acknowledging receipt of the toad, mentions that it is also known from Ceylon. Since then specimens have been obtained from S. Malabar and the outlying districts of Mysore. It is pos- sible that the little toad may be found in North India, though, however, its occurrence is not yet reported.!
The following is a short account of the observations made on the habits of this animal. It is entirely nocturnal and does not _ appear to occur in any large numbers and is certainly one of the rare toads. When given loose earth, it burrows with great ease. It feeds almost exclusively on termites. It does not touch black ants, smaller beetles and earthworms which form the staple
1 { think that this toad is replaced in Northern India by Bb. stomaticus, Luitken.—J. A.
38 Records of the Indian Museum. |VouL. XI, 1915.]
food of the bigger toads like B. melanostictus. Walking is the nor- mal mode of progression and it can also run, especially if quarry is sighted at a distance. When the animal walks, the body is lifted from the ground, but is still underhung from the limbs, and the movement has all the awkwardness of a Calotes, which arises from the inequalities of the limbs. In trying to take a wider range of view of the surroundings, the body is supported on the four legs and the animal may move in that condition some- what mammal-wise. In running the head is kept low. When left on the table it gently crawls round the edge (body almost touching the surface) measuring the height, and prefers to remain quiet in the centre to performing the heroic feat of jumping off. Even if pressed under the arm pit, it does not utter the plaintive metallic cry characteristic of the common toad. When held, it does not struggle to escape, but will remain quiet and even pick up white ants from off one’s hand. If thrown in water, especially if it is deep, it darts here and there and then is easily drowned if not rescued in time.
IV. SOME ORIENTAL SAWEFLIES IN THE INDIAN MUSEUM.
By §. A. Rouwer, Bureau of Entomology, United States Depariment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
In the fall of 1912 the writer received, on his request, the unnamed sawflies of the Indian Museum for study. This collection contained some new species and genera and certain species previ- ously described. A report of the named species and descriptions of the new species and genera will be found on the following pages. With permission of the authorities of the Indian Museum certain duplicates were retained; these have been placed in the collections of the United States National Museum. ‘Thanks are due the authorities of the Indian Museum for the privilege of studying this collection, for their generosity in giving duplicates, and for the extending of the original time limit.
Superfamily STRICOIDEA. Genus Sirex, Linnaeus. Sirex imperialis, Kirby.
One male from Shillong, Assam (La Touche).
This male has the apical margins of the tergites rufous and the wings more yellowish than the description of the female indi- cates.
Genus Xiphydria, Latreille. Xiphydria orientalis, Westwood.
One female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected May 21-29, 1906, at an altitude of 5,000 feet (NV. A.).
This specimen differs from the original description in the antefurcal second recurrent vein, but is no doubt Westwood’s spe- cies. The mandibles are quadridentate ; the head around the ocelli is striato-punctate.
Superfamily TENTHREDINOIDEA. Family CIMBICIDAE. Genus Abia, Leach. Abia melanoceros, Cameron.
One male from Khasi Hills, Assam.
40 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor ae:
Family ARGIDAE. Genus Cibdela, Konow. Cibdela janthina (Klug)
One male from Sadiya, Assam.
Genus Athermantus, Kirby.
In 1882 (List Hym. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 54) Kirby characterized his genus Athermantus for Hylotoma imperialis,Smith. Kirby’s — description is brief and the figure is in part incorrect, so this genus has not been well understood. Konow in his table in the Genera Insectorum (fasc. 29, 1905, p.13) separates Kirby’s genus from the other Argini without a superapical spur on the hind tibiae, by the compressed hind tibiae. In his table of the genera of Argidae in Zeit. Hym. Dipt., vol. 7, 1907, p. 185, Konow abandons the character of compressed hind tibiae and separates Athermantus from the other genera on venational characters. Due to the in- accuracy of the artist and the probability that Konow had never seen a specimen of Athermantus, this separation cannot be used. Mr. Meade-Waldo has kindly examined the type of Athermantus imperialis (Smith) and from his notes and the descriptions there can be no doubt that the specimen before me is correctly deter- mined. ‘The following descriptive notes are given to more properly establish the identity of this genus :—
Closely allied to Cibdela, Konow, but may be separated from that genus by the following comparison :—
ATHERMANTUS, Kirby.
Facial quadrangle much broad- er than the length of the eye.
Posterior orbits much broader than the cephalo-caudad diameter of the eye.
Malar space longer than the length of pedicellum.
Postocellar area well defined.
Lateral ocelli behind the supra- orbital line.
Propodeum without a median furrow. Posterior tibize compressed.
CIBDELA, Konow.
Facial quadrangle with its width subequal or but little greater than the length of the eye.
Posterior orbits much narrower than the cephalo-caudad dia- meter of the eye.
Malar space narrower than the length of pedicellum.
Postocellar area obsolete.
Lateral ocelli with their ante- rior margins on the supra- orbital line.
Propodeum with a faint me- dian furrow.
Posterior tibize not compressed.
In Konow’s table in Zeit. Hym. Dipt., vol. 7, 1907, p. 185, this should fallnext to Cibdela, but would be separated by the above
comparison.
‘IQI5.| A. ROHWER: Oriental Savwflies. AI
Athermantus imperialis (Smith).
One female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected August 6,1909, at an altitude of 6,000 feet (EF. D’ Abreu). Indian Museum Ole
Genus Arge, Schrank. Arge fumipennis (Smith). Two females from Almora, Kumaon, collected September 3-12, Igir, at an altitude of 5,500 feet (C. Paiva). Arge luteiventris (Cameron).
Fourteen specimens, males and females, from _ Shillong, Assam (La Touche).
Arge xanthogastra (Cameron).
Two specimens from Almora, Kumaon, collected June 27, 1911 at an altitude of 5,500 feet (C. Pazva).
>
Arge albocincta (Cameron).
Hylotoma albocincta, Cameron, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876,
P.459.
It may be advisable to make a new genus for this character- istic species which has the large eyes almost touching the base of the mandibles, but until more material has been studied the author feels loath to propose such a genus. The following char- acters apply to the specimen at hand: Emargination of the cly- peus sub-V-ed ; supraclypeal fovecze deep, elongate ; frontal basin well defined, two and one-third times as long as its dorsal width ; a shallow depression in front of the anterior ocellus ; postocellar furrow angulate anteriorly ; postocellar area not defined laterally ; head and thorax shining, with sparse, fine punctures ; basal vein almost the length of the intracostal vein basad of cubitus ; second cubital cell parallel-sided, about three times as long as apical width ; apical abdominal segment with dense white hair.
One female, Shillong, Assam (La Touche) in the Indian
4709
Museum Collection No.*¢3°.
Genus Pampsilota, Konow. Pampsilota sinensis (Kirby).
Hylotoma microcephala, Cameron, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876,
p. 460. (nec Vollenhoven).
Hylotoma sinensis, Kirby, List Hym. Brit. Mus., vol. I, 1882,
P2725 plies) fis-2.
Eight specimens, males and females, from Assam (Sadiya, 5 specimens, ‘‘ Sibs”’ (Sibsagar) N.E. Assam I specimen, and 2 with- out definite locality) forwarded by the Indian Museum, agree well with Cameron’s and Kirby’s accounts. They belong to the
42 Records of the Indian Museum. [ Vor. AE
genus Pampsilota which easily explains Kirby’s inability to detect superapical spurs.
Pampsilota nigriceps, sp. n.
This species is probably more closely allied to sinensis (Kirby ) than any other described species of this genus, but it may be differentiated from Kirby’s species by the black legs and black tergites.
Female.—Length 11 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus very slightly incurved ; supraclypeal area black ; frontal fovea open below, extending parallel until it reaches the anterior margin of the anterior ocellus, with an accentuated triangular-shaped depression opposite the upper margin of the antennae; postocellar line distinctly shorter than the ocellocular line; postocellar furrow well defined, about the width of the posterior ocellus behind the posterior ocelli ; postocellar area strongly convex, slightly parted by a median furrow; antennae typical for the genus, extending to the posterior margin of the scutellum. Rufo-ferrugineous; head except the palpi black ; scutellum, metanotum, tergites except the lateral margin and the apical portion of the posterior ones, the sheath above, mesosternum and legs black; the anterior legs beneath are piceous ; wings dusky hyaline, venation black.
Male.—Length 8 mm. What appears to be the male of this species has the frontal fovea closed below and differs in colour in having the scutum and the basal portion of the prescutum black, and in the piceous stigma and paler wings.
India. Described from two females, one type, and one male, allotype: the type female from Mungphu, Sikkim ; the paratype female from Sikkim, May 1912 ; the allotype from Sadon, Upper Burma, collected at an Alfeude of 7,000 feet, April, 19o1r (£. Colenso).
Type and allotype in Indian Museum, type No. *%**, allotype
1760 ar
Pavatype—(Female) Type Cat. No. 18530, U.S.N.M.
Family THNTHREDINIDAE. Genus Xenapates, Kirby. Xenapates incerta (Cameron).
Two females from Sikkim, East Himalayas, collected May, 1912. One female from Ghumti, Darjiling district, East Himalayas, collected July, 1911, at a calculated altitude of 4,000 feet, by F. H. Gravely. One male from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected June 29, IgI0, at an altitude between 4,000 and 8,000 feet (N. Annandale). One female from Sadiya, Assam.
Monostegidea, gen. n.
This genus belongs to the tribe Allantini where it is related to Monostegia, Costa “and Monsoma, MacGillivray. It may be
IQI5.| A. ROHWER: Oriental Sawfites. 43
separated from both of these by having the antennae long and slender and the third and fourth joints subequal.
Malar space distinct ; clypeus arcuately emarginate (the depth of the emargination varies considerably) ; antennal furrows com- plete but not strong ; orbitai carina obsolete ; posterior orbits narrower than or subequal with cephalo-caudad diameter of the eye ; antennae long and slender, pedicellum wider than long, third and fourth joints subequal; head and thorax shining, almost impunctate ; tarsal claws cleft, inner tooth shorter ; first trans- verse cubitus present ; nervulus its length from the basal ; hind wings with one discal cell, nervellus at right angles with the anal vein ; apical joints of the hind tarsi shorter than the two prece- ding.
Type.—Poectlosoma mgriceps, Cameron.
Monostegidea nigriceps (Cameron) Rohwer.
Poecilosoma mgriceps, Cameron, Jn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. TY, 1902) p.442: This species is represented in material received from the Indian Museum from the following localities :—
Darjiling, altitude 7,000 feet. Two males collected by C. Paiva. Kurseong, altitude 5,000 feet. Two females and three males ; collector not given.
Siliguri, base of the East Himalayas. Three females collected by Museum collector.
Ghumti, altitude 4,000 feet. One female collected by F H. Gravely.
Monostegidea leucomelaena, sp. n.
This resembles to some extent Zaxonus fulvipes as described by Cameron, but itis not in agreement with Cameron’s description in many characters. It can readily be separated by the pale spot on the scutellum.
Female.—Length 6mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus deeply, narrowly, arcuately emarginate, the lobes broad, obtusely rounded apically ; supraclypeal area rectangular in outline, strongly con- vex; supraclypeal foveae greatly reduced, below the ontennal fovea ; middle fovea crescent-shaped ; antennal furrows uninter- rupted, not complete dorsally ; no depression in front of the anterior ocellus ; postocellar furrows distinctly defined, angulate anteriorly ; postocellar line less than one half as long as the ocellocular line, shorter than the ocelloccipital line ; third, fourth and fifth anten- nal ioints subequal ; stigma gently rounded on the lower margin ; transverse radius joining the radius slightly beyond the middle of the third cubital cell ; sheath straight above, obtuse at apex and obliquely rounded below. Black with white markings ; head black ; mouth parts except the apices of the mandibles, face below the antennae, inner orbits to the top of the eye, posterior orbits to above the upper margin of the eye, white ; pronotum
44 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XI,
black ; tegulae white ; mesoscutum black ; scutellum black with a small white spot anteriorly; mesepisternum white except along the dorsal margin ; entire ventral part of the insect white ; abdo- men black above, except the narrow lateral margin of the segments ; venter white ; legs yellowish ; white posterior tarsi dusky ; antennae black; wings hyaline, iridescent; venation dark brown, stigma pale brown, paler at base.
Male.—Length 5 mm. Agrees with female except in the sexual characters.
Darjiling, East Himalayas. Described from one female and six males collected at an altitude of 7,000 feet, May 25-29 (E. Brunettt).
Type, allotype and paratype in the Indian Museum. Type No. *%5*; and allotype, No. *ts*. Paratype in U.S.N.M.
7
Genus Tenthredella, Rohwer. Tenthredella assamensis (Konow).
One female from the Khasi Hills, Assam, which agrees very well with the original description. The basin is shallow, bounded by low rounded walls; clypeal lobes obtusely triangular; post- ocellar area slightly wider than long.
Tenthredella carinifrons (Cameron).
One female from Darjiling, collected May 28, Igto, at an altitude of 7,000 feet (E. Brunettt).
Tenthredella segrega (Konow).
Two females from Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas.
Tenthredella turneri, Rohwer.
One temale from Shillong, Assam.
Tenthredella xanthoptera (Cameron).
One female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected Sep- tember 7, 1909, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
This specimen, which agrees well with the original description, has the scutellum pyramidal; anterior ocellus in a well defined, shining basin which is deeper than the rest of the frontal basin ; labrum longer than wide, rounded apically; sheath subparallel- sided, with apex regularly rounded; mesepisternum strongly angulate below.
Tenthredella annandalei, sp. n.
This species may be readily separated from the other species of this group by the black posterior tibiae, the pale posterior
1915. | A. ROHWER: Orvtevital Sawflies. 45
femora, the pyramidal scutellum, and in having the postocellar area broader than long.
Female.—Length 14 mm.; length of the antennae 10°5 mm. Iabrum broadly rounded, surface subopaque with a few large setigerous punctures; clypeus shining with a deep, narrow, arcuate emargination, the lobes broad, truncate; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; supraclypeal area flat, slightly carinate dorsally ; head concave in tront; a deep longitudinal depression from the base of the antenna to the anterior ocellus, but below the anterior ocellus broadens into a diamond-shaped area which meets immediately behind the anterior ocellus; antennal furrows poorly defined; ocelli little less than an equilateral triangle: postocellar area sharply defined laterally, and defined anteriorly by shallow postocellar furrow, one-fifth longer than the latrad width; head shining, practically impunctate; antennae slender, the third and fourth joints subequal; thorax shining; scutellum pyramidal ; stigma long and narrow, tapering apically ; transverse radius strongly curved, received in the third cubital cell distinctly beyond the middle but not in the apical third; third cubital cell on the radius longer than the first and second; second recurrent vein strongly bullated, joining the cubitus a little less than the length of the curved second transverse cubitus beyond the base of the third cubital cell; spurs of the posterior tibiae of equal length, about half as long as the posterior basitarsus; sheath straight above, apex rounded, the lower margin convex. Rufo- ferrugineous with distinct, erect black hairs; clypeus, labrum, man- dibles except apices, inner orbits of the eyes and tegulae rufo-strami- neous; antennae black; scape stramineous beneath; apical three abdominal segments black; legs colour of the body except the posterior tibiae beyond the basal third and the posterior tarsi which are black; wings yellow hyaline, strongly dusky beyond the apex of the stigma; most of the venation colour of the wing but the median and basal veins black; stigma yellow.
Kurseong, East Himalayas. Described from one female collected at an altitude between 4,500 and 5,000 feet, on June 22, Ig10 by Dr. N. Annandale, after whom the species is named.
Type.—Indian Museum No, *$3*.
Genus Parastatis, Kirby.
This is hardly more than a species group of Tenthredo, Linnaeus.
Parastatis indica, Kirby. Four specimens from Sikkim.
Genus Peus, Konow. Péus privus, Konow.
One female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected August I4, 1909, at an altitude of 6,000 feet (D’ Abreu).
46 Records of the Indian Museum. (Vou. XI,
Genus Fethalia, Cameron.
Konow in the Genera Insectorum, 1905, Fasc. 29, p. 132, places the genus Fethaila, Cameron, as a synonym of Tenthredo (Allantus), but a careful examination of Cameron’s description indicates that this genus is good and is more closely allied to the genera Péus, Konow, and Jermakia, Jakovlev. Cameronsays that there is no ‘‘blotch’’ on the abdomen. This is taken to mean that the first tergite is without a longitudinal furrow. The three genera of the Tenthredinini which do not have longitudinal furrows are Jermakia, Fethalia and Péus. Jermakia can be readily separated from Fethalia and Péus by the obsolete malar space. The only character in Cameron’s description which will separate Fethalia from Péus is the short antennae. Until examina- tion of Cameron’s type has been made these two genera had best be regarded as distinct. It may be, however, that they are not separable as the relative length of the antennae when taken alone can hardly be considered as a generic character in this group.
Genus Pachyprotasis, Hartig. Pachyprotasis versicolor, Cameron.
Three females and four males from Darjiling, East Himalayas, collected May 25, 1910, at an altitude of 7,000 feet (E. Brunetiz).
Genus Athalia, Leach. Athalia infumata (Marlatt).
One male from Bijrani, Naini-Tal District, base of West Himalayas, collected March I0, Igto.
Athalia proxima (Klug).
Six specimens from Calcutta; two from Shillong, Assam (La Touche); one from Mangaldai, Assam; two from Bangalore, South India; and one from Sonali, Purneah District, Behar.
Genus Anapeptamena, Konow. Anapeptamena viridipes (Cameron).
One female from Siliguri, base of East Himalayas, collected July 18-20, 1907.
In the original description, fifth line from the bottom of page ‘“second’’ should be changed to “‘ third’’, and in the fourth line from bottom of page ‘‘third’’ should be changed to ‘‘ second”’.
Busarbidea, gen. n.
Type.—Busarbidea himalaiensis, new species.
Clypeus arcuately emarginate; malar space wanting ; inner margins of the eyes parallel; pentagonal area large, well defined
1915. ] A. ROHWER: Oriental Sawfites. 47
and with a transverse carina from its lateral margin to near inner margin of eye; posterior orbits rather narrow, with a strong, well defined carina: antennae slender, the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth; pedicellum subequal in length with the scape, much longer than wide; basal vein curved, joining the subcosta well basad to the origin of the cubitus, somewhat divergent with the first recurrent; nervulus at about middle of cell; costa enlarged apically; lanceolate cell with a nearly straight cross- vein; hind wings with two discal cells and a petiolate anal cell; claws cleft, inner tooth shorter; hind basitarsus subequal with following joints.
This genus, which belongs to the Selandriinae, is very closely related to Anapeptamena, Konow, but may be distinguished by the presence of a cross-vein in the lanceolate cell.
Busarbidea himalaiensis, sp.n.
Female.---Length 5 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus depressed, rather deeply arcuately emarginate, basal portion convex; supraclypeal area uniformly convex; supraclypeal foveae deep, punctiform; middle fovea nearly quadrate in outline, not sharply separated from the pentagonal area; pentagonal area broader on its ventral margin than the dorsad-ventrad length; from its dorsal margin is a short rather poorly defined carina which extends posteriorly one-third the length of the postocellar area ; postocellar area sharply defined laterally narrowing anteri- otly; posterior margin subequal with the median cephla-caudad length; postocellar line one-fifth shorter than the ocellocular line; antennae distinctly compressed beyond the fifth joint; fourth and fifth joints subequal; the third slightly longer than the fourth; head and thorax shining, impunctate; stigma evenly rounded below; second cubital cell shorter on both radius and cubitus than the third; transverse radius strongly curved, received at the apical third; third transverse cubitus twice as long as the second ; sheath robust, straight above, obtuse apically, oblique beneath. Black; clypeus, labrum, palpi, first two joints of the flagellum, tegulae, posterior angles of the pronotum, legs yellowish; wings hyaline, faintly dusky; venation dark brown; head and thorax with short black hair.
Male—Length 4 mm. Differs from the description of the female in having the body markings piceous; hypopygidium trun- cate apically, the angles rounded.
East Himalayas. Described from one female (type) collected at Siliguri, April 18-20, 1907, by a Museum collector, and from one male (allotype), and dne female (paratype) from Kurseong, at
an altitude of 5,000 feet. Type and allotype in the Indian Museum. Type No. **s”,
allotype 742+. Paratype in U.S.N.M.
48 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XI,
Genus Aneugmenus, Hartig. Aneugmenus annandalei, sp. n.
This species is related to the European morio but may be separated from it by head characters, judging from specimens of morto determined by Konow, now in the National Museum.
Female.—Length 5 mm. Labrum truncate, convex; clypeus convex; anterior margin shallowly arcuately emarginate, its surface with scattered punctures; supraclypeal area low, flat; supraclypeal elongate, not connected with the antennal foveae ; middle fovea well defined, quadrate in outline; frontal foveae punctiform, deep, lower margin slightly below the line drawn tangent to the dorsal margin of the middle fovea; pentagonal area indicated by a U-shaped raised area the dorsal margin of which is inside of the lateral ocelli; posterior orbits and genae without carinae; postocellar area convex, poorly defined laterally by short furrows, not defined anteriorly: postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; pedicellum wider apically, longer than its apical width; third antennal joint little shorter than the fourth and fifth; head and thorax shining; nervulus less than its length from the end of the cell; first transverse cubitus obsolete; stigma broad, uniformly rounded beneath; transverse radius oblique, joining the radius at about the apical third or a little beyond that; third transverse cubitus about three times as long as second; lanceolate cell of the hind wings petiolate, petiole half as long as the nervellus; posterior basitarsus somewhat shorter than the following joints; claws cleft. Black; palpi and legs, except the infuscate apical joints of the tarsi, yellow; head and thorax with short gray hair; wings dusky hyaline; venation black,
Male.—Length 355 mm. Differs from the female in having the bases of the coxae black.
Bangalore, South India. Described from one female (type) and one male (allotype) collected at a calculated altitude of 3,000 feet, October 15, 1910 by Dr. N. Annandale, after whom the species is named.
Type.—-In the Indian Museum No. *73°.
Allotype in U.S.N.M
Genus Nesoselandria, Rohwer. Nesoselandria rufiventris, sp. n.
Readily separated by the fulvous abdomen.
Female.—Length 4 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus truncate; supraclypeal areaconvex; supraclypeal foveae obsolete ; middle fovea transverse, well defined; lateral foveae punctiform with their lower margin tangent with the upper margin of the middle fovea; head above the antennae without transverse car- inae ; pentagonal area obsolete; postocellar area indicated ante- tiorly by punctiform foveae; ocelloccipital line distinctly longer
19I5.] A. RoHWER: Ortental Sawflies. 49
than the intraocellar line; postocellar line a trifle longer than the ocellocular line ; fourth antennal joint slightly longer than the fifth ; stigma gently rounded below, broader at the basal third; sheath subacuminate, narrow. Black; apical margin of the clypeus, legs and abdomen fulvous; wings dusky hyaline; venation dark brown; head and thorax with thin gray hairs.
Male.—Length 3°75 mm. Differs from the above description of the temale in having the apical three abdominal segments black and having the clypeus entirely black ; hypopygidium nearly round- ed apically.
India and Assam. Described from two females, one type, from Calcutta, collected November 22, 1907, and from one male col- lected at Mazbat, Mangaldai, Assam, January 8, rg11 (S. W. Kemp). One male from Margherita, Assam.
Type and allotype in Indian Museum; type No. *is°; allotype
Paratype.— Cat. No. 18910, U.S.N.M.
Genus Neostromboceros, Rohwer. Neostromboceros coeruleiceps (Cameron).
One female from the Assam-Bhutan Frontier, Mangaldai Dis- trict, N.E., collected December 26, rg10 (S. W. Kemp); two males from the same locality collected by the same collector January I-2, I9gi1; and two males from Sadiya, Assam.
Neostromboceros similaris, sp.n.
From frifoveatus, Cameron, to which this species runs in Enslin’s table, this species may be separated by the white labrum.
Female.—Length 7 mm. Anterior margin of the labrum broadly rounded; anterior margin of the clypeus truncate; supraclypeal area rectangular in outline, flat; supraclypeal foveae connected with the antennal foveae; median fovea a U-shaped depression around a median tubercle, the ends of the U deeper; frontal foveae punctiform, their lower margins tangent to a line drawn through the median fovea; antennal furrow distinct above crest; postocellar area wider posteriorly, the anterior lateral part sharply defined, the posterior lateral part poorly defined; flagellum somewhat flattened; first transverse cubitus wanting; sheath truncate apically; inner tooth of claws smaller than outer. Blue- black; labrum, posterior margin of pronotum, tegulae and perapteron white; palpi whitish, infuscate; legs yellowish white, bases of coxae and femora, and the posterior tarsi more or less infuscate; wings ‘hyaline, slightly dusky; venation dark brown; head and thorax with short gray hair.
Male.—Length 6 mm. Hypopygidium broadly rounded api- cally. Very like female.
50 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vox. XI,
Mazbat, Mangaldai, Assam. Described from three females (one type) and two males (one allotype) collected January 8, 1911 (S. W. Kemp).
Type, allotype and paratype in Indian Museum; type No. +43’, allotype No. *i5*, paratype *i*
Pavatypes (male and female) in U.S.N.M.
9
Genus Stromboceros, Konow. Stromboceros tarsalis (Rohwer).
Three females from Sadiya, Assam; and two females from Margherita, Assam.
This is a good species.
b)
Stromboceros phaleratus, Konow.
One male from Sikkim collected by Knyvett; and one male from Margherita, Assam.
Stromboceros ruficornis, sp.n.
This species is readily separated from all other species of Stromboceros occurring in the oriental region by having the basal joints of the flagellum rufous.
Female.—Length 8 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus depressed, the middle very slightly emarginate, the basal portion subconvex; supraclypeal area flat; supraclypeal foveae oblique, deep, not connected with the antennal foveae; middle fovea represented by an inverted U-shaped furrow around a flattened tubercle; frontal foveae deep, rounded, the lower margins tangent to a line drawn across the top of the median tubercle; postocellar area well defined laterally, not defined anteriorly; postocellar line but little more than half the length of the ocellocular line; head shining, impunctate; antennae slightly tapering apically; the third joint slightly longer than the fourth; thorax shining; stigma uniformly rounded below; first transverse cubitus obsolete; nervu- lus slightly basad of the middle; transverse radius oblique, received at the apical third; third transverse cubitus oblique at about the same angle as the transverse radius, slightly more than twice as long as the second transverse cubitus; posterior basitarsus sub- equal in length with the following joints. Black; three basal joints of the flagellum rufous; anterior knees, bases of the posterior coxae, posterior trochanters and the band on the posterior tibiae white; head and thorax with dense gray hair; wings hyaline; venation black.
Darjiling, Eastern Himalayas. Described from one female collected May 27, Ig10, at an altitude of 7,000 feet (E. Brunetti).
Type.—In the Indian Museum No. “45”.
I9I5.] A. ROHWER: Oriental Sawfites. 51
Genus Canonias, Konow. Canonias assamensis, sp. n.
This species differs in minor colour characters from inopinus, Konow.
Female.—Length 8 mm. Anterior margin of the clypeus slightly arcuately emarginate, the angles sharp; supraclypeal area flat ; supraclypeal foveae elongate, deep; antennal foveae obsolete, middle fovea quadrate in outline, open above; pentagonal area well defined, from its broadest portion there is a transverse carina which touches the inner margin of the eye; postocellar area de- pressed, sharply defined laterally by deep foveae, not defined anteriorly, about four times as wide as the cephal-caudad length ; postocellar line about one-fourth longer than the ocellocular line; antennae long and slender, tapering apically; third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth; head and thorax shining, impunctate; stigma broadest at middle, tapering each way; transverse radius strongly oblique joining the radius slightly before the apical third; second cubital cell longer on both radius and cubitus than cubital third. Black; scape, pedicellum, sixth, seventh and eighth anten- nal joints, tergite, posterior margin of the angles of the pronotum, tegulae, perapteron, palpi, anterioi legs, intermediate legs (except a fuscous band on the tibiae and the basitarsus), the posterior legs (except the tibiae and basitarsus) white or yellowish white ; venter and the sides of the tergites and the apical two tergites fulvous; wings hyaline, iridescent; venation dark brown; head and thorax without pubescence.
Margherita, Assam. Described from three females (one type).
Type and paratype in Indian Museum; type No. *s°, para- type No 73+.
Paratype in U.S.N.M.
Genus Beleses, Cameron. Beleses nigriceps, sp. n.
This species is readily separated from the other species of this genus by the black head. As far as the males and females have been associated it is the only species in which colour antigeny occurs. Except for the colour of the legs and having only one discal cell in the hind wings the female agrees with Cameron’s Sunoxa purpureifrons.
Female.—Length 6mm. Anterior margins with the clypeus truncate, surface coarsely irregularly punctured ; supraclypeal area flat, narrow; supraclypeal foveae deep, confluent with the anten- nal foveae; middle fovea represented by the shallow transverse impression ; front and posterior orbits shining, impunctate; post- ocellar area sharply defined laterally but not defined anteriorly ; postocellar line subequal with the ocellocular; flagellum gradually thickened until it reaches the apex of the second joint; the second joint one-fourth longer than the third; the fourth and following
52 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XI,
joints compressed; thorax shining, impunctate; stigma gently rounded below; second cubital cell longer on both radius and cubitus than third, which is twice as wide apically as basally; the transverse radius curved, joining the radius about the same distance from the second transverse cubitus as the second recurrent is from the same vein; claws cleft with the inner teeth exceeding the outer ; sheath straight above, truncate apically, oblique below. Head and posterior femora beyond middle, four posterior tarsi and the antennae black, the rest of the insect rufous; head and throax covered with short gray hairs; wings distinctly hyaline, venation dark brown.
Male.—Length 5 mm. Differs from the above description of the female in having the abdomen, thorax and legs, except the anterior tibiae and the trochanter which are fulvous, dark piceous and the hairs on the thorax and the head blackish; hypopygidium rounded apically.
South India. Described from one female from Marikuppam, collected October Ig, 1910, at an altitude of 3,500 feet; and from two males, one allotype, from Bangalore, collected September 12, IgI0O, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.
Type and allotype in the Indian Museum; type No. *ts*, allo- type No. *ts*.
Paratype.—Cat. No. 18909, U.S.N.M.
Genus Entomostethus, Enslin. Entomostethus assamensis (Rohwer).
One male and two females from Ghumti, Darjiling District, East Himalayas, collected July 1911, at an altitude of 4000 feet (Ff. H. Gravely): five females and four males from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected July 1908, at an altitude of 5,000 feet; five females and eleven males from Darjiling, East Himalayas, col- lected September 29 1,408, at an altitude of 6,000 feet (E. Brunettt) ; nine females and ten males fron: the same locality, collected May 29, I9I0, at an altitude of 7,000 feet (E. Brunetti); one female col- lected at the same locality and elevation, August 11, 1909 (J. T. Jenkins); one male from the same locality and elevation, collected August 9, 1909 (C. Paiva); and one male from Gangtok, Sikkim, collected September 8, 1909, at an altitude of 6,750 feet.
Two males from Kurseong have the legs slightly darker than typical; and all the specimens indicate that the basitarsi are usual- ly black. The female has the sheath straight above and broadly rounded from the tip.
This species differs from Jaticarinatus, Cameron, which may belong to the same genus, by the colour of the legs, as Cameron’s species is said to have the femora pale beneath.
Entomostethus hirticornis (Rohwer).
One female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected Septem- ber 7, 1909, at an altitude of 5,000 feet; four females from Ghumti,
IgI5.] A. RoHwEr: Onental Sawfiies. eG
Darjiling District, East Himalayas, July 1911, at a calculated alti- tude of 4,000 feet (F. H. Gravely); one female from Gangtok, Sikkim, collected September 9, 1909, at an altitude of 6,150 feet; and one female from Kurseong, East Himalayas, collected July 3, 1908, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
Genus Cladius, Rossi. Cladius orientalis, Cameron.
One female from Simla, collected July 20, rg1I, at an altitude of 7,000 feet (N. Annandale).
Genus Hemichroa, Stephens. Hemichroa major, sp. n.
This species is readily separated from all the other species of Hemichroa by its larger size, general colour and yellow wings.
Female.—Length11°5mm.; length of the anterior wings 12 mm. Labrum obtusely pointed; clypeus obtusely, arcuately emarginate, the arcuation conforming in outline with the obtusely triangular lobes, surface shining; supraclypeal area more convex dorsally ; median fovea rectangular in outline, open above, being confluent with the ocellar basin, the middle with a small punctiform pit; ocellar basin pentagonal in outline, well defined, meeting on the postocellar line, in front of the anterior ocellus it has a shallow, poorly defined depression ; head shining with only setigerous punc- tures; postocellar area well defined laterally but not well differen- tiated anteriorly as the postocellar furrow is subobsolete and angu- late anteriorly ; postocellar line subequal with ocellocular line; an- tennae strongly tapering, the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth ; thorax shining; inner tooth of the claws longer than the outer; stigma broader at base, gradually tapering to the apex; third cubital cell nearly parallel-sided, one-fourth longer than its apical width; nervellus in the middle of the cell; sheath stout, straight above; truncate apically, tapering below, the upper angle sharp, the lower angle rounded. Rufo-ferrugineous; head and an- tennae piceous ; thorax beneath and on the sides black to piceous ; legs black; wings bright yellow, venation ferrugineous.
Type.-—Indian Museum No. ***°.
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Voce. Neer AN oeleE, I RGN AE, (CAC RVD TINA E ). By J. L. HANCOCK. (Plate xiv.)
Several months ago the extensive collection of these small Orthoptera in the Indian Museum was placed in my hands for study by Dr. N. Annandale, Superintendent of the Museum. At the time I received the collection Dr. Annandale stated in a letter that: =‘ a large proportion of the collection was named by the late Mr. Kirby just before his death, and I am sending these specimens also.’ A considerable number of the remaining specimens, not seen by Mr Kirby, were named by Saussure and others. I find after going over the collection that the part examined by Mr. Kirby bears evidence that he had not passed final judgment on many of the specimens. This is shown from a number of cases where a hastily written label, with a specific name, is attached to one insect among a series containing from one to several species, so that the remaining ones were left undetermined.
The Indian Museum collection contains such a large percentage of the described species of the Indian Empire, besides so many new ones, that I concluded to give a review of the recorded Indian species of this Orthopteran family. I have given a synopsis of the subfamilies, and the genera; and in most cases in the large genera I have given tables for the separation of species. ‘The litera- ture of all the species has been added_ but in conjunction with this part Kirby’s remarkable Catalogue of Orthoptera, Volume III, will be found invaluable for reference. The latter, however, includes the literature only to the end of 1898. Since then, a number of Indian species have been described, which are recorded in the present paper. Included at the end are some species in the Indian Museum outside the Indian Empire. Those from Ceylon are for the sake of convenience incorporated in the text with the Indian species. !
Synoptical Table of Subfamilies and Genera of India.
1. Antennae with all the articles excepting the basal andthe small atrophied apical
! As the proofs of this article come to hand [| find that Kirby's volume on Orthoptera has just been published in the ‘‘ Fauna of British India” 1914. It refers to a number of Tettigid species described in the present paper, and in order to clarify the confusion that may arise from the difference in determinations the names given by Kirby, and those that I have applied, are placed in parallel columns on p. 132 of this article.
56 Records of the Indian Museum. [VoL. XI,
articles deplanate triquitrous, composed of eight to ten joints ; vertex transverse, very broad, or strongly acuminate pro- duced oF oo TRIPETALOCERINAE. 1. Gen. Biymana, Brunn. r. 1. Antennae filiform. _ Anterior femora more or less compressed carinate above. 3. Frontal costa widely forked, the rami
No
forming a frontal scutellum .. CLADONOTINAE. 4. Pronotum extremely compressed, above wholly foliaceous .. 2. Gen. Oxyphyllum, Hance. 4. 4. Pronotum acute tectiform, anteriorly | angulate ae a 3. Gen. Deltonotus, Hanc.
_ Dorsum of pronotum bearing a ramose process; body and legs ornate with spiniform tubercles .. 4. Gen. Cladonotus , Sauss. 5. 5. Dorsum of pronotum not at all ornate with a ramose process. 5. 5a. Elytra and wings wanting. 6. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum widely laminate expanded, erose, and produced in spiniform tuber- cles; pronotum truncate anteriorly, dorsum fossulate-reticulate, between the shoulders cristulate .. 5. Gen. Tettilobus, Hanc. 6. 6. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum laminate obliquely truncate behind, setose; dorsum compressed gibbose between the shoulders, poste- riorly abbreviated, the apex truncate-
U1
emarginate .. ae 6. Gen..Gignotettix, Hane. 5, 5). Elytra minute; wings wanting ; median carina of pronotum cristulate. 7. Gen. Potua, Bolivar.
3. 3. Frontal costa furcillate, but the rami diverge only moderately, or parallel, very frequently separated by a sulcus.
>. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum laminate produced outwards, acute, or posteriorly obliquely truncate, rarely turned down.
8. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum acute produced outwards | often spined ; the first joint of the pos- terior tarsi longer than the third; pos- terior tibiae strongly ampliate, or mar- gins dilated toward the apices; very frequently not or sparingly spinose .. SCELIMENINAE.
1915.] J. L. Hancock: Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae).
g. Antennae inserted slightly or distinctly below the eyes.
10. Margins of hind tibiae strongly expand- ed, the first joint of the posterior tarsi dilated and much wider than the third.
11. Paired ocelli placed nearly between the lower third of the eyes; anterior and middle femora very narrow elongate ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum turned down but the margin on each side armed with a straight more or less are sharp
spine . 8. Gen. Amphibotettix, Hanc.
II. 11. Paired ocelli flnced Aearly ¢ on a line with the lower border of the eyes; humeral angles of pronotum unarmed ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes laminate and on each side produced in a curved spine; hind tibial margins distinctly
membraneous expanded .. g. Gen. Scelimena, Serv.
10. 10. Margins of posterior tibiae little ex- panded ; first joint of hind tarsi not widely expanded ; but little wider than the third, rarely narrow.
12 Stature large, body prolongate.
13. Pronotum with the dorsum often lightly gibbulose and fossulate; humeral angles often armed with denticles or tubercles ; vertex unarmed; margins of hind tibiae
bearing minute denticles 10. Gen. Eugavialidium, Hanc.
13. 13. Pronotum with the dorsum distinctly deplanate, more or less reticulate punc- tate ; vertex armed on each side with an elevated tubercle; margins of hind
tibiae serrulate .. It. Gen Gavialidium, Sauss.
I2. 12. Stature moderate not so prolongate.
T4. Vertex very narrow, often one half the width of one of the eyes or even narrow- er; head exserted; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum either unarmed, angulate and prominent or produced in a spine on each side.
12. Gen. Bolotettix, Hanc.
I4. 14. Vertex equal to or wider than one of the eyes ; pronotum above rugose tubercu- lose ; lateral carinae behind the humeral angles compressed sinuate; median
carina gibbose .. .. 13. Gen. Thoradonta, Hanc.
g. 9. Antennae inserted between the lower part of the eyes.
58
L5. 16.
76. 10;
15. 15.
17.
17) 17:
S58,
18.
TO. he:
19.
1g. 19.
20,
Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XI,
Vertex narrower or subequal to one of the eyes.
Head lightly exserted ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum prominent, acute, or produced in a spine more or less transverse, or directed obliquely forward 3 14. Gen. Criotetttx, Bol. Head not at all exserted ; frontal costa roundly produced in advance of the eyes; posterior angles of the lateral subspiniform produced, or oblique and
obtuse Bid 15. Gen. Loxilobus, Hance. Vertex as wide or wider than one of the eyes.
Dorsum of pronotum little rugose, or rugulose ; head not at all exserted; eyes not elevated; antennae short; spine on each side of the lateral lobes of pronotum obliquely directed backward. 16. Gen. Acanthalobus, Hanc. Dorsum of pronotum subsmooth, punc- tate, spine on each side of the lateral lobes directed obliquely forward and curvate .. 17. Gen. Tettitellum, Hance. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum little produced outwards, obliquely truncate behind, very rarely acute spinose ; first and third joints of the hind tarsi nearly equal in length .. METRODORINAE. Head distinctly exserted ; vertex very narrow, the eyes strongly approximated and elevated?’ .. 18. Gen. Systolederus, Bol. Head little exserted ; lateral lobes with the inferior margins widely and roundly dilated ; posterior angles behind trans- versely widely truncate; vertex very narrow ; stature small, apterous. 19. Eurymorphopus, Hane. Vertex strongly produced, median carina prominently projecting from the front border ; in profile acute angulate pro- duced ; face strongly oblique; frontal costa sinuate between the eyes. 20. Gen. Spadotettix, Hanc. Vertex little produced, in profile obtuse angulate ; body apterous. 21. Gen. A pterotettix, Hanc. Body very small, apterous ; vertex very wide and not advanced as far as the front border of the eyes; pronotum sub- tectiform forward, deplanate posterior-
1915.] J. L. Hancock: Indian Tetriginae (Acrydiinae). 59
ly, hind process abbreviated, apex trun- cate; first joint of hind tarsi much longer than the third .. 22. Gen. Amphinotus, Hanc. 20. 20. Body larger, moderately crassate ; ver- tex wider than one of the eyes; first and third articles of the hind tarsi equal in length ; paired ocelli placed little below the middle of the eyes ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum straight or obtuse, behind widely trun- cate ae a 23. Mazarredia, Bol. 21. Body narrow elongate ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum sub- rounded ; vertex cuspidate on each side or elevated styliform rp Gen. 24. Xistra, Bol. 22. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum not at all produced outwards, narrowed, toward the apex rounded ; pronotum between the shoulders strong- ly elevated in an obtuse gibbosity. 25. Gen. Xistvella, Bol. 22. 22. Posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum laminate, prominent, acute produced or obliquely truncate ; median carina of the pronotum and the disc on either side bearing gibbosities. 26. Gen. Lamellitettix, Hanc. 21. 21. Body strongly crassate; vertex wider than one of the eyes, imperfectly mar- ginate ; eyes more or less conoidal in form, antennae inserted between the lower part of the eyes; lateral lobes of the pronotum with the posterior angles laminate dilated, widely truncate be- hind, prominent subacute, or rarely not reflexed outward, obliquely truncate be- hind ae ~.. 27. Gen. Hyboella, Hanc. 7-7. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, or rarely angulate produced ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes of pronotum turned down, more or less rounded; first arti- cles of the hind tarsi longer than the third es ar .. TETTIGINAE. 23. Vertex viewed in profile not at all pro- duced. 24. Vertex very narrow, strongly narrowed forward drawing the eyes near together in front; eyes not elevated ; pronotum above smooth, carinae not at all eleva- ted i a) 28. Gen. Terederus, Hanc.
60
24. 24.
23. 23.
No U1 No Yt
to N
29°27.
2. 2.
Records of the Indian Museum.
Vertex narrower than one of the eyes, anteriorly truncate ; frontal costa often sinuate between the eyes; pronotum granulate or little rugose, the carinae little compressed elevated : first article of the posterior tarsi longer than the
[VoL. XI,
third nc sf 29. Gen. Paratettix, Bol.
Vertex viewed in profile produced before the eyes, angulate, viewed from above wider than one of the eyes, not at all
narrowed forward -. 30. Gen. Acrydium, Goefir.
_ Antennae inserted between the eyes,
slender filiform.
. Pronotum above little rugose, often bear-
ing round or abbreviated lineate tuber- cles: frontal costa arcuate or roundly produced between the eyes; body moderately slender; vertex narrowed
forward, fossulate on each side 31. Gen. Coptotetitx, Bol.
. Pronotum above granulate, or barely
punctate, rarely rugose ; median carina of pronotum percurrent, not at all inter-
rupted ie a 32. Gen. Hedotettix, Bol.
. Antennae inserted between the lower
border or angles of the eyes or below the eyes. .
. Head more or less exserted; frontal
costa arcuate produced between the middle of the eyes; vertex narrower than one of the eyes and truncate ; paired ocelli placed nearly on a line
with the middle of the eyes. 33. Gen. Euparatettix, Hanc.
Head distinctly exserted ; paired ocelli placed between the lower third of the eyes; antennae inserted below the eyes; frontal costa little arcuate elevated between the antennae, but not above between the middle of the eyes; me- dian carina of pronotum often undulate or sinuate ; hind process with the lateral carinae toward the apex entire or fre- quently minutely crenulate, or bearing
very small dilated lobes. 34. Gen. Indatettix, Hanc.
Anterior femora above distinctly sulcate ; pronotum anteriorly produced over the head in a cornute process ; antennae having sixteen to twenty-two articles.
BATRACHIDINAE.
35. Gen. Saussurella. Bol.
1915.] J. 1. Hancock: Indian Tetriginae (Acrydtinae). 61
TRIPETALOCERINAKE. Genus Birmana, Brunner.
Brunner, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxiii, p. 113, 1893. Hancock, Gen. Ins. Orth. Acrid. Tetr., p. 4, 1906.
Birmana gracilis, Brunner.
Brunner, Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxiii, p. 114, pl. 5, fig. 47,
1893. Habitat.—Burma. Not represented in the material under
consideration. CLADONOTINAE. Genus Oxyphyllum, Hancock. Hancock, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 393, 1908.
Oxyphyllum pennatum, Hancock.
Hancock, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., pp. 393, 394, pl. xxii, fig. 3, 1g08. Habitat.—Darjiling, India. Not in the present collection.
Genus Deltonotus, Hancock. Deltonotus subcullatus, Walker.
Tettix subcullatus, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., V, p. 830, 1871. Deltonotus tectiformis, Hancock, Spol. Zeylan., ii, p.154, pl. i, fig. 2, 1904. bane: Gen. ins) Orth: Acrid: Tetr., p. 14; pl. i, fig.:r, 1906. Habitat.—Kandy. Ceylon, June 12, 1900; one example, Ind. Mus. coll. Deltonotus gibbiceps, Bolivar.
Poecilotettix gibbiceps, Bol,, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, lxx, p. 580, 1902. Deltonotus gibbicepbs, Hanc., Gen. Ins. Orth. Acrid. Tetr.,
p. 14, 1906. Habitat.—Madura. Not in the present collection.
Genus Cladonotus, Saussure.
The three described species of this Ceylonese genus may be distinguished by the following table :— I. Pronotal cornu curved forward at the middle, and furcate at the apex humbertianus, Saussure. I. I. Pronotal cornu not distinctly curved forward.
62 Records of the Indian Museum. (VoL. XI,
2. Cornu obliquely ascendant, truncate, and dentate in front and behind .. turrifer, Walker.
2,2. Cornu nearly vertically ascendant, den-
tate in front and distinctly broadened toward the apical half oe latiramus, Hancock.
Cladonotus humbertianus, Saussure.
Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, i, p. 478, 1861; Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. ‘Belg., xxxi, p. 200; pl: 4, fig. 10, 1657, Hanes Spol. Zeylan., ii, p. 113, 1904.
Habitat.—Ceylon
Cladonotus turrifer, Walker.
Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., p. 843, 1871.
Habitat.—Ceylon.
Cladonotus latiramus, Hancock.
Hane., Spol. Zeylan:, np. 114, pli 43 fie: 1, 1904.5) Hanes Gen. Ins. Orth. Acrid.-Tetr., p. 16,:pl. i, fig. 3, 1906. Habitat.—Ceylon. Author’s coll. Genus Tettilobus, Hancock. Tettilobus spinifrons, Hancock.
Hanc., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pp. 396, 397, pl. xxii, fig. 4, 1908. Habitat.—Ceylon. Not in the present collection.
Tettilobus pelops, Walker.
Cladonotus pelops, Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., p. 843, 1871. Habitat.—Ceylon. Not in the present coll.
Genus Gignotettix, Hancock.
Gignotettix burri, Hancock.
Hancock, Trans. Ent.'Soc. Lond., p. 398, pl. xxii, fig. 5, 1908. Habitat.—Ceylon. Not in the present coll.
Genus Potua, Bolivar.
Potua sabulosa, sp. nov.
Body very small, rugose scabrous; ferrugineous. Head not at all exserted: face large ; eyes moderately small, not prominent, subconoidal in profile. Vertex rugose, distinctly wider than one of the eyes, the frontal carinulae laterally rounded and little ele-
1gt5.] J. L. Hancock: Indian Tetriginae (Acrydinae). 63
vated on each side, subhigher than the eyes, fossulate on each side, the short median carina little produced. Pronotum anteriorly truncate; median carina of the pronotum strongly elevated for- ward in a compressed gibbosity, reaching from the front border to the humeral angles, rounded forward and abruptly sloping back- ward; behind the humeral angles elevated in a lower second gibbosity, posteriorly tuberculate; disc little elevated at the middle and bearing a short oblique gibbulate carina on each side, behind the shoulders depressed; posterior process abbreviated, extended to the knees of the hind femora, and above strongly rugose-tuberculate; elytra minute, elongate; wings wanting; poste- rior femora stout, externally scabrous and obtuse tuberculate ; margin below curvate and subtuberculate-erose; the three pulvilli of the first joint of the hind tarsi subequal in length.
Entire length of male 6°55 mm; pronotum 5 mm.; posterior femora 3°8 mm.
Habitat.—Yenna Valley, Satara Dist., Bombay Pres., 2500— 3500 ft., Apr. 17, 1912 (F. H. Gravely).
SCELIMENINAE. Genus Amphibotettix, Hancock.
Hancock, Ent. News, xviii, p. 86, 1906; Hanc., Gen. Ins. Orth. Acrid. Tetr., p. 22, 1906.
Amphibotettix rosaceus, sp. nov.
Allied to A. longifes, Hancock, but larger in stature, the spines of the pronotum being little stouter and not quite so long produced. Body coloured fuscous or black, the sides of the pro- notum and dorsum obscurely suffused with rose, the lateral carinae forward, the tubercles and the spines of the lateral lobes bright rose colour. Head scarcely at all exserted ; eyes slightly elevated and strongly globose. Vertex narrower than one of the eyes, natrowed forward, not advanced as far as the eyes ; frontal costa protuberant between the antennae, produced little beyond the eyes ; antennae inserted below the eyes ; lower part of face strongly obliquely retreating. Pronotum deplanate above, strongly elon- gate, irregularly depressed forward before the shoulders at the sulci, transversely fossulate behind the shoulders, lengthily pro- duced backward beyond the apices of the hind femora; dorsum rather smooth, minutely granulate, between the shoulders little elevated, behind the shoulders bearing a pair of obtuse subcari- uated nodes, and further backwards on base of process presenting another pair of very obtuse rounded nodes ; humeral angles bicari- nate, hind process above subrounded ; median carina of pronotum very low, following the inequalities, and forward near the convex margin turned upward but not produced in a tubercle, yet very slightly subtuberculate; lateral carinae on the shoulders obscurely subtuberculate and marked with rose colour in the type, the late-
64 Records of the Indian Musewm. [VoL. XI,
ral carinae before the shoulders on each side forward near the sulci terminating in a rose-coloured spot ; sides of pronotum at the front of lateral lobes produced on each side in a tubercle ; posterior angles of the lateral lobes turned down not at all laminate, the lateral margins just before the angles ou'wardly produced in an acute strong spine on each side, directed obliquely forward and little curvate toward the apex. Elytra moderately wide at the base and distinctly narrowed acuminate backward to the apices, externally strongly impresso-punctate ; wings extended nearly to the apex of the process. Anterior and middle femora strongly elongate and narrow, margins of the anterior above subbicrenulate toward the base; middle femoral margins above subundulate; hind femora slender elongate ; carinae of posterior tibiae strongly dilated ; the first joints of the hind tarsi strongly membraneous expanded ; the first and second pulvilli small subacute, and widely separated, dividing the article into thirds, the third pulvilli strongly obtuse and planate below.
Entire length of body, male, 25 mm.; pronotum 24 mm.; post. femora 8 mm.
Habitat.—Thingannyinaung to Sukli, Dawna Hills, Tenasserim , goo-2100 ft. elevation, Nov. 23, 1911 (F. H. Gravely). One example, Ind. Mus. coll.
This species differs from Scelimena sanguinulenta, which also has rose-coloured spines, in being longer, and the lateral spines are not so long produced. The new species is devoid of the median produced tubercle at the front of the pronotum, which is styliform and strongly produced in /ongifes. From the latter species it also differs in the legs being less attenuate, though very slender, and in the lateral spines being less cylindrical.
Genus Scelimena, Serville. Table for distinguishing the Indian species.
1. Vertex narrower than one of the eyes, narrowed forward. 2. Humeral angles not at all provided with evident denticles. 3. Lateral lobes of the pronotum bearing one spine only on each side. 4. Spine on each side of the lateral lobes triangular acute and straight, the apex sharp, not at all curvate, coloured yellow ; vertex very narrow; dorsum convex between the shoulders; body more or less fuscous or greyish-fuscous marked with yellow . harpago, Serville. 4. 4. Spine on each side of the lateral lobes of pronotum produced, slender, and hook- ed forward, often bright rose-coloured or coral red BS ee gavialis, Saussure.
1915.] J. L. Hancock : Indian Tetriginae (Acrvdunae). 6
Cn
3. 3. Lateral lobes of pronotum provided witn one spine and a tubercle on each side, the latter placed just before the spine of the posterior angles; body often greyish-fuscous marked with yellow ; in- ferior margins of femora very strongly dentate £3 ae .. loganmit, Hancock.
I. 1. Vertex not quite so narrowed forward.
2. 2. Humeral angles barely behind the apices and also the lateral carinae forward before the shoulders on each side slightly compressed obtuse denticulate ; prono- tal process strongly produced backward beyond the hind tibial apices; spine on each side of the lateral lobes posteriorly
slender, sharp and curvate forward . spinata, sp. nov. Body six millimetres (species probably described from larva or pupa?) .. uncinata, Serville.
The above representatives fall into the series of species having the hind tibial margins distinctly membraneous expanded, and the first joint of the hind tarsi similarly strongly dilated; the pronotum between the shoulders convex, not so distinctly de- planate as in Eugavialidium, Hanc.; the front margin of the pro- notum entire, or provided only with very small front tubercles, not at all produced, placed on either side of the lateral front margin of the lobes; the paired ocelli placed low between the eyes yet somewhat higher than in the latter genus; the vertex narrower than one of the eyes or at most subequal ; the apex of the prono- tum bifid and the hind femoral margins below strongly dentate.
Scelimena harpago, Serville.
Tetrix harpago, Serv., Ins. Orth., p. 763, 1839; DeHaan Tem- minck, Verhandel., Orth., p. 161, 1842; Bol., Ann. Ent. . Belg. p: 217,,pl..4;, fig..13, 1887.
Habitat.—Igatpuri, W. Ghats, Bombay Pres., Nov. 21, 1909; Medha, Satara Dist., Oct. 22, 1912 (N. Annandale): Kasara, W. base of West Ghats, Bombay Pres., Nov. 23, 1899; Datar Hill nr. Junagadh, Kathiawar, “‘ in or near a stream”’ (S. P. A.), Nechal,W. Ghats, Satara Dist., 2000 ft. (F. H. Gravely): Medha, Yenna Valley, Satara Dist., 2100 ft., Apr. 17, 1912 (F. H. Gravely): Tambi, Koyna Valley, Satara Dist., 2100 ft., Mar. 24, 1912 (FP. H. Gravely).
Most of the specimens are dark or fuscous on the dorsum ; some have a greyish-fuscous cast, while several are suffused with reddish-ochre on the pronotum. ‘There is one male of the latter colour from Medha which is very much smaller in stature, the entire length being 16 mm., the pronotum 14:7 mm. It has all the characters of the normal-sized individuals. The average male and
66 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vor. Se
female in the present series measures: entire length I9-22°5 mm.; the pronotum 18-21 mm. Serville (/.c.) gives the entire length of male and female as 21 mm.
Scelimena gavialis, Saussure.
Scelymena gavialis, Sauss., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iv, p. 845, 1861; Scelymena nodosa, Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., Be PGs 1871; Sceltmena gavialts, Hancock, Spol. Zeylan., , Pp. 154, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1904.
Re eee W. P. Ceylon (Hancock coil.) ; Madul- sima, Ceylon (7. B. Fletcher, Hancock coll.). Ind. Mus. coll.
This black species has the pronotum in front, the tip of the hind process, and the lateral spine on each side bright coral-red. In the Ceylonese species Jogani, Hanc., the coral-red is replaced with yellow, and the posterior angles of the lateral lobes of the pronotum are armed on each side with a spine and a denticle as indicated in the table.
Scelimena ?% producta, Brunner.
Brunner reports this species from Carin Cheba in Rev. Syst. Orth., p. 103, 1893, and the previously reported habitat of this species is Java. The female representative which Brunner re- ferred to, is much larger than the typical S. producta, Serville, and I think it is the species which I have described as Eugavialidium discalis, Hancock.
Scelimena spinata, sp. nov.
Near Scelimena harpago, Serv. Body above on the pronotum ferrugineous and greyish-fuscous, often more reddish on the disc, marked with ochre or yellow, the femoral denticles below light yellow. Vertex toward the front narrower than one of the eyes, not so distinctly narrowed forward as in gavialis, widened back- ward between the eyes; paired ocelli placed between the lower part of the eyes; antennae inserted distinctly below the eyes; frontal costa protuberant between the antennae. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, the front margin devoid of produced tubercles, but the lateral margins below the eyes bearing a minute tubercle, subelevated, on each side; dorsum rather smooth, not at all deeply fossulate, between the shoulders convex, the disc before the shoulders bearing two short supernumerary carinulae and minute side offshoots forward; behind the disc depressed, and on the dorsum above the hind femota bearing two pairs of very low nodes more or less carinated, the hind pair longer and nearer together; median carina of pronotum very low, thin, and percur- rent; lateral carinae extended forward but less distinct on the shoulders, and barely behind the apices of the humeral angles the margin little compressed obtuse dentate; the lateral carinae at the terminus forward subdentate; hind process very long pro-
1915.| J. L. Hancock: Indian Tetriginae (Acrydinae). 67
duced backward beyond the apices of the extended hind tibiae, the apex bifid; posterior angles of the lateral lobes turned out- wards and produced in a moderately strong spine distinctly curved forward. Elytra moderately wide, elongate, the distal fourth narrowed to the apices and angulate, externally impresso- punctate; wings fully explicate, extended backward to the apex of the pronotal process. Anterior femora little compressed elon- gate, margin above littie compressed at the basal half, and bear- ing a small subacute tubercle, below bidentate; middle femora above undulate, below acute bidentate; posterior femora moder- ately stout, the superior carina crenulate and bearing an acute antegenicular denticle, below strongly dentate, often quadriden- tate, the three denticles at the middle strongly produced spinose ; hind tibial margins and first joint of posterior tarsi widely ex- panded, the first two pulvilli acute and placed backward leaving a wide basal space, the three pulvilli subequal in length.
Entire length male and female 21°7 mm.; pronotum 21-25 mm.; post. femora 9 mim.
Habitat.—Trevandrum, Travancore, Aug. 1890; Kellar, Tra- vancore; Trevandrum State. Ind. Mus. coll.
Scelimena uncinata, Serville.
Tetrix uncinata, Serv., Hist. Nat. Ins. Orth., pp. 763, 764, 1893; Scelimena uncinata, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, p. 218, 1887.
Judging from the description of this questionable species which has a length of only six millimetres, it appears that the type was a larva or pupa. This leaves the identity of the species in doubt. The type came from Bombay. In the Indian Museum collection are two specimens from Sibsagar, N. E. Assam, which ate labelled Scelimena uncinata, Serville, by Saussure. These are pupa of some species near Eugavialidium india, Hance.
Genus Eugavialidium, Hancock.
The members of this genus have the paired ocelli placed be- tween the extreme lower part of the eyes; the dorsum of pronotum deplanate, the front margin of the pronotum more or less ornate with denticles or tubercles, often armed with a produced tubercle at the middle above the occiput, or when absent there, they ap- pear in front on either side of the lateral lobes; the femoral mar- gins more or less tuberculate; the lateral carinae on either side of the shoulders often tuberculate or dentate, and the median carina of the pronotum sometimes tuberculate; the hind process strongly prolonged backward beyond the hind femoral apices; the margins of the hind tibiae and first joint of the posterior tarsi moderately expanded, but not so strongly membrancous dilated as in Scelimena; the lateral lobes have the posterior angles out- wardly produced, acute, triangular, or on either side bearing a spine often curved